Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Changes in Saccharide Content and the Role of the PI3K-Akt Signal Transduction Pathway in Silkworm Eggs Treated With HCL to Prevent or Break Diapause","authors":"Liujuan Chen,&nbsp;Yangsheng Zhong,&nbsp;Guoxiang Qiu,&nbsp;Jianrong Lin,&nbsp;Jingyu Zhang,&nbsp;Huichao Yan,&nbsp;Shizhang Hong,&nbsp;Mingke Han,&nbsp;Fareed Uddin Memon,&nbsp;Ling Tian,&nbsp;Wenchu Li","doi":"10.1002/arch.70081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.70081","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Acid soaking with hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a common method used to prevent or break diapause in silkworm eggs and has been widely applied in production. However, its underlying mechanism remains to be explored. Few studies have reported on the metabolism of mono- or disaccharides, and the differential expression patterns of genes and proteins related to the phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K/)Akt signaling pathway across the stages of silkworm diapause eggs, non-diapause eggs, instant acid-soaked eggs, and red bean color acid-soaked (RBCAS) eggs. In this study, eggs from the silkworm 932 strain at different stages were used to explore the content of several saccharides and analyze the expression profiles of 4 diapause-related genes in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway via qPCR. Results revealed that in addition to monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose, the contents of polysaccharides, maltose, trehalose, and sorbitol varied significantly at different stages and states of the eggs. The expression profiles of the genes were low but increased in instant acid-soaked and RBCAS eggs before hatching. Western blot analysis results showed that the ratio of phosphorylated Akt in diapause and RBCAS eggs was equivalent but significantly higher in RBCAS eggs after activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These findings revealed that saccharides are basic energy sources, and that the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway plays an important role during acid soaking to prevent or break diapause in eggs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"119 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144647690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of BmSERCA-Mediated Cell Proliferation Through Ca2+ Homeostasis Regulation","authors":"Xiaoxia Zhang,&nbsp;Jie Tang,&nbsp;Peilin Peng,&nbsp;Jialu Cheng,&nbsp;Hongbin Zou,&nbsp;Xiqian Guo,&nbsp;Bing Li","doi":"10.1002/arch.70079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.70079","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) plays a critical role in maintaining intracellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis by transporting excess Ca²⁺ into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium reservoir. Calcium is essential for regulating key biological processes in <i>Bombyx mori</i>, including development, metamorphosis, and reproduction. To explore the role of <i>BmSERCA</i> in the proliferation of the <i>B. mori</i> ovary cell line (BmN), intracellular Ca²⁺ levels were measured following <i>BmSERCA</i> interference. At 48 h post-interference, intracellular Ca²⁺ levels increased significantly by 1.38 times. Moreover, transcript levels of genes involved in cell proliferation and division exhibited notable changes. Phenotypic assessments further demonstrated that <i>BmSERCA</i> interference significantly accelerated the proliferation and migration of BmN cells, with a marked increase in EdU-positive cells. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis revealed that <i>BmSERCA</i> interference notably affected the cell cycle by inducing G2/M phase accumulation and elevating the expression of G2/M phase regulators, including <i>BmCyclinB</i> and <i>BmCDK1</i>. Collectively, these findings suggested that <i>BmSERCA</i> interference disrupted intracellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis, thereby promoting BmN cell proliferation. This study provided a valuable foundation for understanding the role of <i>BmSERCA</i> in BmN cell proliferation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"119 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144615248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"E74 Is Involved in the Regulation of Chitin Biosynthesis and Development of the Cigarette Beetle, Lasioderma serricorne","authors":"Kun Wang,&nbsp;Xin Zhang,&nbsp;Yifei Jin,&nbsp;Baoliang Zhao,&nbsp;Yang Zou,&nbsp;Jingjing Li,&nbsp;Gang Zou,&nbsp;Hao Zheng,&nbsp;Jiaying Wang,&nbsp;Xiaoguang Liu","doi":"10.1002/arch.70080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.70080","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The growth and development of insects are mainly governed by juvenile hormone (JH) and molting hormone, which play essential roles in metamorphosis, reproductive control, and signal transduction. However, it remains uncertain whether <i>E74</i>, a crucial transcription factor within the 20- hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling pathway, is involved in regulating chitin biosynthesis in <i>Lasioderma serricorne</i>. In this study, the <i>E74</i> gene was identified in <i>L. serricorne</i>, a damaging and prevalent pest of stored products. The <i>E74</i> gene features an open reading frame of 1, 266 bp that encodes a protein of 421 amino acids, characterized by a typical Ets domain structure. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that E74 is most closely related to <i>Onthophagus taurus</i>. Analysis of temporal expression patterns revealed that <i>E74</i> is expressed throughout all developmental stages of <i>L. serricorne</i>, with peak expression occurring during the prepupal stage. Tissue-specific expression studies showed high levels of <i>E74</i> in the epidermis and head. RNA interference (RNAi) assays demonstrated that silencing <i>E74</i> led to a mortality rate of 68.33%. Experiments involving hormone treatment confirmed that <i>E74</i> expression is upregulated by 20E and downregulated by JH analog methoprene. Furthermore, the knockdown of <i>E74</i> significantly decreased the expression of genes associated with the chitin biosynthesis pathway, which was corroborated by a notable reduction in chitin levels following <i>E74</i> knockdown. In conclusion, this study established that <i>E74</i> is not only vital for the growth and development of <i>L. serricorne</i> but also plays a role in regulating chitin biosynthesis. This study enhances the understanding of E74's functional role across various species and offers insights for identifying potential targets for pest control.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"119 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144615353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Revealed Differences in Odorant-Binding and Chemosensory Proteins Between Zoophytophagous and Phytozoophagous Mirid Bugs","authors":"Meixue Sun,&nbsp;Wenhui Jiang,&nbsp;Yingjie Liu,&nbsp;Jun Wang,&nbsp;Zheng Sun,&nbsp;Guangwei Ren,&nbsp;Pengjun Xu,&nbsp;Haibin Deng","doi":"10.1002/arch.70074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are essential for host-seeking behaviors in herbivorous and predatory insects. However, limited studies have examined differences in the OBP and CSP profiles between herbivores and predators. Mirid bugs, which ancestrally were predatory, provide an ideal model to investigate these differences because some of mirid species have evolved to develop herbivorous capacities. In this study, we compared compared OBP and CSP profiles among transcriptome analysis of one zoophytophagous and four phytozoophagous mirid bugs, identifying a total of 146 OBPs and 69 CSPs. The number of OBPs was similar between phytozoophagous (26 in <i>Adelphocoris fasciaticollis</i>, 29 in <i>Adelphocoris lineolatus</i>, 28 in <i>Apolygus lucorum</i>, and 32 in <i>Adelphocoris suturalis</i>) and zoophytophagous (31 in <i>Nesidiocoris tenuis</i>) species. However, the zoophytophagous specie had more CSPs than the phytozoophagous species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two types of OBPs in mirid bugs, with classic OBPs being more abundant than plus-C OBPs. Transcriptome revealed that the number of OBPs with high expressions was higher in the phytozoophagous species (18) than in the zoophytophagous species (14). By contrast, more CSPs (10) exhibited high expressions in the zoophytophagous mirid bug compared with those in the phytozoophagous species (≤ 7). These results suggest that differences in the number and expression levels of OBPs and CSPs between zoophytophagous and phytozoophagous mirid bugs affect host-selection processes. In conclusion, the findings provide a basis for developing novel pest management strategies, including the use of natural enemies or behavioral regulation of mirid bugs through OBP and CSP gene manipulation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"119 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144615249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracting Cardiac Activity for Arthropods Using Digital Cameras: Insights From a Pilot Study","authors":"Danyi Wang,&nbsp;Javaan Chahl","doi":"10.1002/arch.70076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.70076","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Arthropods are vital to ecosystems and are among the most diverse and abundant living creatures on Earth. Understanding their physiological processes, such as cardiac activity, is essential for studying their health, behavior, and responses to environmental changes. Traditional methods of monitoring cardiac signals often rely on invasive or contact techniques that require immobilization, which limits applicability of the methods in long-term studies and disrupts the insect's natural behavior. This study proposes a noninvasive, video system to extract cardiac signals from insects by analyzing subtle body movements. The results closely align with reference data obtained from established methods, validating the system's accuracy and feasibility. The study provides a foundation for developing cost-effective, noninvasive tools that preserve insects’ natural behavior welfare while offering new opportunities for ecological and physiological research.