Luoyao Wang, Yeling Ou, Jing Wang, Longjiang Ding, Sili Han and Linglin Zhang
{"title":"Two-stepped pH-responsive peptide microsphere/carboxymethyl chitosan complex: enhanced protection of an inflamed dentin–pulp complex†","authors":"Luoyao Wang, Yeling Ou, Jing Wang, Longjiang Ding, Sili Han and Linglin Zhang","doi":"10.1039/D4TB02826K","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4TB02826K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Dental caries is the most prevalent infectious disease affecting oral health, leading to the destruction of tooth hard tissues and dental pulp inflammation. The dentin–pulp complex, as the biological core of the tooth, can generate reparative dentin to protect the dental pulp from infection progression. However, untreated carious lesions chronically disrupt the structural integrity and reparative capacity of the dentin–pulp complex, thereby significantly compromising pulp vitality as deep caries progresses. In this study, a two-stepped pH-responsive peptide microsphere/carboxymethyl chitosan complex (PM/CS) was designed to offer comprehensive protection for the inflamed dentin–pulp complex. PM/CS has a three-dimensional network structure, and it constructs an intelligent drug delivery system by integrating TVH-19 self-assembled peptide microspheres that we developed earlier into carboxymethyl chitosan. This complex not only exhibited pH-controlled release characteristics, but also showed antibacterial properties against <em>Streptococcus mutans</em> and a mineralization-promoting effect on human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). PM/CS exerted acute anti-inflammatory effects on early pulpal lesions in rats, while longitudinal studies revealed its remarkable capacity to induce tertiary dentinogenesis, indicating therapeutic efficacy through biological modulation. This study provides a potential pulp capping complex material for the restoration treatment of the dentin-pulp complex under the influence of deep caries.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 16","pages":" 4879-4892"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenxu Wang, Jixiang Yuan, Yuying Zhu, Ruixiang Li and Jiange Zhang
{"title":"Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) enhances the therapeutic efficiency of a gemcitabine-loaded injectable hydrogel on postoperative breast cancer through modulating the microenvironment†","authors":"Wenxu Wang, Jixiang Yuan, Yuying Zhu, Ruixiang Li and Jiange Zhang","doi":"10.1039/D4TB02776K","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4TB02776K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Local injection of the drug-loaded hydrogel at the surgery site is promising for postoperative breast cancer. However, the postoperative changes in the tumor microenvironment, such as inflammation, abnormal angiogenesis and hypoxia, inhibit drug perfusion and contribute to breast cancer recurrence (BCR). Normalizing the abnormal blood vessels can effectively improve perfusion and reduce hypoxia. Here, we encapsulated gemcitabine (GEM) in a PLGA–PEG–PLGA hydrogel (GEM-hydrogel) for local treatment of postoperative breast cancer. The GEM-hydrogel can be injected into the surgery cavity allowing sustained release of the drug. Meanwhile, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Shexiang Baoxin Pill (SBP) was given to normalize the blood vessels to enhance drug perfusion. The results suggest that the combination of SBP enhances the therapeutic efficiency of the GEM-hydrogel, inhibiting tumor recurrence. Mechanism studies reveal that SBP works by promoting PDGFB expression in macrophages, subsequently recruiting pericytes, and normalizing blood vessels, finally alleviating hypoxia. This study demonstrates that the combination of TCM and chemotherapeutics is promising for suppressing postoperative tumor recurrence.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 16","pages":" 4864-4878"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tingting Cheng, Ying Xiang, Xuan He, Ji Pang, Weihao Zhu, Liqiang Luo, Yi Cao and Renjun Pei
{"title":"Nanostructured conductive polymers: synthesis and application in biomedicine","authors":"Tingting Cheng, Ying Xiang, Xuan He, Ji Pang, Weihao Zhu, Liqiang Luo, Yi Cao and Renjun Pei","doi":"10.1039/D4TB02513J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4TB02513J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Conductive polymers (CPs), distinguished by their sp<small><sup>2</sup></small>-hybridized carbon backbone, offer remarkable electrical conductivity while maintaining the advantageous mechanical flexibility and processing characteristics typical of organic polymers. Compared to their bulk counterparts, nanostructured CPs exhibit unique physicochemical properties, such as large surface areas and shortened charge/mass transport pathways, making them promising candidates for various applications. This mini review explores various synthesis methodologies for nanostructured CPs, including electrospinning, hard templating, and soft templating techniques, while elucidating their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, the burgeoning biomedical applications of nanostructured CPs are highlighted, including drug delivery, neural electrodes and interfaces, nerve regeneration, and biosensing, demonstrating their potential to significantly advance contemporary biomedical science.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 16","pages":" 4739-4769"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiuyu Xu, Mohan Hou, Lifang Wang, Xiaoyuan Liu, Xuepeng Zhang, Li Chen, Hong Qiu and Lifang Liu
