Journal of Materials Chemistry B最新文献

{"title":"A dynamic zwitterionic degradable hydrogel niche for efficient stem cell expansion and recovery†","authors":"Huizhong Hao, Xiuqiang Li, Chaojie Yu, Rui Liu, Jianying Hao, Xiang Ji, Qingyu Yu, Dunwan Zhu and Junjie Li","doi":"10.1039/D4TB02875A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4TB02875A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >During two-dimensional (2D) culture, stem cells gradually lose their proliferative activity and multipotency due to various physicochemical conditions, which significantly hinder the large-scale clinical applications of stem cell therapy. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture has been increasingly utilized in the field of stem cell expansion owing to its unique advantages. The superhydrophilicity of zwitterionic hydrogels ensures the maintenance of stem cells' stemness during their expansion. This study aims to address a key challenge in the large-scale culture of stem cells <em>in vitro</em>: how to sustain their proliferative capacity and multipotency while achieving efficient cell recovery. To this end, we have designed a novel zwitterionic degradable hydrogel based on host–guest interactions as a 3D carrier for the <em>in vitro</em> culture of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). We synthesized the copolymer poly(sulfobetaine-<em>co</em>-cyclodextrin) (p(SBMA-<em>co</em>-CD)) and adamantane-grafted hyaluronic acid (HA-Ada), and a stable hydrogel was rapidly formed by simply mixing solutions of these two polymers. Leveraging the antifouling properties of zwitterionic groups, this hydrogel effectively maintained the long-term stemness expression of ADSCs during culture. More importantly, we utilized the reversibility of host–guest interactions to disrupt the cross-linked structure of the hydrogel by adding competitive monomers, enabling efficient recovery of stem cells under gentle conditions. This process not only achieved a high recovery rate of stem cells but also avoided the damage to cells caused by traditional cell recovery methods. In summary, this study creatively introduced host–guest interactions into a zwitterionic hydrogel and successfully applied it to the 3D culture and recovery of stem cells <em>in vitro</em>. This hydrogel demonstrates functional plasticity in stem cell proliferation, culture, and harvest, holding promise for providing more reliable and efficient solutions in the fields of stem cell therapy and tissue engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 20","pages":" 5933-5947"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144056091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilizing an aqueous-liquid crystal interface to investigate membrane protein interactions and mutation effects of a pore-forming toxin†","authors":"Tarang Gupta, Kusum Lata, Kausik Chattopadhyay and Santanu Kumar Pal","doi":"10.1039/D4TB02117G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TB02117G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Listeriolysin O (LLO) is a crucial cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) secreted by <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em>. LLO lyses the phagosomal membrane <em>via</em> pore-formation, resulting in pathogenesis. CDCs’ ability to recognize and bind to membrane cholesterol is a hallmark in the pathogenesis of these pore-forming toxins, distinguishing them from other toxins. Conservation of the cholesterol-recognition motif (CRM) has been discovered to be one of the prerequisites for the membrane binding of some CDCs, but the role of the CRM for LLO binding and pore-formation is still unclear. Therefore, we investigated LLO-mediated lipid remodelling at a nanomolar concentration using the interfacial properties of a biomimetic liquid crystal (LC)–aqueous interface. The examination addresses the significance of the CRM in protein structure and membrane reorganizations for the cholesterol-mediated binding of LLO. We report that the CRM assists in the binding of LLO in a unique amphipathic environment, especially at low cholesterol levels. However, eliminating or substituting the CRM from LLO significantly alters the threshold cholesterol level required for its activity. This study also reveals the effect of cholesterol-dependent membrane dynamics in the association and activity of LLO. Our findings suggest a novel paradigm that opens up an array of possibilities for discovering sequential mutations and delineating the molecular mechanisms of CDCs in nanomolar concentration regimes.