</p>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"119 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/arch.70076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144574170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Analysis of an Omega-GST Gene 2 in Tribolium castaneum","authors":"Xiaoqiao Huang,&nbsp;Xiaowen Song,&nbsp;Chengjun Li,&nbsp;Bin Li","doi":"10.1002/arch.70077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.70077","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The omega glutathione S-transferases (GSTOs) are a class of cytosolic GSTs and play important roles in antioxidant defense in insects. However, the functions of some GSTOs remain unclear. Here, we performed functional analysis of a GSTO2 in <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (<i>TcGSTO2</i>). Sequence alignment indicated that this gene was conserved among insects. During development, <i>TcGSTO2</i> was highly expressed in the late stage of larva and pupa and the hemolymph, fat body, malpighian tubules of late larva. After treatment with various insecticides such as DDV, KBV, phoxim, and lambda-cyhalothrin, the expression level of <i>TcGSTO2</i> was significantly increased, and knockdown of <i>TcGSTO2</i> reduced the resistance to the insecticides. Exposure to various types of oxidative stress, including heat, cold, UV, and pathogenic microbes, largely induced <i>TcGSTO2</i> expression, and overexpression of <i>TcGSTO2</i> in <i>E. coli</i> increased the resistance to oxidative stress induced by paraquat and cumene hydroperoxide. Our study showed that TcGSTO2 participated in the cellular detoxification and antioxidant defense, deepening our understanding of the functional diversity of GSTOs in insects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"119 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144537230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RNAi of Ago1 and Ago2 Disrupts Molting in the White-Backed Planthopper (Sogatella furcifera)","authors":"Guo Pan-Pan,&nbsp;Xiao-Yuan Zhao,&nbsp;Guy Smagghe,&nbsp;Xi-Bin Yang,&nbsp;Hong Yang,&nbsp;Qing-Hui Zeng,&nbsp;Ze-Yan Jia,&nbsp;Zhao-Chun Jiang","doi":"10.1002/arch.70069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Argonaute (Ago) proteins are integral components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), regulate gene expression through RNAi, and are essential for embryogenesis and cellular morphogenesis in insects. However, today, little is known about their role in the molting development of insects. In this study, we have used the white-backed planthopper (<i>Sogatella furcifera</i>) as an important model and pest in agriculture, and we characterized and investigated the role of Ago-1 and Ago-2. In essence, the respective cDNA sequences of <i>SfAgo1</i> and <i>SfAgo2</i> contained 2823 and 3446 bp, and the respective encoded amino acids were 940 and 829. RT-qPCR revealed that <i>Ago1</i> and <i>Ago2</i> were expressed in all life stages as the nymphs that undergo molting, also in all tissues as the integument that is involved in new cuticle synthesis and chitin metabolism. Following RNAi, the lethal phenotypes showed molting failure, and typically, the expression levels of the chitin metabolic pathway genes and Dicer were significantly reduced. Similarly, transcriptome analysis revealed considerable enrichment of the GO terms structural constituent of cuticle, chitin catabolic progress, chitin binding, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and aminoglycan catabolic process upon RNAi of <i>Ago1</i> and <i>Ago2</i>. Altogether, our findings indicate that Ago-1 and Ago-2 play a pivotal role in molting and new cuticle formation of insects. The data are discussed in relation to potential mechanisms and the use of RNAi in pest insect control.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"119 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New A1022T Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Mutation in Pyrethroid Resistant Aedes aegypti Populations From Southern West Bengal, India","authors":"Amit Mahata,&nbsp;Anasuya Majumdar,&nbsp;Priyanka Halder Mallick","doi":"10.1002/arch.70071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Aedes aegypti</i> (<i>Ae. aegypti</i>)-mediated transmission of arboviral diseases is posing a great concern globally. The challenge to traditional vector control methods is heightened by the increasing resistance of mosquitoes to chemical pesticides. In the present study, adulticide susceptibility tests against the pyrethroid insecticides—Permethrin and Deltamethrin were conducted using standard protocols, subsequently characterizing the partial segments of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene for <i>Ae. aegypti</i> populations sampled across ten districts of West Bengal, India. The mean mortalities for Permethrin and Deltamethrin were found to be 86.87 ± 2.36 and 92.03 ± 1.54, respectively, with significant differences between the regional populations. The knockdown time, KDT90 (min.), ranges between 61.85–314.68 and 74.49–298.92, respectively. Analysis of segment 6 from the partial domains II, III, and IV of the VGSC gene indicated amino acid substitutions at specific positions: S to P at 989, V to G at 1016, A to T at 1022, T to I at 1520, and F to C at 1534. The F1534C is the most frequent mutation (0.41) observed amongst the resistant population. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) revealed significant genetic variation within and among the regional populations (<i>F</i> = 0.453 <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Though the allele frequencies lied within the 95% confidence interval of the Hardy–Weinberg parabola, slight deviation of the allele frequencies from the equilibrium is indicative of operational selection pressure favouring the kdr mutants. Haplotype map shows the phylogeographical pattern with two distinct haplogroups diverging by 32 mutational steps. Thus, the study identified the resistance profile of <i>Ae. aegypti</i> mosquitoes across districts, aiding the selection of region-specific pesticides.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"119 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144219924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silencing of NlELO10 Affects Lipid Metabolism in Brown Planthopper","authors":"Caixia Zhao,&nbsp;Keqi Ye,&nbsp;Yihan Lou,&nbsp;Xiaoping Yu,&nbsp;Xuping Shentu,&nbsp;Danting Li","doi":"10.1002/arch.70065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fatty acid elongase (ELO) serves as the rate-limiting condensing enzyme in the initial step of the fatty acid elongation process. Among the ELO family members in the brown planthopper (<i>Nilaparvata lugens</i>), <i>NlELO10</i> is essential for the development and physiology of <i>N. lugens</i>. However, the specific role and regulatory mechanisms of <i>NlELO10</i> in lipid metabolism in <i>N. lugens</i> remain poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of <i>NlELO10</i> on lipid metabolism by employing RNA interference (RNAi) to silence the <i>NlELO10</i> and utilizing lipidomics to analyze lipid composition and content changes following gene silencing. Lipidomic analysis revealed 32 differentially expressed lipid metabolites in <i>N. lugens</i> after <i>NlELO10</i> knockdown. Among these, the levels of 3 phosphatidylcholines (PCs), 8 phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), and 1 diacylglycerol (DG) were significantly elevated, whereas the levels of 20 triacylglycerols (TG) decreased significantly. The synthesis and metabolism of these differential lipid metabolites involve the coordinated action of multiple key enzymes, including acyl-CoA synthetase (FACS), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), and phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP). To further validate the lipidomic findings, we performed real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to examine the expression levels of genes encoding these metabolic enzymes. The gene expression patterns were consistent with the lipidomic data, supporting the involvement of these enzymes in the observed metabolic alterations. In conclusion, the silencing of <i>NlELO10</i> disrupted the lipid composition and metabolism of <i>N. lugens</i>, potentially impairing physiological processes and leading to growth anomalies or mortality. These findings provide valuable insights into the functional role of <i>NlELO10</i> in lipid metabolism and offer a theoretical foundation for identifying key lipid synthesis genes as targets for pest management strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insufficient Polydnavirus Injection as a Physiological Factor Preventing Successful Parasitization by Cotesia ruficrus on Final Instar Host Larvae","authors":"Miyu Tanaka,&nbsp;Hiroshi Matsutani,&nbsp;Yuki Okumura,&nbsp;Toshiharu Tanaka,&nbsp;Tomomi Sawa,&nbsp;Yutaka Nakamatsu","doi":"10.1002/arch.70068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Cotesia ruficrus</i> (Cr; Braconidae) can parasitize young <i>Mythimna separata</i> (Ms) larvae, but not 6th (final) instar Ms larvae. In the late instar, parasitization fails because Cr eggs suffer melanization and encapsulation. However, when multiple Cr parasitized a single Ms larva through superparasitization, the successful parasitization rate increased with higher superparasitization frequency. To induce immunosuppression, Cr parasitized 6th instar Ms larvae that were artificially injected with Cr venom (V) and/or polydnavirus (PDV). Successful parasitization rate of Cr improved with an increased amount of PDV injection, but there was no change only with V. When Cr monoparasitized, 92% of the parasitoid eggs suffered melanization and encapsulation. However, when the amount of PDV from four additional wasps was increased, the number of Cr eggs suffered melanization and encapsulation decreased to less than 10%. The number of hyperspread cells (HSCs), necessary for melanization and encapsulation also decreased in Ms larvae. The C-type lectin Cky811 of <i>Cotesia kariyai</i> inhibits the function of Mys-IML, a C-type lectin required for adhesion of HSCs to foreign substances in Ms. This study suggests that Crf111, a Cr PDV-produced C-type lectin with high amino acid homology to Cky811, may inhibit Mys-IML function. Crf111 expression was significantly higher in hemocytes of 6th instar Ms larvae injected with 4 µL of PDV alongside Cr monoparasitization. These results suggest that when Cr parasitizes 6th instar Ms larvae, the amount of injected PDV is insufficient, resulting in low Crf111 expression, which fails to regulate the host's immune response, and thus, parasitization is unsuccessful.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8281,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}