{"title":"A spider silk-inspired, transparent, anti-freezing ionic conductive hydrogel as a flexible sensor device†","authors":"Qiuyu Xu, Mohan Hou, Lifang Wang, Xiaoyuan Liu, Xuepeng Zhang, Li Chen, Hong Qiu and Lifang Liu","doi":"10.1039/D5TB00180C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5TB00180C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >As soft material ionic conductors, ionically conductive hydrogels are of great significance for the development of flexible electronics. However, it is still a great challenge to effectively design functional hydrogel structures to address various practical application scenarios (such as low temperature environments) and expand their application range (such as transparent display devices). In this paper, an anti-bacterial and ionically conductive TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber/polyvinyl alcohol/quaternary ammonium chitosan/Al<small><sup>3+</sup></small> (CPQA–EH) hydrogel (conductivity of 7.50 ms cm<small><sup>−1</sup></small>) with high transparency (93.7%) is constructed by a simple method of solution mixing and immersion. An organic solvent is used to induce <em>in situ</em> phase separation and multiple interactions between molecular chains to promote crystallization. The hydrogel network structure is regulated step by step, and nanofibrils are induced <em>in situ</em> to form a nano-fishnet structure. The CPQA–EH ionically conductive hydrogel with a nanofibrous network exhibits excellent tensile strength (1341.86 kPa) and toughness (6992.53 kJ m<small><sup>−3</sup></small>). Meanwhile, it shows low-temperature sensing ability even at −80 °C (freezing point of −122.08 °C). The flexible sensor based on the CPQA–EH conductive hydrogel can sensitively recognize external stimuli (strain/pressure). It shows stable detection of the movement of human joints and vocalization, and the hydrogel with high transparency can also be used as a display device to recognize writing signals.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 16","pages":" 4842-4854"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143756861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruiying Kou, Yunpeng Wang, Jing Li, Zhaoyuan Guo, Jun Cao, Wenxia Gao and Bin He
{"title":"Calcium loaded biodegradable porous microspheres for the hemostasis of coagulopathy†","authors":"Ruiying Kou, Yunpeng Wang, Jing Li, Zhaoyuan Guo, Jun Cao, Wenxia Gao and Bin He","doi":"10.1039/D5TB00328H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5TB00328H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The development of efficient hemostatic materials is a challenge for patients with coagulation disorders. In this study, we developed advanced biodegradable porous microspheres for the hemostasis of coagulopathy. The microspheres were fabricated using multiblock amphiphilic poly(ε-caprolactone-r-glycolide) (PCGA)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polyurethanes (PUE). Calcium ions were loaded in the porous microspheres (CPBMs) <em>via</em> solution immersion. The microspheres possessed high porosity, uniform particle and pore sizes, and excellent biocompatibility. The CPBMs demonstrated an ultra-high water absorption capacity of 45 times and a rapid calcium ion release rate to accelerate the coagulation cascade. The CPBMs significantly promoted platelet aggregation, red blood cell adhesion and fibrin formation, and outperformed commercially available hemostatic agents. The <em>in vivo</em> studies on liver injury and tail amputation models in both healthy and coagulopathic rats revealed superior hemostasis compared to the modified starch-based powders (BT) and Yunnan Baiyao (YB) hemostatic powders.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 16","pages":" 4910-4925"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiao Wang, Yimin Gong, Jianing Li, Dan Luo, Xin Zeng, Yun Ling, Yaming Zhou and Zhenxia Chen
{"title":"Topology-dependent T2 relaxivity in Fe3O cluster-based MOFs for enhanced tumor monitoring via MRI†","authors":"Qiao Wang, Yimin Gong, Jianing Li, Dan Luo, Xin Zeng, Yun Ling, Yaming Zhou and Zhenxia Chen","doi":"10.1039/D4TB02858A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4TB02858A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials with tunable structures, where metal ions or clusters serve as magnetic centers and organic ligands offer spatial separation. These characteristics, combined with their diverse topologies, make MOFs promising candidates for contrast agents (CAs) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Herein we synthesized four MOFs based on the same triangular Fe<small><sub>3</sub></small>O clusters with different topologies: MIL-101(Fe) (moo net), MIL-100(Fe) (mtn net), MIL-59(Fe) (pcu net), and MIL-88B(Fe) (acs net). To clarify the relationship between topologies and <em>T</em><small><sub>2</sub></small> relaxivities, the MOFs were tailored into uniform, nanoscale spherical morphologies. Notably, the value of <em>T</em><small><sub>2</sub></small> relaxivity for MIL-88B(Fe) with acs topology is nearly three times that for MIL-101(Fe) with moo topology at 