Applied Ocean Research最新文献

{"title":"Experimental investigation of passive cavitation control on a cylinder using proper orthogonal decomposition","authors":"Pankaj Kumar ,&nbsp;Ebrahim Kadivar ,&nbsp;Ould el Moctar","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cavitation is known for its hazardous effects such as material erosion, noise, vibration and drop in efficiency of hydro turbomachines. There are various approaches to control cavitation: surface roughness, cavity generator (CG), obstacles, and ventilation with air/water jetting. In the present work, we are aiming to examine the cavitation suppression by using riblets on the surface of a circular cylinder. The experiment will be carried out for two kinds of scalloped riblets, horizontal (SC-H) and vertical (SC-V), and compared without riblet cylinder (plain) at Reynolds number 1 × 10⁵. The local force is measured by using a load cell and dynamic pressure is monitored through a pressure sensor. The cavitation structures are first captured through the high-speed camera and analyzed through image processing by using Matlab. It is found that the lift force amplitude varies from 1.2 N of the plain cylinder to 0.57 and 0.48 N for the cylinder with horizontal and vertical riblets respectively. The dynamics of the cavity behind the cylinder are visible in the time-averaged mean image. The image is separated into three regions for a more in-depth examination: the far field, the center field, and the area adjacent to the cylinder. This serves to highlight certain important facts about cavity dynamics. In order to emphasize the spatial and temporal dynamics of coherent structures, the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is used. It is discovered that the POD modes of coherent structures can be well explained by the first five modes. Furthermore, it is found that while SC-V is capable of stabilizing the cavitation structures by limiting fragmentation, SC-H substantially controls the cavitation and chaotic behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104569"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning-based prediction of hydrodynamic forces on small-diameter submarine pipelines: The influence of seabed roughness","authors":"M.S. Al-Khaldi,&nbsp;A. Al-Senafi,&nbsp;A. Taqi,&nbsp;F. Al-Amer,&nbsp;A. Al-Ragum,&nbsp;S. Neelamani","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Submarine pipelines are vital components of offshore energy infrastructure, used for transporting oil, gas, and renewable energy resources from sub-sea production sites to processing facilities. The main aim of this study is: first, to investigate the effect of varying seabed roughness and submarine pipeline diameter on the inline and lift wave forces acting on small-diameter pipelines; and second, to propose a quantitative method to determine the wave forces on small-diameter pipelines. Understanding and accurately predicting these hydrodynamic forces is crucial for ensuring the stability and integrity of small-diameter pipelines. To solve this problem, physical model investigations were carried out in a wave flume to assess inline and lift forces on slender pipelines of varying diameters, resting on seabeds with different roughness. The experimental data were used to compute inline and lift force coefficients, which were then utilized to train machine learning models for predictive analysis. It was found that seabed roughness and pipeline diameter significantly influence wave-induced forces. Machine learning (XGBoost) outperforms statistical methods in predictive accuracy but statistical models offer better interpretability for understanding force dynamics. Selecting the optimum quantitative method to determine the wave forces will help in the cost-effective and safe design of small submarine pipelines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104570"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling of ship overtaking risk in restricted waters considering ship-ship interaction","authors":"Bing Wu ,&nbsp;Ou Liu ,&nbsp;Tsz Leung Yip ,&nbsp;C. Guedes Soares","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Overtaking in restricted waterways is a common navigation scenario with a high risk of collision due to ship-ship interaction and unexpected events. This paper proposes an analytical method for assessing overtaking risk in busy waterways by considering both longitudinal and transverse safe distances. The approach involves establishing a three-layer overtaking risk framework that identifies the influencing factors through scenario analysis of ship overtaking, ship-ship interaction, and ship-following. The safe criteria for fuzzification in both longitudinal and transverse directions are defined, and the overtaking risk is integrated using fuzzy logic. The proposed approach is applied to 100 historical data in the Yangtze River, and the results of high and very high overtaking scenarios show that the model provides a practical and reasonable assessment