Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))最新文献

{"title":"An Analysis of Some Aspects of Co-evolutionary Development of Jet Fighter Generations in the Second Half of the 20th Century","authors":"S. Egoshin","doi":"10.31857/s020596060017404-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060017404-6","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of studying developmental dynamics of global aircraft pool is unquestionable: this knowledge allows a substantive analysis of the history of development of aircraft engineering. At the same time, introducing for consideration some a priori notions such as e. g. “aircraft generations” allows to more fully demonstrate an interrelated development (co-evolution) of aircrafts and social institutions. This article considers as an example of co-evolution the opposition between jet fighter parks of the Warsaw Pact countries and NATO in 1954–1989. The dynamics of the development of jet fighter parks are examined and the causes of some of its characteristics are explained. Thus, it is shown that the Cold War as an opposition of two political and military alliances has been spurring the quantitative and qualitative development of fighter aircrafts. The end of the Cold War was one of the factors that slowed down the development of fighters. The results of this works clearly demonstrate that the development of aircrafts is inseparable from global social processes.","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85479473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Main Lines of Research at the Botanical Garden of M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1937–1973","authors":"K. Golikov","doi":"10.31857/s020596060017425-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060017425-9","url":null,"abstract":"The Botanical Garden of M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University is the oldest scientific botanical institution in Russia. Established in 1706 as a physic garden, it was acquired by Moscow University in 1805. This article reviews the dynamics of the range of research areas pursued by the Garden in 1937–1973 (from its becoming an autonomous institution within MSU to the splitting of Biological and Soil Science Faculty and the Garden becoming part of a recreated Biological Faculty). Based on the analysis of bibliography and materials of the theme plans and reports on the Garden’s research work, deposited at the MSU Archive, this time period may be divided into several stages. Thus, in 1937–1948, the research focused on the development of methods for experimental morphogenesis, designed do obtain new heritable forms (induced polyploidy, X-ray treatment of crop and ornamental plants (L. P. Breslavets-Krestovnikova); development of scientific foundation for horticulture (“green construction”) to expand the diversity of herbaceous ornamental plants (M. P. Nagibina); studies on plant development rhythms and factors (A. V. Kozhevnikov, I. G. Serebryakov). In 1948–1951, after the August VASKhNIL Session, the problems of vegetative hybridization prevailed while, in 1952–1957, the researchers’ attention was focused on the development of scientific basis for the construction of a new botanical garden as a component of natural science cluster of MSU on Leninskie (Vorobyovy) Gory (N. A. Bazilevskaya). In 1958–1964, the focus was shifted towards complex studies of the domestic flora. In 1967–1973, the garden’s main lines of research were evolutionary morphology, plant taxonomy, floristics, and botanical geography (A. K. Skvortsov, V. N. Tikhomirov); plant protection and agrochemistry; and breeding and genetics of ornamental plants and fruit and berry crops. Therefore, at different stages, the emphasis was placed on both the fundamental and applied research whose focus changed depending on the sociopolitical context of the epoch.","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"154 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85620055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Historian’s Craft Revisited or 15 Years in the Footsteps of Astronomer N. M. Subbotina”. A Presentation of O. A. Valkova’s Book “Life and Remarkable Adventures of Astronomer Subbotina”","authors":"G. Lyubina, M. Klavdieva","doi":"10.31857/s020596060017428-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060017428-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91058831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Joule, Mayer, and Others: A Decade-and-a-Half-Long Debate over Priority in the Discovery of the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat","authors":"Boris Bulyubash","doi":"10.31857/s020596060017503-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060017503-5","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the history of a debate over priority in the discovery of the mechanical equivalent of heat that was centered around J. P. Joule and J. R. von Mayer. The following two stages may be distinguished in this debate. During the first stage, those involved in it were Joule and Mayer themselves. While Mayer presented a numerical value for the mechanical equivalent of heat, which was based on the data from Gay-Lussac’s experiment, Joule determined the value of this coefficient in his own experiment although he did it later than Mayer (actually, Joule was unaware of Gay-Lussac’s experiment). This article shows that, in the end, Joule and William Thomson, who also participated in the debate, recognized (even though formally and with reservations) Mayer’s priority. During the second stage of the debate, its participants were British scientists who supported Mayer or Joule. Thus, Mayer’s priority was supported by Professor J. Tyndall of the Royal Institution in London and it was he who initiated the resumption of the discussion. Joule’s priority was advocated by Professor W. Thomson of the University of Glasgow and Professor P. Tait of the University of Edinburgh. It is noted that a personal animosity between Tyndall and Tait, as well as Tyndall’s competitive attitude towards Thomson, had a significant impact on the tone of the debate, and the examples of Tait’s provocative remarks and Tyndall’s reactions are provided. Joule’s involvement during the second stage of the debate that was mostly limited to private correspondence between