7.0 T. By comparing the magnetic properties of Fe<small><sub>3</sub></small>O molecular clusters and Ga-doped MIL-88B(Fe), our analysis demonstrated the significant advantage of MOFs with fixed arrays, adjustable components and diverse topologies in enhancing magnetic relaxation. Cellular MRI experiments further revealed that MIL-88B(Fe) could differentiate between M1 and M2 macrophages, highlighting its potential for monitoring tumor progression. These findings offer valuable insights into how MOF topology can be strategically utilized to enhance <em>T</em><small><sub>2</sub></small> relaxivities for MRI applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 19","pages":" 5521-5529"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/tb/d4tb02858a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143756893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yaozhen Yang, Xue Wang, Wenye Zhai, Jing Xu, Zhaosheng Hou, Pengbo She, Xiuxiu Li, Xuanxuan Ma, Xiaolong Wang and Wentao Liu
{"title":"Preparation of an antibacterial, injectable, thermosensitive, and physically cross-linked hemostatic hydrogel based on quaternized linetype poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)†","authors":"Yaozhen Yang, Xue Wang, Wenye Zhai, Jing Xu, Zhaosheng Hou, Pengbo She, Xiuxiu Li, Xuanxuan Ma, Xiaolong Wang and Wentao Liu","doi":"10.1039/D5TB00042D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5TB00042D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Bleeding and wound infection are two significant potential risks to life and health. While antibacterial hemostatic hydrogels can meet the requirements for hemostasis and the prevention of wound infections, the inclusion of antibacterial agents inevitably complicates the regulation of interactions between components, making it difficult to synergistically control the mechanical and antibacterial properties of the hydrogels, which limits the overall hydrogel performance. In this study, we propose the use of linear poly(<em>N</em>-isopropylacrylamide) (L-P-(C<small><sub>6</sub></small>H<small><sub>15</sub></small>N<small><sup>+</sup></small>)) with an antibacterial quaternary ammonium end-group for preparing hydrogels, rather than conventionally adding antibacterial agents. An injectable, highly antibacterial and wet-adhesive double-network hemostatic hydrogel was constructed using L-P-(C<small><sub>6</sub></small>H<small><sub>15</sub></small>N<small><sup>+</sup></small>), gelatin (G), and hyaluronic acid (HA). The comprehensive properties of the hydrogel could be adjusted through changing the molecular weight of the L-P-(C<small><sub>6</sub></small>H<small><sub>15</sub></small>N<small><sup>+</sup></small>) and the end-group effects. The G/HA/L-P-(C<small><sub>6</sub></small>H<small><sub>15</sub></small>N<small><sup>+</sup></small>) hydrogel demonstrated a gel time of 12.2–14 s, an adhesion strength of 26.9 ± 2.0 kPa and a burst pressure of 264 ± 20 mmHg. It also exhibited strong antibacterial activity against <em>E. coli</em> (93 ± 2.7%) and <em>S. aureus</em> (97 ± 3.2%), with satisfactory biocompatibility. Additionally, the hydrogel demonstrated good blood clotting ability <em>in vitro</em> and achieved rapid hemostasis (<15 s) <em>in vivo</em>. This work offers a simple and efficient strategy to fabricate high-performance smart antibacterial hemostatic hydrogels.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 14","pages":" 4447-4462"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143660205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Linna Zhang, Guofei Yu, Rui Dai, Shuang Wang, Min Yang and Haibo Wang
{"title":"A self-adaptive adhesive, mechanically enhanced, and antibacterial non-woven fabric wound dressing functionalized by a semi-interpenetrating network hydrogel for promoting infected wound healing†","authors":"Linna Zhang, Guofei Yu, Rui Dai, Shuang Wang, Min Yang and Haibo Wang","doi":"10.1039/D4TB02851A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4TB02851A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Bacterial infection poses a primary challenge in wound management. However, the commercial non-woven dressings are incapable of treating infected wounds, limiting their clinical applications. Herein, we developed a novel composite dressing, featuring non-woven fabric (NF) decorated with a Zn<small><sup>2+</sup></small> enhanced semi-interpenetrating network hydrogel (PNGZn@NF), which was achieved by cross-linking graft copolymers composed of acrylic acid and <em>N</em>-hydroxysuccinimide with Zn<small><sup>2+</sup></small>, followed by a coating–heat curing method to securely bond the hydrogel with the NF. The resultant PNGZn@NF exhibited high strength, self-adaptability, adhesion and antibacterial properties, and biocompatibility. In particular, the bacterial killing ratio was up to 99.99% for <em>E. coli</em> and <em>S. aureus</em>. In the <em>in vivo</em> experiments of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (<em>S. aureus</em>) infection, PNGZn@NF showed enhanced infected wound healing ability by eliminating bacteria and reducing inflammation. Given these positive findings, this versatile wound dressing holds great potential in clinical treatment of infected wounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 17","pages":" 5117-5126"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ming-Chun Zhao, Zhiyong Shi, Xin Li, Chaochun Zhao, Wenze Wang, Dengfeng Yin and Andrej Atrens
