Applied Ocean Research最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of the impact of soil–cement retrofitting on the failure behaviour of wharf piles in liquefiable soils","authors":"Zheng Zhang,&nbsp;Shengyi Cong,&nbsp;Liang Tang,&nbsp;Xianzhang Ling,&nbsp;Yun Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading significantly contributes to pile bending failure in pile-supported wharves. However, the combined effects of axial and lateral loads under such conditions have been insufficiently investigated, and the efficacy of existing reinforcement measures in mitigating such failures has been inadequately evaluated. In this work, the combined effects of lateral (inertial and kinematic) and axial loads on pile response and bending failure were investigated using centrifuge tests and numerical simulations. Various soil–cement retrofitting schemes were analysed to mitigate unfavourable wharf responses, and their contributions to bending failure were explored. A predictive method was developed to assess critical bending failure under retrofitted conditions. The findings indicate that the interaction between increased lateral and axial loads reduces the bending capacity of piles, heightening their vulnerability to bending failure. Notably, retrofitting the interpile soil effectively diminishes profile responses and enhances resistance to bending failure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104882"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of bed-proximity on VIV onset of an elastically mounted circular cylinder with low to high mass-damping parameters","authors":"Jun Liu ,&nbsp;Yun-He Zhao ,&nbsp;Shu-Ming Yan ,&nbsp;Kai Liang ,&nbsp;Wen-Gang Qi ,&nbsp;Fu-Ping Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2026.104926","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2026.104926","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) of cylindrical structures present significant challenges in engineering practices. While most existing studies have focused on wall-free scenarios. This work experimentally investigates the combined effects of bed-proximity and mass-damping on the onset of transverse VIVs of an elastically mounted cylinder subjected to turbulent shear flow in a recirculating water flume. The mass-damping parameter <em>K</em>_s was varied from low to high values, with the gap ratio <em>e/D</em> ranging from 2.0 to 0.20. Flow field measurements were conducted using an innovative upward-illumination PIV, structural vibration and associated wake fluctuation were captured concurrently. Experimental findings demonstrate that the critical reduced velocity (<em>Vr</em>_cr) for onset of VIV remains highly consistent at <em>e</em>/<em>D</em> &gt; 1.0 under constant <em>K</em>_s, and increases as <em>K</em>_s increased for a fixed value of <em>e/D</em>. Under low-<em>K</em>_s conditions, <em>Vr</em>_cr decreases exponentially as <em>e/D</em> falls below 1.0. Conversely, the opposite trend is observed under high-<em>K</em>_s conditions. These contrasting behaviors may be attributed to the competition among multiple factors: in the former case, stronger disturbances to the cylinder and an increasing Strouhal number facilitate the onset of near-bed VIV; in the latter, however, reduced vortex-shedding strength and enhanced energy dissipation capacity suppress the onset of near-bed VIV. Empirical correlations between <em>Vr</em>_cr and <em>e/D</em> were established for various values of <em>K</em>_s. A correction factor <em>ψ</em> is proposed to quantitatively characterize the combined bed-proximity and mass-damping effects on <em>Vr</em>_cr. The present study thus provides a valuable supplement to the DNV GL guidelines for predicting the onset of VIVs in submarine pipelines near the seabed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104926"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-layer functionally graded cylindrical shell model with imperfect interfaces and its application to subsea pipeline engineering","authors":"B.B. Dong ,&nbsp;R.Q. Xu ,&nbsp;J.Q. Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread use of multilayer cylindrical shell structures in engineering has created a demand for theoretical models and analytical solutions that are applicable under various working conditions. In this study, the classical two-dimensional plane elasticity theory for multilayer media is extended to an axisymmetric cylindrical shell configuration, incorporating imperfect interfaces represented by distributed tangential and radial springs. The formulation incorporates layer-wise material properties and interfacial stiffness, allowing for the analysis of both homogeneous and functionally graded materials. The solution is obtained by applying boundary and interlayer continuity conditions, combined with Fourier series expansion in the circumferential and radial directions to accommodate arbitrary loading patterns. The effects of different material gradation functions and interface stiffness values on the stress distribution are investigated in detail. The model is particularly suited for analyzing infinitely long cylindrical shells, such as those used in subsea multilayer pipeline systems. Numerical results demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of the model in handling plane elasticity problems for both isotropic and graded structures. The choice of material distribution function influences not only the extrema but also the shape of the stress profiles. It is found that when the interface stiffness exceeds<span><math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mn>8</mn></msup><mrow><mtext>MPa</mtext><mo>/</mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></mrow></math></span>, the interface can be treated as perfectly bonded. Conversely, imperfect bonding alters the stress distribution trends and increases stress concentrations within layers. In underwater pipeline configurations, stress increases from the inner to outer layers, with radial stresses remaining continuous and circumferential stresses exhibiting discontinuities at the interfaces. Significant stress variations are observed across interlayer boundaries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104838"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tribute to Professor Bin Teng","authors":"Dezhi Ning,&nbsp;Bing Ren,&nbsp;Abbas Khayyer","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104916","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104916","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104916"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a