Zambezia最新文献

{"title":"The Flash-Back and the Flash-Forward Techniques in Ndebele Novels","authors":"T. Matshakayile-Ndlovu","doi":"10.4314/zjh.v28i2.6765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/zjh.v28i2.6765","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines how Ndebele fiction employs the flash-back and flashforward techniques. It observes that use of letters, old pictures and unplanned meeting of old friends are the common tools of flash-back while dreams, omens and superstitions are used for flash-forward. It also evaluates the effectiveness of these techniques by examining a number of Ndebele novels and concludes by stating that it is important for the reader to have knowledge of Ndebele culture in order to gain access to the meaning of the various incidents communicated through those techniques. It is generally accepted that the effectiveness of a novel in communicating its author’s subject matter and theme depends on the literary techniques that the author uses. Writers select their literary techniques with the hope that the techniques will help to give life to their subject matter and communicate their theme to their readers effectively. This article examines the literary techniques of flash-back and flash-forward as they manifest themselves in selected siNdebele novels. It discusses the various forms these techniques take in siNdebele literature and evaluates their effectiveness in communicating their author’s subject matter and themes. The flash-back and flash-forward techniques have been discussed extensively by many critics and it will suffice here to refer to two definitions of these techniques in order to place the subsequent discussion in its proper perspective. The intention is not to elaborate on these techniques and make new discoveries, but rather it is to focus on how these techniques are used by siNdebele writers. The article will also evaluate the extent of the effectiveness of these techniques in their application in siNdebele literature. We can define flash-back as “an interruption in the continuity of a story by presentation of some earlier episode”. Outside literature, “flashback” may refer to a vivid memory of some past incident. The flash-back technique in novels is based on this idea of a vivid memory. The technique further enables the writer to provide the reader or audience with background information that appears not to be part of the story that is being told, but is considered essential by the writer for the understanding of the meaning of the story. 190 FLASH-BACK AND FLASH-FORWARD TECHNIQUES IN NDEBELE NOVELS According to Richard Taylor, If an episode from a distant and seemingly unrelated past is introduced as though it were happening in a present time (a time machine or flashback so called), it is to give some relevant information as to character formation or motive on the one hand or to focus attention towards a resulting pattern of ideas on the other hand.1 Thus, the flash-back technique is used for specific purposes in narratives, one of which is to help readers appreciate events in the unfolding story in a more enlightened way because they have been supplied with the relevant background information. Flash-forward, on the other hand, casts ","PeriodicalId":83564,"journal":{"name":"Zambezia","volume":"24 1","pages":"189-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87335035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FROM INTERVENTIONISM TO MARKET-BASED MANAGEMENT APPROACHES: THE ZIMBABWEAN EXPERIENCE","authors":"Gideon Zhou","doi":"10.4314/ZJH.V28I2.6767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ZJH.V28I2.6767","url":null,"abstract":"The adoption and implementation of public enterprise sector reforms the world-over reflects a paradigmatic shift from state-centred to private sectororiented management styles. This article captures these evolutionary trends through a detailed case analysis of the management regime that prevailed in the Zimbabwean public enterprise sector before the adoption of reforms. Public enterprise sector reforms call for a fundamental restructuring of yesteryear practices at the macro and micro levels. However, as a review of the first and the second phases of the programme reveals, by the dawn of the new millennium, the state in Zimbabwe had not significantly relinquished its traditional controls over the parastatals sector. Most public enterprises still operated under their traditional enabling Acts.","PeriodicalId":83564,"journal":{"name":"Zambezia","volume":"4 1","pages":"229-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80459861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conflict between Wildlife and People in Kariba Town, Zimbabwe","authors":"L. Mhlanga","doi":"10.4314/ZJH.V28I1.6757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ZJH.V28I1.6757","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the findings of a questionnaire survey that sought to establish the relationship between wildlife and the people of Kariba and to make some policy proposals. The survey showed that there are conflicts between wildlife and people in Kariba town. Elephants and buffaloes damage and destroy property and frighten or kill people. Baboons vandalise homes. Residents are not compensated for death, injury or property damaged by animals. In response, people drive elephants away from residential areas using stones and burning fire logs. They also kill or injure buffaloes using snares. There is conflict between residents and the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management officials over illegal procurement of resources from the national park. Despite the conflicts, over 80% of the residents are positively inclined towards conservation since they indicated that poachers should be arrested, it is necessary to conserve animals, there should be no free access to the resources. Over 50% indicated that animals and people should be isolated to alleviate the existing problems. It is proposed that a multi-action approach should be used to ameliorate the human-animal conflict in Kariba. This should include protection of residents from wildlife, extension of benefits to residents, involvement of residents in the management of the resource, setting-up a fund to assist and/or compensate victims of wildlife injuries or deaths, educating residents on how to coexist and reserving the game corridors for wildlife movement. This will help to foster and create more positive attitudes towards wildlife conservation. Otherwise, human hostility will continue to pose a danger to animals and national park resources in general.","PeriodicalId":83564,"journal":{"name":"Zambezia","volume":"60 1","pages":"39-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77200488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal diseases and human populations in colonial Zimbabwe: the Rinderpest epidemic of 1896-1898.","authors":"M K Mutowo","doi":"10.4314/zjh.v28i1.6755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/zjh.v28i1.6755","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83564,"journal":{"name":"Zambezia","volume":"28 1","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27505816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Lost Opportunity: The Case of the Water Reform Debate in the Fourth Parliament of Zimbabwe","authors":"E. Manzungu","doi":"10.4314/ZJH.V28I1.6761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ZJH.V28I1.6761","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the debate on water reform