of ship overtaking risk. The proposed model can be used as decision support for ship navigation in busy waterways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104573"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surf and swash zone hydrodynamics forced by oblique, monochromatic waves in a wave basin with a smooth, impermeable beach","authors":"Alexandra E. Schueller ,&nbsp;Kelsey Fall ,&nbsp;Hyungyu Sung ,&nbsp;Ryan P. Mulligan ,&nbsp;Jason Olsthoorn ,&nbsp;Nimish Pujara ,&nbsp;Patricia Chardón-Maldonado ,&nbsp;Rafiu Oyelakin ,&nbsp;Jack A. Puleo","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Beaches are coastal features that offer economic benefits, ecosystem services, and natural barriers against flooding. Sustainable management of beaches requires a firm understanding of hydrodynamics and sediment transport processes. This experimental study reports on surf and swash zone hydrodynamics, forced by oblique, monochromatic waves with heights of 0.15 m, 0.20 m, and 0.25 m and periods of 2.0 s and 2.5 s, approaching a smooth impermeable beach with three different offshore incident angles (5°, 10°, 15°). Fluid velocities and bed shear stress were separated into cross-shore and alongshore directions. The data were analyzed using a triple decomposition isolating the time-averaged flow from the wave-driven flow and turbulence in each wave cycle. The velocities showed variations for different wave incident angles and cross-shore positions. The cross-shore velocities were skewed-asymmetric with steep wave fronts and velocity magnitudes reaching nearly 0.5 m/s. The cross-shore bed shear stress magnitude peaked during the start of each wave cycle reaching up to 18 N/m². Alongshore flows remained relatively uniform during the wave cycle, with typical velocities up to 0.5 m/s. There was a non-monotonic variation of alongshore velocities with wave angle, with waves forced at 10° often exhibiting the largest alongshore velocities compared to waves forced at 15° These variations were likely due to variations in wave breaking location relative to fixed in situ sensors. Alongshore bed shear stress magnitudes peaked at the beginning of the wave cycle with values between 0.8 and 4.5 N/m² depending on forcing conditions. The alongshore flow and bed shear stress were dominant during flow reversal when cross-shore velocities were near zero, even for small wave angles. These findings highlight the potential importance of alongshore processes on resultant bed shear stress and sediment and solute transport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104558"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study on propeller flow field in four quadrants","authors":"Suli Lu ,&nbsp;Wim Van Hoydonck ,&nbsp;Santiago Lopez Castaño ,&nbsp;Evert Lataire ,&nbsp;Guillaume Delefortrie","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The propeller hydrodynamic performance under different direction combinations of the uniform inflow and the propeller rate, i.e. four quadrants (Q1–Q4) conditions, is studied with CFD methods, and validated by the experimental data of a model-scale propeller. The numerical strategies including the turbulence model, the grid size, and the time step are discussed. Regarding the relative direction of the inflow and the propeller jet, RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes) and DDES (Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation) are compared in resolving global and local flow quantities. RANS results show similar near-field flow fields to DDES results in Q1/Q3, while DDES gives more accurate forces and richer flow details such as vortex resolutions for cases with opposite flow directions. Then the propeller is simulated by RANS in Q1/Q3, and by DDES in Q2/Q4. In four quadrants, the propeller thrust and torque, vortex structures, and velocity and pressure distributions are presented for flow mechanism analysis. In Q1/Q3 conditions, the propeller jet evolves in the same direction as the inflow, promising a converged flow field. In Q3, the reverse rotation leads to less significant flow acceleration effects than Q1 under the same inflow velocity, and the non-uniformity of pressure distributions on the blades is strengthened. For Q2/Q4, massive flow separations occur due to the interaction of the propeller jet and counter inflow, and the recirculation zone with reversed axial velocities forms. With increased inflow velocities, the dominant role between the inflow and the propeller jet gradually shifts, and the difference in the propeller jet produced by ahead and astern rotations postpones the shift in Q2 compared with Q4. This study investigates the propeller flow field in four quadrants and can help to quantify rudder inflow variations in hull-propeller-rudder interactions for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104576"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the attenuation effect of pressure wave by bubble clusters using the compressible multi-scale