novel intelligent control system for an autonomous multiple codend opening/closing mechanism in sampling nets","authors":"Zhiqiang Liu ,&nbsp;Biao Wang ,&nbsp;Fuxiang Hu ,&nbsp;Rong Wan ,&nbsp;Cheng Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantitative sampling of ichthyoplankton is a critical tool for estimating recruitment abundance and supporting the sustainable management of fishery resources. This study introduces a novel multiple codend release mechanism utilizing an electromagnetic induction device as part of an autonomous multiple codend opening/closing system for sampling nets. The electromagnetic induction mechanism operates solely on the principle of electromagnetism to open and close codends, significantly reducing the reliance on mechanical components compared to traditional motor-triggered systems. Furthermore, an intelligent control system integrating automatic and remote modes via acoustic communication has been developed, allowing researchers to select the appropriate mode based on varying operational conditions and requirements. These advancements demonstrated strong stability and reliability in both controlled tests and sea trials. Collectively, the newly developed multiple codend release mechanism and intelligent control system offer a foundational reference for enhancing the efficiency and adaptability of multiple sampling nets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104906"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A shape optimization design method based on PCA geometric dimensionality reduction and Kriging inverse mapping for a blended-wing-body underwater glider","authors":"Daiyu Zhang,&nbsp;Zhenwei Liu,&nbsp;Chaoming Bao,&nbsp;Qian Liu,&nbsp;Junming Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2026.104918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2026.104918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the shape optimization of underwater gliders, conventional geometric parameterization methods usually require a large number of design variables to ensure sufficient shape representation capability, which in turn leads to excessive optimization iterations, high CFD computational cost, and low optimization efficiency. To address this “high-dimensional and high-cost” issue, this paper proposes a shape optimization design method based on principal component analysis (PCA) geometric dimensionality reduction and Kriging inverse mapping for a blended-wing-body underwater glider (BWBUG). In this method, firstly, PCA is employed to the conventional geometric parameterization variables, significantly reducing the dimensionality of the design variables while preserving the principal shape variation features. Subsequently, a Kriging inverse mapping model is constructed between the reduced-dimensional variables and the original parameterization variables, enabling reversible reconstruction from the low-dimensional feature space to the original parameter space. On this basis, a shape optimization design framework based on geometric parameterization dimensionality reduction for a BWBUG is established, which effectively reduces computational cost and significantly improves optimization efficiency. To validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method, a shape optimization case study is conducted on a BWBUG. The results show that, by reducing 12 geometric parameters to 4 principal components, 98.36% of the shape deformation information is retained, while the number of CFD evaluations during the optimization process is reduced by 64, and the lift-to-drag ratio (<span><math><mrow><mi>L</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>D</mi></mrow></math></span>) is effectively improved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104918"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient estimation of temporal exceeding probability for ship responses in broadband wave fields","authors":"Shayesteh Hafezi,&nbsp;Xianliang Gong,&nbsp;Yulin Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we develop an efficient method to evaluate the temporal exceeding probability of ship motion (percentage of time for the ship motion to be above a given high threshold) in an irregular wave field. Our method builds on our previous work Gong et al. (2022), which converts the calculation into a sampling problem in the space of wave group parameters, within which an acquisition-based sequential sampling method is developed to reduce the number of required samples. Two critical advancements are achieved in this paper relative to Gong et al. (2022). (1) We develop a new wave group parameterization method, which allows the framework to be applied to general broadband wave fields. (2) We incorporate the variability regarding each parameterized wave group (e.g., varying wave form and initial condition of the ship encountering the group) into the final estimation of a single value of the temporal exceeding probability. Our complete framework is tested for a ship subject to a wave field with a JONSWAP spectrum, for different ship motion dynamical models, spectral bandwidths, and exceeding thresholds. The results show that for most cases our method provides a result with O(15<!--> <!-->%) error or below within 210 samples, with the ground truth obtained from a continuous simulation that is more than 2300 times more expensive than our method. We also demonstrate the benefits of sequential sampling (with an acquisition function updated due to (2)) compared to standard random or Latin hypercube (LH) samplings, in terms of the mean error of the results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104898"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A high-efficiency dual-impact horizontal rotor wave energy converter: Design, analysis, and experimental tests","authors":"Zhongliang Meng ,&nbsp;Yi Ding ,&nbsp;Yanjun Liu ,&nbsp;Wahyu Rahmaniar ,&nbsp;Zijian Li ,&nbsp;Ammar Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104880","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To tackle the challenge of low power generation efficiency of wave energy converters in short-period, low-wave-height sea conditions, this study innovatively proposes a dual-impact horizontal rotor wave energy converter (DHRWEC) system. The system employs a horizontal rotor, designed based on involute principles, as its core component to efficiently capture wave energy through co-rotational motion. The VOF method was employed, and wave types were selected based on wave numerical theory. The