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 18","pages":" 5358-5364"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/tb/d4tb02117g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metallized hollow-COF nanobowls with dual-mode ROS generation for cancer sonodynamic therapy†","authors":"Donghan Shao, Xinyu Pei, Yuqin Ma, Sainan Liu, Wenliang Li, Leijiao Li and Ping’an Ma","doi":"10.1039/D5TB00338E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5TB00338E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has emerged as an encouraging route in tumor treatment, due to its exceptional tissue penetration depth and favorable safety profile. Nevertheless, the clinical translation of conventional organic sonosensitizers is hindered by intrinsic limitations, including pronounced hydrophobicity, insufficient chemical stability, and low reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In contrast, hollow covalent organic frameworks (HCOFs) exhibit exceptional cargo-loading capabilities, structural robustness, and biocompatibility, positioning them as ideal nanoplatforms for advanced therapeutic applications. Herein, we engineered a bowl-shaped HCOF architecture designed to amplify ultrasonic cavitation effects. This nanostructure was subsequently functionalized with the sonosensitizer (Hemin) and subjected to strategic metallization <em>via</em> metal ion incorporation, culminating in the development of a high-efficiency antitumor nanosystem (FeHHCA). FeHHCA can achieve dual-mode ROS generation, namely, sonodynamic synergistically generating <small>¹</small>O<small>₂</small> and being specifically activated by a tumor microenvironment (TME) to generate ˙OH through a Fenton-like reaction, achieving an 78.7% tumor inhibition rate <em>in vivo</em>. These findings offer innovative approaches and strategies for the design of hollow COFs and offer great potential for the application of SDT in cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 17","pages":" 5181-5189"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silicon dioxide layer thickness-dependent Aunanocube@mSiO2@Ag with surface enhanced Raman scattering for trace detection of harmful substances","authors":"Hui Lei, Baijiang An, Yanyu Tian, Dengqi Zhong, Hongchao Ping, Shumei Dou, Weiwei Zhao, Lijun Ren, Zhuonan Huang, Fenyan Wei and Huiqin Li","doi":"10.1039/D5TB00386E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5TB00386E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Au<small>_nanocube</small>@mSiO<small>₂</small>@Ag nanocomposites were synthesized by layer-by-layer assembly with an Au nanocube core, an Ag shell, and mesoporous silica as a spacer. The thickness of the mesoporous silica layer was controlled simply by changing the amount of silica precursor. The SERS activity of the nanocomposites varied with the thickness of the SiO<small>₂</small> spacer layer, and the strongest SERS effect was observed when the optimized silica layer thickness was about 6 nm. The sensitivity of the synthesized nanocomposites was tested using typical representatives of organic dyes and pesticides (rhodamine 6G, crystal violet, and thiram) as probes, which have very low detection limits of 10<small>⁻¹²</small>, 10<small>⁻¹¹</small> and 10<small>⁻⁹</small> M, respectively, and good stability was observed. The SERS performance of Au<small>_nanocube</small>@mSiO<small>₂</small>@Ag changed with the change of the thickness of SiO<small>₂</small>, and Au<small>_nanocube</small>@mSiO<small>₂</small>@Ag with appropriate SiO<small>₂</small> thickness showed excellent SERS performance. When the thickness of the SiO<small>₂</small> layer is 6.0 nm, the SERS signal is strongest. It has the advantages of a fast response speed, simple operation, low detection limit and good pollutant detection ability.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 19","pages":" 5624-5633"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A self-catabolic smart DNAzyme nanocapsule for amplified chemo-photodynamic therapy†","authors":"Rencun Liu, Yuanyuan Wang, Chen Wu, Weicai Wang and Xuemei Li","doi":"10.1039/D4TB02608J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TB02608J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Violent degradation strategies of traditional nucleic acid hydrogels may bring adverse toxicity to complex biological systems when administered systemically due to uncontrolled digestion. Herein, an Mn<small>²⁺</small>-driven self-catabolic smart deoxyribozyme (DNAzyme) nanocapsule is developed for precise on-demand drug release to amplify cancer chemo-photodynamic therapy. Loaded manganese dioxide (MnO<small>₂</small>) can generate oxygen (O<small>₂</small>) to overcome tumor hypoxia and enhance photodynamic therapy, and a microRNA-21 (miR-21) antisense sequence can adsorb and clear intracellular miR-21 to amplify chemotherapy. The encoded DNAzymes and substrate sequences enable the programmable digestion of nucleic acid hydrogel carriers with Mn<small>²⁺</small> ions as cofactors, so as to accurately deliver various therapeutic drugs. The results show that the smart nanocapsules can amplify chemo-photodynamic therapy by improving hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment and functional genes to kill tumor cells, which is expected to play an important role in tumor diagnosis and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 18","pages":" 5334-5342"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An effective approach to obtain functional poly-β-peptides for combating drug-resistant bacterial infections†","authors":"Sheng Chen, Zhengjie Luo, Min Zhou, Ximian Xiao, Zihao Cong, Jiayang Xie, Yueming Wu, Haodong Zhang, Xuebin Zhao, Gonghua Song and Runhui Liu","doi":"10.1039/D5TB00184F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5TB00184F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The high mortality of drug-resistant bacterial infections, especially those caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens, highlights an urgent demand for promising antimicrobial strategies. Host defense peptide (HDP)-mimicking