{"title":"Insights into nano-ZrO2 reinforced self-antibacterial Ti–3Cu composites via laser metal deposition: content-optimized bioactive nano-ZrO2 integrated for wear resistance, in vitro antibacterial and biological properties","authors":"Ming-Chun Zhao, Zhiyong Shi, Xin Li, Chaochun Zhao, Wenze Wang, Dengfeng Yin and Andrej Atrens","doi":"10.1039/D5TB00143A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5TB00143A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Ti alloys are sensitive to fretting wear, which leads to early failure of their implants. Wear is a major factor in determining the long-term clinical performance. This work explored the increase of wear resistance in antibacterial Ti–Cu alloys, by incorporating biocompatible nano-ZrO<small><sub>2</sub></small> using laser metal deposition (LMD). The content of the reinforcing nano-ZrO<small><sub>2</sub></small> played a crucial role in performance. There was good densification quality for ≤3 wt%. The densification quality declined and there were macrocracks for ≥5 wt%. Both the prior β grains and the α grains initially decreased in size followed by coarsening as the ZrO<small><sub>2</sub></small> content increased, with the minimum at 3 wt%. The yield strength increased with increasing ZrO<small><sub>2</sub></small> content, and the elastic modulus increased from 5 wt%. The wear rate decreased initially and then increased with increasing ZrO<small><sub>2</sub></small> contents, reaching the lowest wear rate at 3 wt%. The corrosion resistance in body fluid was a minimum between 3 and 5 wt%, with less or more leading to a decrease in corrosion resistance. <em>In vitro</em> antibacterial tests and <em>MC3T3-E1</em> cell culture assays indicated that ZrO<small><sub>2</sub></small> contents of up to 10 wt% achieved good antibacterial effects while maintaining good biocompatibility. The comprehensive test results allowed screening and optimization of the processability and wear-related performance. 3 wt% ZrO<small><sub>2</sub></small> contents provided the best overall performance. The mechanisms for various content bioactive nano-ZrO<small><sub>2</sub></small> integrated for wear resistance, <em>in vitro</em> antibacterial and biological properties were explored. This work aimed to understand how ZrO<small><sub>2</sub></small> concentrations influenced the overall performance and to identify the optimal content for wear resistance and related biofunctionality.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 14","pages":" 4353-4373"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143660203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hamna Hassan, Mansoor Khan, Luqman Ali Shah and Hyeong-Min Yoo
{"title":"CNC-mediated functionalized MWCNT-reinforced double-network conductive hydrogels as smart, flexible strain and epidermic sensors for human motion monitoring†","authors":"Hamna Hassan, Mansoor Khan, Luqman Ali Shah and Hyeong-Min Yoo","doi":"10.1039/D4TB02709D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4TB02709D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Soft, stretchable, and smart strain-sensing hydrogels have attracted significant attention due to their broad applicability in emerging fields. However, developing hydrogel-based strain-sensing materials with finely tuned mechanical and sensing properties remains challenging, primarily due to the inherent brittleness of traditionally fabricated hydrogels. In this study, a novel flexible strain- and epidermis-sensitive sensor was designed using a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-mediated acid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (A-MWCNT)-reinforced double-network conductive hydrogel. This dual-network hydrogel system was fabricated by integrating a covalently crosslinked acrylamide (Amm) and [2-(acryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethyl-ammonium chloride (AETAC) with a physically crosslinked network of A-MWCNTs, which were uniformly dispersed <em>via</em> CNCs. Incorporating hydrogen bonding and strong electrostatic interactions within the physical network introduced reversible sacrificial bonds, significantly enhancing the hydrogel's mechanical strength. The hydrogel exhibited mechanical and sensing performance, including sufficient stretchability (431.6%), remarkable sensitivity, a gauge factor (GF) of 4.32 at 400% strain, toughness of 65.6 kJ m<small><sup>−3</sup></small>, Young's modulus of 1.5 kPa, and rapid response and recovery times of 100 msec. Furthermore, it demonstrated excellent cycling stability over 100 cycles and effective sensing capabilities across a broad strain range, from small deformations (5%) to large strains (400%). The conductivity of 0.09 S m<small><sup>−1</sup></small>, facilitated by the formation of conduction pathways through the AETAC and A-MWCNTs, further enhanced its performance. Moreover, the hydrogel exhibited practical applicability in detecting various large-scale and physiological human movements. Functioning as a wearable electronic skin, it represents a highly flexible and adaptable material suitable for applications in soft robotics, flexible sensors, and health monitoring devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 16","pages":" 4796-4808"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}