that took place in the fourth Parliament of Zimbabwe leading up to the enactment of the Water Act [Chapter 20: 24] and the Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA) Act [Chapter 20:25]. It assesses how Members of Parliament tried to ensure the utilisation and management of the country's water resources for the benefit of their constituencies, most of them disadvantaged smallholder farmers, and the nation in general. Using Moore (1989)'s critique of the neo-liberal doctrine in water management, that emphasizes \"the market\" and technical efficiency, as water use-regulating mechanisms, it is argued that the debate failed to push for a more people-oriented water reform. This is illustrated in the article with regards to the goal of the reform torn between economictechnical and social objectives, lack of strong local institutions to hirther the democratic ideals and poor financing of water resource development. Overall the debate failed to place on the national agenda sustainable water development. Perhaps at a later date the lost opportunity can be regained by way of amending the concerned Acts of parliament.","PeriodicalId":83564,"journal":{"name":"Zambezia","volume":"19 1","pages":"97-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84144642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ETHICS AMONG THE SHONA","authors":"T. A. Chimuka","doi":"10.4314/ZJH.V28I1.6756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ZJH.V28I1.6756","url":null,"abstract":"This essay is a contribution towards an appreciation of Hunhu/Ubuntu as the basis of African philosophy. It seeks to demonstrate, by means of a specific example taken from an African text, that within the African culture there are still some values worth promoting. The argument to be proffered is that values of Hunhu in Shona are quite rich and, if cultivated, could contribute to an enrichment of human civilization.","PeriodicalId":83564,"journal":{"name":"Zambezia","volume":"31 1","pages":"23-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75801486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revival of Indigenous Food Security Strategies at the Village Level: The Human Factor Implications","authors":"C. G. Mararike","doi":"10.4314/ZJH.V28I1.6758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ZJH.V28I1.6758","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports findings of an evaluation of the Zunde raMambo practice as a survival strategy in selected rural districts in Zimbabwe. The assumption made when the Zunde was being revived was that its revival would go a long way in minimizing food stress in some rural areas. The revival of the Zunde raMambo practice was started in 1996 by members of the Chief's Council of Zimbabwe, in collaboration with the Nutrition Unit of the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare. The main objective was to revive the Zunde as a sustainable community project, in line with what was once a known Shona traditional practice. In attempting to revive this traditional practice, there was a need to assess variables such as the nature of existing social and economic structures, leadership, and the availability of resources such as land and agricultural inputs and implements. The article also reflects on policy issues surrounding rural development and survival strategies used by rural people. The article also suggests that the human factor approach offers the best way to the understanding of peoples' needs, problems and how problems can be tackled. Data used in this article was collected between November and December 1999.","PeriodicalId":83564,"journal":{"name":"Zambezia","volume":"51 1","pages":"53-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88883293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Domesticating a white elephant: sustainability and struggles over water, the case of Cahora Bassa Dam.","authors":"A Isaacman","doi":"10.4314/zjh.v28i2.6766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/zjh.v28i2.6766","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83564,"journal":{"name":"Zambezia","volume":"28 2","pages":"199-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27001812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Market and channel preferences of manufacturing exporters: A study of Zimbabwean companies","authors":"Zororo Muranda","doi":"10.4314/ZJH.V28I1.6759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ZJH.V28I1.6759","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports the results of a study on market and channel selection and preferences of manufacturing exporters. The main objective of the study is to identify market and channel preferences of Zimbabwean firms. Results show that exporters from Zimbabwe target their exports at developing neighbouring markets. Exporters realise there is a high probability of failure if they focus their effort exclusively at developed markets. Although developed markets absorb a higher proportion of Zimbabwe’s aggregate exports, they take only a very small proportion of purely manufactured exports. Channel selection and preferences show 19% of the exporters using sales offices to spearhead exports in regional markets but preferring agents and distributors in most developed markets.","PeriodicalId":83564,"journal":{"name":"Zambezia","volume":"1 1","pages":"67-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87914042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some are more white than others: racial chauvinism as a factor in Rhodesian immigration policy, 1890-1963","authors":"A. Mlambo","doi":"10.4314/ZJH.V27I2.6748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ZJH.V27I2.6748","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the role of ethnic chauvinism in determining the \u0000patterns and trends of white immigration into Rhodesia from the country’s \u0000occupation in 1890 to the Second World War. It argues that, while scholars \u0000have rightly emphasised white settler racism and discrimination against the \u0000African majority, and have tended to treat settler white society as a \u0000homogenous entity which shared a common identity, a closer examination \u0000of the racial dynamics within white colonial society reveals that strong \u0000currents of ethnic chauvinism maintained sharp divisions within the white \u0000settler society, even though settlers presented a united front when protecting \u0000their collective interests in the face of the perceived African threat. This \u0000article focuses specifically on racial and cultural chauvinism emanating \u0000from settlers of British stock which, among other things, determined the \u0000pace, volume and nature of white immigration into the country and \u0000contributed, together with other factors, to the fact that fewer white immigrants \u0000entered the country than had originally been envisaged by Cecil John \u0000Rhodes. Thus, while Rhodes had dreamt of creating Rhodesia as a white \u0000man’s country, this dream remained unfulfilled because of the dominant \u0000British settler community’s reluctance to admit whites of non-British stock. It \u0000is argued, therefore, that, throughout the period under study, British colonial \u0000settlers continued to regard themselves as “more white than others” with \u0000respect to other non-British races.","PeriodicalId":83564,"journal":{"name":"Zambezia","volume":"18 1","pages":"139-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75310779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}