himself, Tait, Thomson, and Tyndall, is discussed. Over the time elapsed after the first stage of the debate, the level of rejection of Mayer’s arguments by the scientific community had decreased significantly. The awarding of the Royal Society’s Copley Medal to Joule (1870) and Mayer (1871), both of them nominated by Tyndall, came as a symbolic conclusion of the debate.","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79198265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Transatlantic Dialogue of the Tostoy Family Descendants, Participants in “The Golden Book of the Russian Emigration” Project","authors":"T. Ulyankina","doi":"10.31857/s020596060016360-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060016360-8","url":null,"abstract":"This article is devoted to the little-known but important details of a large-scale project of publishing a summarizing work on the life and activities of the post-1917 Russian emigration, named “The Golden Book of the Russian Emigration”. This project was conceived in the midst of the Society for the Protection of Russian Cultural Values Abroad in Paris (“OORKTs”) that was founded by D. P. Riabouchinsky, a prominent Russian émigré scientist in the field of aero and hydrodynamics, member of the French Academy of Science. In 1961, Riabouchinsky became the Chair of the Special European Executive Committee (Paris) for the Publication of the “Golden Book”. The American initiative group for the preparation and publication of the “Golden Book” was set up in September 1961. It was headed by Alexandra Lvovna Tolstaya, the daughter of Leo Tolstoy and president of the Tolstoy Foundation (US). This article introduces for scientific use the previously correspondence between A. L. Tolstaya and Sergei Mikhailovich Tolstoy, Leo Tolstoy’s grandson, a doctor of medicine and deontologist, the author of works in tropical medicine and blood transfusion, who chaired the Special European Executive Committee for the Publication of the “Golden Book” since 1967. This correspondence that covers the period of 1966–1967 is concerned with establishing organizational relations between two centers of Russian dispersion, Paris and New York, and sheds light on the complicated workings of interpersonal relationships of project participants and on some causes of the project’s failure. The documents from two “Russian” archives in the USA, the Archive of the Russian Academic Group in the USA and the Archive of the Tolstoy Foundation, were used during the preparation of this article.","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83531374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"German-Russian Company for Air Transport Deruluft (In Commemoration of Its Centennial)","authors":"D. Sobolev","doi":"10.31857/s020596060016359-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060016359-6","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the history of creation and operation of the German-Russian company for air transport, the Deruluft airline. It launched its operation with the first international air line in Soviet Russia, an airlink between Moscow and Königsberg, and new lines were opened subsequently. Deruluft mostly used German aircrafts; Soviet aircrafts were also used although to a lesser extent. The aircrews included both German and RSFR (USSR) citizens. Deruluft operated for 15 years and was dissolved for political reasons. The airline’s activities had promoted the development of the Soviet civil aviation and training of skilled cadre of Soviet professionals.","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82358593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baum E. A., Bogatova T. V. (eds.) The Public Status of Russian Chemistry. The Russian Chemical Society: The History and Tradition (Moscow, 2020), ISBN 978-5-8037-0769-1","authors":"M. Klavdieva","doi":"10.31857/s020596060016350-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060016350-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"332 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76588637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Madame Penicillin”: Life and Scientific Legacy of Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermolieva. An Exhibition at the K. A. Timiryazev State Biological Museum","authors":"M. Pomelova","doi":"10.31857/s020596060017429-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060017429-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78950036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sobolev, D. A. The Chronicle of Soviet Civil Aviation. 1941– 1960 (Moscow, 2020), ISBN 978-5-907245-23-5","authors":"V. Chesnov","doi":"10.31857/s020596060015079-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060015079-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74361250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Making and Development of E. N. Mirzoyan’s Evolutionary Concept (In Commemoration of the 90 th Anniversary of His Birth)","authors":"M. Kozlova","doi":"10.31857/s020596060016354-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060016354-1","url":null,"abstract":"A renowned biologist and historian of science Eduard Nikolaevich Mirzoyan would have turned 90 in April 2021. The author of over 200 publications, including 15 monographs, on the history of evolutionary morphology, evolutionary histology, evolutionary physiology and biochemistry, and evolutionary and global ecology, he was also exploring the problem of how ontogenesis and phylogenesis are related to the theoretical aspects of evolutionary biology. As a result of a long-time creative pursuit, Mirzoyan developed his own outlook on biological evolution, captured mostly in his personal archive. Analyzing the 20 th century evolutionary synthesis strategies, Mirzoyan formulated his own evolutionary concept and put forward an idea that the 21 st century evolutionists must concentrate their efforts on constructing a general theory of the living matter evolution instead of the evolutionary theories that prevailed in the 20 th century and focused on explaining the formation of species. This article is devoted to the analysis of Mizoyan’s evolutionary views.","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"164 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77487273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}