poly-β-peptides have demonstrated significant potential in combating drug-resistant bacterial infections, with their antimicrobial activity closely dependent on their side-chain structures. However, the restricted structural diversity of poly-β-peptides necessitates efficient synthetic methods to expand their diversity, particularly positively charged side-chain structures. This study presents a water-tolerant approach that facilitates the controllable synthesis of poly-β-peptides with different chain lengths and structurally diverse side chains, including primary amines, tertiary amines, as well as alkyl, aryl, and methoxy groups. This approach serves as an HDP-mimicking discovery platform to obtain the optimal poly-β-peptide, AOc<small>_0.8</small>HNL<small>_0.2</small>, which exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and high selectivity against drug-resistant bacteria. The antibacterial mechanism studies reveal that AOc<small>_0.8</small>HNL<small>_0.2</small> disrupts the membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. <em>In vivo</em> evaluations substantiate the therapeutic potential of AOc<small>_0.8</small>HNL<small>_0.2</small> in treating drug-resistant bacterial infections with no observable toxicity. This study underscores the potential of this convenient synthetic strategy as a promising platform for developing antimicrobial poly-β-peptides to combat the growing threat of drug-resistant bacterial infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 18","pages":" 5315-5326"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Osteoclastogenesis-characterized osteoinductive biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic for bone regeneration in rabbit maxillary sinus lift†","authors":"Wei Lei, Yan Wu, Ping He, Jingqi Wu, Jingrong Chen, Yuxiao Liu, Hongmei Zhang, Joost D. de Bruijn, Chongyun Bao, Yong Li, Ping Ji, Huipin Yuan and Mingzheng Li","doi":"10.1039/D4TB02743D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4TB02743D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Calcium phosphate ceramics can be osteoinductive. Osteoinductive calcium phosphate ceramics are attractive bone substitutes because of their ability to induce bone formation in soft tissues far from osseous sites. Herein, we introduce an osteoinductive biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramic for maxillary sinus lift. Compared to protein-deprived bovine bone mineral (DBBM), BCP supported osteoclastogenesis <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>, induced bone formation following intramuscular implantation in FVB/NCrl (FVB) mice, and enhanced bone regeneration in the rabbit maxillary sinus lift. Our findings indicate that BCP is a promising bone substitute for bone regeneration in maxillary sinus lifts. Furthermore, the current information makes optimizing bone substitutes more convenient and effective. For instance, <em>in vitro</em> osteoclastogenesis evaluation of biomaterials can be used as the first screening, bone formation following non-osseous implantation as the follow-up and bone regeneration in pre-clinical bone defects as the final confirmation.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 20","pages":" 5880-5897"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144055818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controllable fabrication of silk fibroin porous scaffolds and their regulation on cellular behaviours†","authors":"Menglin Xiao, Liangyan Sun, Hao Fu, Wenhua Yang, Jinrong Yao, Zhengzhong Shao, Shengjie Ling, Bingjiao Zhao and Xin Chen","doi":"10.1039/D5TB00508F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5TB00508F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >With the continuous advancement of biomechanics and cell biology, the importance of substrate materials in regulating cell growth, movement, differentiation, apoptosis, gene expression, adhesion, and signal transduction has been increasingly recognized. Silk fibroin (SF) porous scaffolds, owing to their excellent biocompatibility, controllable biodegradability, and ability to effectively simulate the <em>in vivo</em> microenvironment, have been demonstrated to possess broad application prospects in the field of tissue engineering. However, traditional preparation methods for SF porous scaffolds have been found to exhibit poor control over pore size and mechanical properties, and a trade-off between pore size and mechanical performance has often been observed, which has limited their practical application to some extent. A method termed “alcohol addition–freezing method” for preparing SF porous scaffolds was previously developed by our research group, and herein, this method was further extended by adjusting three parameters: the concentration of SF, the concentration of the denaturant <em>n</em>-butanol, and the freezing temperature. Through this approach, controllable preparation of SF porous scaffolds was successfully achieved, resulting in a series of scaffolds with varying pore sizes and compressive moduli. Notably, unidirectional regulation of scaffold pore size and mechanical properties was accomplished, meaning that scaffolds with the same pore size could be designed to exhibit different mechanical properties, and <em>vice versa</em>. Based on this, macrophages, fibroblasts, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which