Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))最新文献

{"title":"The Role Of The Ussr Academy Of Sciences In The Formulation Of The Ussr Science And Technology Policy In The 1920s – 1940s","authors":"A. Samarin","doi":"10.31857/s020596060020808-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060020808-0","url":null,"abstract":"In the first quarter of the 20th century no common scientific policy existed neither in the Russian Empire nor in the Soviet Union although there was a need for such a policy in view of the want of addressing the tasks of industrialization and overcoming the country’s technology gap. The article shows how the young Soviet state formulated its science and technology policy priorities and how it succeeded in creating one the most effective science organization systems in the world. We analyze the measures aimed at introducing planned scientific research, creating scientific institutes, establishing a network of scientific centers in the country’s remote regions, and organizing postgraduate education to train the cadre of scientists. Taken together, these measures resulted in the emergence of a unique scientific complex whose formation proceeded differently than that in the advanced countries of the West. The intensified development of Soviet science occurred at the same time as global changes in the role of fundamental science in the progression of modern civilization. By the late 1940s, global science became a driver in the development of modern society and Soviet science in many aspects found itself at the forefront of this process.","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"353 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76466666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Studies of Science: Past and Present (Towards the 90th Anniversary of the Participation of the Soviet Delegation in the 2nd International Congress on the History of Science and Technology in London)","authors":"Nadezhda Asheulova","doi":"10.31857/s020596060024484-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060024484-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84831715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Life and Scientific Work of a Prominent Russian Physiologist and Educator, N. K. Vereshchagin (1893–1962)","authors":"P. Tkachenko","doi":"10.31857/s020596060024504-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060024504-6","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to Nikolai Konstantinovich Vereshchagin, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, who belonged to the world-famous scientific school of Sechenov and Shaternikov, as well as to his colleagues and coauthors. Our objective is to examine the results of Vereshchagin’s scientific experiments in the field of nutrition physiology and metabolism, conducted together with M. N. Shaternikov and to summarize the results of the experimental studies in exercise physiology and vocational physiology, carried out by Vereshchagin together with his pupils. Special attention is given to Vereshchagin’s works on circulatory physiology during static muscular load, in particular, to the studies of static effort phenomenon, known in physiology as Linhard – Vereshchagin phenomenon. The theory of central cortical inhibition of physiological functions during physical fatigue, formulated by Vereshchagin together with his pupil V. V. Rozenblat, is explained. Vereshchagin’s biography is based on the archival records and on the recollections of his granddaughter, T. V. Viktorova, and Professor A. L. Azin, Doctor of Medical Sciences. The photographs presented in the article illustrate his personal and scientific biography and are introduced for scientific use for the first time. The facts systematized and presented in the article are important for the preservation of scientific and teaching traditions of the physiological schools in Moscow, Kursk, and Yekaterinburg.","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78355206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Records Concerned With The Russian Geographical Society In The Archive Of The Third Section Of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery","authors":"Evgeny G. Pivovarov","doi":"10.31857/s020596060026199-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060026199-0","url":null,"abstract":"The making of the Russian Geographical Society (RGO) occurred during the “grim seven years” of Nicholas I’s reign. The reaction to the “Springtime of the Peoples” affected all spheres of public life in the empire. Censorship was tightened and administrative and police oversight of education and science strengthened. This is the first publication of the complete texts of 9 previously unknown records (1848–1851) from the file “On the Russian Geographical Society”, stored in the holding (“fond”) No. 109 of the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty’s own Chancellery in the State Archive of the Russian Federation. The correspondence between the Head of the Section, A. F. Orlov, and his deputy, L. V. Dubelt, bespeaks their close attention to the RGO’s life: struggle between the factions in the RGO, elections of its governing bodies, and political sentiments among the RGO membership. These documents enable tracing the history of interaction between the RGO, state authorities, and other scientific organizations. Record 1 is Dubelt’s note “On the Geographical Society” of May 1, 1848, addressed to Orlov; record 2 is a memorandum “On the election of vice president of the Russian Geographical Society” of March 15, 1850, by an unknown author; and record 3 is a copy of a perlustrated letter from Count S. G. Stroganov to his brother, A. G. Stroganov, in which he discussed the results of the RGO vice-chairman election. Records 4 and 5 comprise the correspondence between Dubelt and Orlov that indicates that Stroganov’s letter became known to the Emperor. Outraged by Stroganov’s accusations, Dubelt prepared an explanatory note (record 6) for the Emperor. Dubelt’s harsher report to Nicholas I (records 7 and 9: draft report and its final version, respectively) was dated March of 1851. A short draft note with a list of persons involved in medal minting in St. Petersburg (record 8) was attached to the case. The publication is supplemented with an annotated list of names mentioned in these records.","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81806477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"30th