method","authors":"Li-Lei Zhan,&nbsp;Cheng Zheng,&nbsp;Shi-Ping Wang,&nbsp;Shi-Min Li,&nbsp;A-Man Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bubble clusters are widely existed in nature and every single bubble will pulsate under its surrounding ambient pressure wave. To simulate the motion of bubble cluster under pressure wave is a great challenge for both algorithm robustness and calculation cost. This paper introduces a multi-scale method to simulate interaction between the pressure wave and bubble clusters comprising several thousand natural bubbles. In this model, the propagation process of pressure waves is simulated within a continuous Eulerian field, while the bubble clusters are depicted as Lagrangian points distributed in this field. The flow field information surrounding the bubbles is acquired by interpolation from the Eulerian field. Bubble oscillation and migration are accurately calculated using bubble theory. The variations of the bubble clusters are incorporated as source terms in the equations to achieve two-way coupling solution, which facilitates a more precise simulation of the interaction between underwater pressure waves and bubble clusters. Comparison with experimental data demonstrates the advantages and effectiveness of the computational model in simulating bubble cluster coupled with underwater pressure wave. Subsequently, this paper investigates the propagation process and attenuation mechanism of pressure waves among bubble clusters, analyzing the effects of pressure wave amplitudes and bubbles numbers and bubble sizes on pressure wave attenuation. Our results indicate that the pressure wave attenuation is dominated by the initial gas volume fraction of the bubble cluster and is not significantly affected by the pressure wave amplitude.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104579"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scour near low-crested breakwaters: review and technical challenges","authors":"Francisco Pinto ,&nbsp;Paulo Rosa-Santos ,&nbsp;Javier L. Lara ,&nbsp;Victor Ramos","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-crested breakwaters are widely used structures for coastal protection, but they are vulnerable to scouring caused by wave and current action. This paper analyses information from available mobile bed physical models, the progress made in recent years on numerical modelling alongside the major limitations of the developed models and the available formulations for scour hole prediction and protection design. Physical modelling has been the primary approach for studying scour processes around low-crested breakwaters. However, existing scour depth prediction formulations have limited applicability to these structures due to their geometric characteristics. Gaps in current research include uncertainties derived from the use of scaling laws for mobile bed physical models, the effects of plunging breakers on the evolution of scour phenomena, and challenges arising from the permeability and crest freeboard of the structure and its effect on the quantification of scour phenomena. Furthermore, there is a need to investigate the impact of the slope angle, water depth, crest freeboard and wave characteristics on the scour hole evolution, as well as to optimise scour protection elements in terms of their geometric characteristics. Moreover, this review emphasises the importance of using integrated methodologies combining physical and numerical modelling with monitoring data, to comprehensively understand scour phenomena and develop mitigation measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104582"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a novel design of floating net cage with hybrid side and bottom nets in current","authors":"Zhi Wang ,&nbsp;Shuai Niu ,&nbsp;Can Cui ,&nbsp;Tianyu Gu ,&nbsp;Fuxiang Hu ,&nbsp;Dejun Feng ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The floating cage system is the dominant technology used for marine aquaculture. While traditional HDPE cages with fiber nets have been extensively studied, it is important to highlight that research on the performance of floating cages equipped with metal nets, as well as those with hybrid metal-fiber nets, remains relatively limited. Based on flume experiments, we mainly investigated the net deformation and drag force of the square and octagonal cages featured with hybrid side and bottom nets in currents, together with the effect of bottom weight. The results indicate that increasing bottom weight effectively reduced cage deformation at lower flow velocities but became less effective at higher velocities, where the influence of flow velocity on drag was more significant. The use of a metal bottom net had a limited impact on cage performance, primarily due to the alignment of the bottom frame parallel to the water flow. Both HN-FN (hybrid fiber-wire and fiber net) and WN-FN (wire and fiber net) cages retain a similar volume of over 60 % at high flow velocities. However, the