are frequently involved in tissue engineering scaffold research, were selected to investigate the effects of scaffold pore size and stiffness (represented by compressive modulus) on their biological behaviors. <em>In vitro</em> cell experiments demonstrated that these cells exhibit different biological response in those SF scaffolds with different pore size and stiffness. In summary, the preparation method for SF scaffolds employed in this study has not only addressed the limitations of traditional methods in unidirectionally regulating the physical properties of SF porous scaffolds but has also provided a novel strategy and approach for controlling the microenvironment of cell growth in regenerative medicine, which is considered to hold significant scientific and practical value.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 18","pages":" 5453-5465"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable synthesis of a PtNPs@rGO nanohybrid for detection of toxic fluoride ions using hand-made screen-printed electrodes in aqueous medium†","authors":"Damini Verma, Amit K. Yadav, Kunal Kumar Gupta and Pratima R. Solanki","doi":"10.1039/D4TB02115K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TB02115K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >High fluoride (F<small>⁻</small>) concentrations in groundwater affect over 200 million people across 25 countries, making accurate detection and quantification of fluoride in water essential for safety assessment. There is a growing demand for advanced water quality testing systems that provide real-time, location-specific data without requiring specialized expertise. This study presents the development of a simple, eco-friendly, and cost-effective nanosensor for electrochemical F<small>⁻</small> detection in environmental water samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the green synthesis of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) using <em>Ficus religiosa</em> (sacred fig) leaf extract <em>via</em> a co-precipitation method. Additionally, PtNPs were synthesized <em>ex situ</em> and decorated on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to form a nanohybrid using ultrasonication. The PtNPs@rGO nanohybrid was then deposited on a disposable screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) to fabricate the PtNPs@rGO/SPCE nanosensor using a drop-casting technique. This approach enhances the specificity and sensitivity of the sensor, addressing current analytical challenges. The PtNPs@rGO nanohybrid was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis, contact angle (CA) measurement, and electrochemical techniques such as differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The PtNPs@rGO/SPCE nanosensor exhibited a wide linear range from 0.001 to 160 μM for F<small>⁻</small> concentrations, with a limit of detection of 10 nM and a limit of quantification of 0.036 μM. The sensitivity was 4.126 μA μM<small>⁻¹</small> cm<small>⁻²</small>. The sensor demonstrated excellent reproducibility and strong anti-interference properties. It was successfully applied for F<small>⁻</small> detection in tap, drain, and tube well water samples, yielding satisfactory recoveries, and its performance surpasses those of previously reported sensors for aqueous F<small>⁻</small> sensing.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 17","pages":" 5070-5084"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Architecting a partial thickness cartilage substitute with mimetic, self-assembling hydrogels†","authors":"Olivia F. Dingus, Kathleen A. Parrish, Andrew P. Haney, Cesar A. Ramirez and Melissa A. Grunlan","doi":"10.1039/D5TB00050E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5TB00050E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Restoration of partial thickness chondral defects (PTCDs) may be achieved with a synthetic substitute that mimics the discrete mechanical properties of the superficial and transitional chondral layers. Moreover, innate adhesivity of the two components would enable the facile construction and integrity of this bilayered system. Herein, we report a PTCD bilayered substitute formed by triple network (TN) hydrogels that leverage electrostatic charge interactions to achieve mechanical mimicry and self-assembly. TN hydrogels were formed with a polyampholyte 3rd network of five different charge composition (<em>i.e.</em>, ratio of cationic and anionic monomers), as well as two crosslink densities. All TN hydrogels exhibited cartilage-like hydration. A single superficial-like chondral layer TN hydrogel, with a somewhat more anionic 3rd network, was identified having mimetic compressive modulus (∼1.8 MPa) and strength (∼13 MPa). Additionally, three transitional-like chondral layer candidates were identified, including two TN hydrogels with a more cationic 3rd network in addition to the TN hydrogel with a ‘cationic-only’ 3rd network. The adhesivity of the superficial layer and the three transitional layer candidates was found to be robust (∼&gt;100 kPa), wherein the bilayered construct exhibited cohesive rather than adhesive failure.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 19","pages":" 5613-5623"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/tb/d5tb00050e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}