Realizable<span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow></mrow></math></span>turbulence model was selected to establish a numerical wave tank. In the numerical wave tank, the variations in rotor speed and torque for different blade counts were studied, revealing that a blade count of 22 yielded relatively optimal rotor speed and torque, preliminarily determining 22 as the blade count. A physical model was constructed, and wave flume experiments were conducted under short-period, low-wave-height conditions. Experiments show that rotor speed is a critical factor affecting energy conversion efficiency during stable operation, particularly excelling under short wave periods (1.9 s) and low wave heights (0.10 to 0.14 m). An engineering prototype was manufactured, and sea trial experiments were conducted. Sea trial results show that the DHRWEC system achieved a power generation efficiency of 21.33 % under test conditions, significantly outperforming conventional devices. Numerical simulations and experiments collectively validate its superior energy conversion performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104880"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145734796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chloride transport in estuarine ship-lock concrete structure exposed to a unique seawater corrosive environment with low chlorine-salt concentrations and high-frequency drying‒wetting cycles: Experimental study and computational model","authors":"Linjian Wu ,&nbsp;Bingli Peng ,&nbsp;Jichao Lei ,&nbsp;Tingting Li ,&nbsp;Mingwei Liu ,&nbsp;Bo Liu ,&nbsp;Yitao Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Estuarine ship-locks are the navigational structures closest to the sea, which can form a unique seawater corrosive environment characterized by low chlorine-salt concentrations and high-frequency drying‒wetting cycles. Such an environment is caused by the downstream saltwater tides infiltrating into the ship-lock chamber and coupled with the filling and drainage water processes during the ship-lock operation. This unique seawater corrosive environment can seriously threaten the durability of estuarine ship-locks concrete structures. Currently, the chloride transport mechanisms in concrete for estuarine ship-locks under such a unique seawater corrosive environment remain elusive. Particularly, the transport characteristics of chloride invasion into estuarine ship-lock concrete structures, driven by drying-wetting cycle environmental factors, necessitate further study. This paper investigates the effects of drying‒wetting cycle environmental factors of the unique seawater corrosive environment, including the environmental chloride salt concentration, the drying‒wetting frequency, and the drying‒wetting ratio, on the chloride transport in estuarine ship-lock concrete structure by carrying out a physical experimental study. Results indicated an \"M\"-shaped trend in chloride concentration, surface chloride concentration, and chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete with an increasing drying-wetting ratio. Additionally, the aforementioned chloride transport parameters exhibited a positive correlation with the increase of drying-wetting frequency and environmental chlorine-salt concentration. Notably, the environmental chlorine-salt concentration had the greatest influence on chloride transport, whereas the high-frequency drying-wetting cycles can diminish the promotion degree of environmental chlorine-salt concentration on chloride transport behaviors in concrete. Furthermore, the time-varying patterns of surface chloride concentration and apparent chloride diffusion coefficient in the estuarine ship-lock concrete structures, subjected to different drying-wetting ratios under low chlorine-salt concentrations and high-frequency drying‒wetting cycles, were quantified, and the mathematical relationship between the drying-wetting ratios and ship-lock structural elevation was derived. On the basis of Fick's second law, a computational model of chloride transport in estuarine ship-lock concrete structure was developed, incorporating the influence of structural elevation, i.e., drying-wetting ratios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104912"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing robust adaptive ensemble deep learning based decomposition technique for sea level variability prediction","authors":"Mohammed Diykh ,&nbsp;Mumtaz Ali ,&nbsp;Aitazaz Ahsan Farooque ,&nbsp;Anwar Ali Aldhafeeri ,&nbsp;Abdulhaleem H. Labban","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2026.104925","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2026.104925","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sea level variability is an urgent climate risk, threatening to vanish islands and coastal areas. Forecasting future sea level rise accurately is fundamental to support experts for flooding and erosion control. In this paper, a novel sea level variability forecast model (CG-CEEMDAN<img>HFS-AEM) is proposed integrating correlation graph (CG), a complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN), Hilbert feature selection approach (HFS), adaptive ensemble model (AEM), and oppositional learning sparrow search algorithm (OLSSA). The AEM is a novel ensemble model that combines the strengths of GRU, self-attention LSTM and XGBoost models based on dynamic weights assignment strategy, adjusting to real-time changes in sea level rise by updating the weights according to the error and performance of the models. Firstly, the input data is pre-processed using correlation graph to remove lower correlated variables and fill the missing values in the data. After that the CEEMDAN technique is employed to decompose the data, followed by HFS to select the most efficient features. The selected features are then employed into the AEM model where the OLSSA is adopted to select the optimal hyper-parameters of the proposed model. To verify the efficiency of the proposed CG-CEEMDAN<img>HFS-AEM against comparing models, extensive experiments were conducted to forecast sea level variability for Hillary and Burnie stations in Australia. The results shows that the proposed model obtained the highest accuracy in terms of goodness-of-fit metrics against the state-of-the-art benchmark comparing models. The proposed model can offer a valuable tool for coastal planning and policy making under the recent climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104925"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}