drag on WN-FN cages is significantly higher than that on HN-FN cages, indicating that the HN-FN configuration offers a more advantageous balance between structural stability and reduced drag under high flow conditions. Octagonal cages consistently outperform square cages at both lower and higher flow velocities, particularly excelling at higher velocities. However, square cages offer distinct advantages, such as simpler construction, easier maintenance, and improved water exchange. Moreover, the bottom frame and vertical wire ropes effectively regulate cage deformation and preserve structural integrity. These findings can provide valuable guidelines and recommendations for optimizing net system design to enhance performance under diverse flow conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104563"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on fluid-structure interaction vibration and bandgap properties of periodic composite hydraulic pipes","authors":"Fuming Zhou ,&nbsp;Jian Liao ,&nbsp;Lin He ,&nbsp;Zongbin Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Tan ,&nbsp;Yundong Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research incorporates the Bragg scattering mechanism in phononic crystal theory into fluid-structure interaction vibration suppression of hydraulic pipes. Based on steel pipes and hydraulic composite hoses, a periodic composite hydraulic pipe structure is developed, and its vibration and bandgap properties are investigated. Firstly, based on the anisotropic laminated shell theory, fluid dynamic equations and fluid-structure interaction boundary conditions, the one-dimensional fluid-structure interaction axial and transverse vibration models of the hydraulic composite hoses are derived. This model is compatible with the classical fluid-structure interaction model; specifically, when the pipe material is steel, it degenerates into the classical fluid-structure interaction 8-equation model. Secondly, the transfer matrix is constructed using the Laplace-characteristics method to solve the fluid-structure interaction model of the steel and hose-based periodic composite hydraulic pipes. By incorporating the Bloch wave vector theorem, the bandgaps and frequency response functions of the composite pipes are determined. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated by comparing the results with those from finite element simulations. On this basis, the influence of the fluid-structure interaction effect on bandgaps and vibration properties is investigated. Numerical results indicate that in the axial direction, Poisson coupling modulates the pulsation pressure and vibration wave vectors to form new bandgaps, while friction coupling has minimal impact on bandgaps but dissipates high-frequency vibration energy. In the transverse direction, the mass and inertia effects of the fluid shift the vibration bandgaps towards lower frequencies. Finally, the effects of fluid and pipe parameters on axial and transverse vibration bandgaps are examined. This research provides a novel and effective approach for vibration suppression in hydraulic pipes and offers valuable theoretical guidance for the engineering design of periodic composite hydraulic pipes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104587"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel temperature-chain drifter for enhanced upper-ocean temperature observation","authors":"Jiangyan Fan ,&nbsp;Shuangxi Guo ,&nbsp;Chenjing Shang ,&nbsp;Pengqi Huang ,&nbsp;Guanghui Han ,&nbsp;Shengqi Zhou ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Shang","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel temperature-chain drifter designed to address observational gaps in upper-ocean thermal monitoring. The system combines a self-stabilizing buoy with meteorological sensors, a sea surface conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) instrument, and a Kevlar-reinforced coaxial temperature chain capable of high-resolution vertical profiling (0–300 m). Real-time positioning and data transmission are achieved via BeiDou/Iridium satellite telemetry, while a solar-energy module ensures uninterrupted operation during observation period. This drifter was tested in a 30-day field deployment in the northern South China Sea with 20-minute sampling intervals and 80 % data transmission success. The results indicate that the drifter’s motion is driven by mesoscale eddy advection, inertial oscillations, tidal forcing, and internal waves. Temperature spectra from the drifter indicate the upper-ocean temperature is modulated by diurnal cooling, tides and internal waves. The advancements of this temperature-chain drifter establish a new paradigm for multi-parameter observation platforms, and it is particularly valuable for capturing dynamic processes in the upper ocean and air-sea interactions, especially during extreme weather events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104581"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}