International Youth Scientific Forum “Lomonosov”","authors":"T. Bogatova","doi":"10.31857/s020596060026192-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060026192-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78828806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vladimir Nikolaevich Kessenikh: Soviet Physicist between Center and Periphery","authors":"Anton G. Kosterev","doi":"10.31857/s020596060026252-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060026252-9","url":null,"abstract":"The name of Vladimir Nikolaevich Kessenikh (1903–1970) is closely related to the history of radio physics research in Tomsk, one of the leading Soviet research and education centers. He was one of the foremost Soviet authorities in radio physics in the 1930s – 1950s. His making as a scientist occurred in the context of formation of Soviet science organization system. One of the last representatives of the prerevolutionary P. N. Lebedev’s scientific school of physics, Kessenikh witnessed in full measure the times of Stalinism. In this connection, we analyze the scientist’s professional strategy in the situation of the ideologized Party-state system and the nature of center – periphery relations within the Soviet physics community in the period under study, as exemplified by a scientific biography of Kessenikh who had been a professor at both Tomsk and Moscow Universities. The article also describes his key role in Tomsk’s radio engineering rising to the level of radio physics as a standalone, autonomous sphere of scientific research, from which a number of promising research fields have stemmed. It is emphasized that Kessenikh’s professional ambitions had a significant impact on the organizational and structural configuration of local research and education space. The trajectory of his moving within the center – periphery coordinate frame in Soviet physics, shown in the article, demonstrates the patterns in the history of science construction in the USSR as well as the traces of ideocratic metanarrative.","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"6 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91345190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History of acoustics in engineering and industry","authors":"A. Zhukov","doi":"10.31857/s020596060023009-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060023009-1","url":null,"abstract":"The article reviews the history of acoustics and the history of the use of its methods and achievements in mechanical engineering. Acoustic monitoring methods justly hold a significant place among the methods for studying physical objects and industrial processes. These methods are mainly intended for detecting various defects (ultrasound control), monitoring parameters of industrial processes, and determining physical and mechanical properties of products as well as their geometric characteristics. The distinctive feature of the acoustic methods, which helped their spread, is the possibility for non-destructive testing, i. e. causing no damage to the object under study. Another, no less important merit of these methods is a possibility for testing without disrupting industrial processes.","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76050538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards the History of Formation and Development of the Sverdlovsk Biotelemetry Group","authors":"A. Vladzymyrskyy","doi":"10.31857/s020596060024506-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060024506-8","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the main stages in the formation and the research and practical work of the Sverdlovsk Biotelemetry Group as a scientific school led by Professor V. V. Rozenblat. In the early 20th century, the development of physiology demanded fundamentally new medical and technical solutions for real-time recording of physiological data in free-moving biological objects. A new direction of medical science and technology – dynamic bioradiotelemetry – has emerged. An informal scientific association of engineers and doctors, the Sverdlovsk Biotelemetry Group, worked in Sverdlovsk from the mid-1950s through the 1970s. Its leader was Professor V. V. Rozenblat while L. S. Dombrovskii provided overall management of engineering work. From 1955 to 1960, the Group created the first reliable device for remote pulse recording via radio. The period from 1960 through 1970 was the time of the group’s highest activity and productivity. The number of its members increased to 20. More than 50 original devices, unique sensors, and transmitting and receiving devices as well as the optimal methods for capturing and recording biosignals and bioelectric currents have been developed. After 1970, the most significant achievement of the Group was the use of computer technology for automated collection and analysis of the results of bioradiotelemetry. A series of original instruments was used in the Soviet space exploration program. The Group’s efforts over the decades resulted in the substantiation of dynamic bioradiotelemetry as a set of technologies and methodologies for obtaining fundamentally new knowledge about human body functioning during various activities. A scientific basis was created for the development of space medicine and the main principles were developed for sports teams training and preparation, rehabilitation, labor regulations in various areas, and social assessment.","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85985479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yurkin, I. N. Peter the Iron (Peter the Great and the Tula Region: Facts, Hypotheses, Documents). 2nd ed. (Tula, 2022), ISBN 978-5-903877-38-6","authors":"E. Simonova","doi":"10.31857/s020596060026183-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060026183-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90878293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“He Has a Key or a Lock”: On Scientific Conferences Devoted to the 350th Anniversary of the Birth of Peter the Great","authors":"I. Yurkin","doi":"10.31857/s020596060026184-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s020596060026184-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83477,"journal":{"name":"Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Akademiia nauk SSSR))","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86904399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}