Applied Ocean Research最新文献

{"title":"A novel cylinder lifting system design and simulation with integrated drill pillar compensation function","authors":"Jingxi Lei ,&nbsp;Qiang Wang ,&nbsp;Huan Li ,&nbsp;Rui Su ,&nbsp;Lijun Wang ,&nbsp;Chao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Offshore drilling rigs equipped with cylinder lifting systems have been increasingly adopted in newly constructed drilling vessels, offering significant advantages over traditional winch-based lifting systems. These advantages include improved control over the ship's center of gravity, reduced installed power requirements, enhanced maintainability, and greater energy efficiency. In this study, the feasibility and performance of the drilling string compensation function provided by the new cylinder lifting system are investigated. The mechanism underlying the drilling string compensation function is analyzed, and the longitudinal vibration characteristics of the drilling string are examined during offshore deep-hole drilling operations. To further assess the system's capabilities, a detailed simulation model of the drilling string compensation function is developed using the AMESim software platform. This model allows for the evaluation of the system's performance under varying operating conditions and different drilling depths. The results demonstrate that the cylinder lifting system is capable of achieving both passive and semi-active compensation of the drilling string. Notably, the system can effectively control compensation load and mitigate fluctuations in bottomhole pressure, thereby meeting operational requirements. While operating conditions have a greater impact on passive compensation, the introduction of semi-active compensation significantly reduces the influence of these conditions, ensuring more stable and efficient drilling operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 104629"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrodynamic performance of floating solar arrays with articulated modules for optimal wave adaptation","authors":"Guiyong Zhang ,&nbsp;Fangyi Bao ,&nbsp;Changqing Jiang ,&nbsp;Ould el Moctar ,&nbsp;Zenghui Xu ,&nbsp;Bo Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydrodynamic performance of articulated floating photovoltaic (FPV) arrays remains insufficiently understood, despite their potential for large-scale offshore deployment. This study investigates a novel modular FPV system composed of interconnected buoyant units with articulated joints, designed to optimize wave adaptation. A hybrid approach is employed, integrating viscous-flow effects from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) into a potential-flow solver to enhance motion response predictions. The calibrated solver is validated against CFD simulations, demonstrating strong agreement in surge, heave, and pitch responses for both single and multi-module configurations. Parametric studies reveal that hydrodynamic behaviors are highly sensitive to the number and arrangement of modules, particularly near natural frequencies. Articulated connections effectively reduce inter-module loads and enhance stability, with larger arrays exhibiting progressive motion damping along the chain. Parallel configurations further suppress resonant responses compared to linear chains, highlighting the role of geometric arrangement in load distribution. Our key findings indicate that mid-body hinges experience higher forces, while trailing modules exhibit reduced motion amplitudes due to wave energy dissipation. These insights inform the wave-adaptive design and offshore deployment of articulated FPV systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 104762"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 3D experimental methodology for investigating wave-induced pore pressures in the seabed around a monopile foundation","authors":"Maria Gkougkoudi-Papaioannou ,&nbsp;Yuri Pepi ,&nbsp;Maximilian Streicher ,&nbsp;Bruno Stuyts ,&nbsp;Christof Devriendt ,&nbsp;Peter Troch","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104752","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing focus on understanding wave–structure–soil interactions has highlighted the need for experimental studies on pore pressure measurements around monopile foundations during wave loading. Physical modelling in large-scale wave basins provides valuable insights into these complex interactions under controlled conditions. However, challenges such as scour formation, sediment transport, installation and compaction of the sediment, and potential boundary effects make the replication of realistic seabed conditions particularly demanding. In response to these challenges, this study presents new guidelines based on experience gained from a unique set of 3D experiments conducted in a large wave basin. The experimental setup utilised sediment dredged from the North Sea to replicate in-situ conditions, ensuring a representative foundation response. Both regular waves, aimed at providing a fundamental understanding, and irregular long- and short-crested waves, designed to better simulate real engineering conditions, were generated. This study details sediment preparation, compaction strategies, boundary effects, physical setup and instrumentation, offering guidance for future experimental research at the intersection of geotechnical and coastal engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 104752"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the potential of well-upwelling for coral bleaching mitigation via integrated machine learning and particle swarm optimization algorithms","authors":"Zhiyu Zou ,&nbsp;Yonggang Zhao ,&nbsp;Lulu Yue ,&nbsp;Yifan Qi ,&nbsp;Shicheng Hu ,&nbsp;Wei Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coral reefs, critical marine ecosystems threatened by escalating sea surface temperatures, demand innovative solutions to mitigate thermal stress. This study introduces a novel Well-Upwelling (WU) system that strategically injects chilled seawater to form a three-dimensional cooling umbrella over coral habitats. Nozzle parameters and layouts are optimized by leveraging computational fluid dynamics (CFD), machine learning (ML), and a hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO-DPSO) framework. Categorical Boosting (CatBoost) was validated as superior for predicting jet dynamics, enabling efficient optimization of nozzle diameter (<em>d</em>₀), exit velocity (<em>u</em>₀), and discrete layouts. A case study near Nanshan Harbor, China—where severe heat stress occurred in 2024 (Degree Heating Weeks, DHW &gt; 8)—revealed that the integrated PSO-DPSO algorithm improved cooling efficiency by 17.8–46.1 % compared to random layouts, identifying optimal parameters (<em>u</em>₀ = 0.20 m/s, <em>d</em>₀= 0.21 m) that balanced efficiency and thermal retention. Notably, the simulation-based results indicate that the optimized system reduced the DHW value during the study period from 1.83 to 0.45 in the coral region, corresponding to a 1.38±0.073℃ decrease in average temperature—below the threshold (DHW = 1) that induces visible coral stress. This work establishes a scalable, data-driven framework for hydrodynamic optimization, demonstrating the WU system’s potential to mitigate coral bleaching by effectively reducing thermal stress in dynamic marine environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"163 ","pages":"Article 104756"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating proppant performance and fracture conductivity dynamics in the Shenhu marine hydrate reservoir, South China Sea","authors":"Bing Li,&nbsp;Yifeng Shen,&nbsp;Youhong Sun,&nbsp;Yun Qi,&nbsp;Siqi Qiang,&nbsp;Pengfei Xie,&nbsp;Guobiao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydraulic fracturing, which creates propped fractures to establish high-conductivity pathways near production wells, has emerged as a promising technology for boosting gas production efficiency in low-permeability marine natural gas hydrate (NGH) reservoirs. However, the effect of depressurization and hydrate decomposition on fracture conductivity remains unclear. This study examines the performance of proppants in propping artificial fractures and monitors changes in fracture conductivity and proppant embedment depth during depressurization and hydrate decomposition. Firstly, the changes in fracture conductivity during closure pressure loading and hydrate decomposition were measured by quantitatively injecting pre-cooled methane gas using an API-standard fracture conductivity chamber specifically designed for hydrates. It was found increasing closure pressure to 7.5 MPa led to a decrease in fracture conductivity that was more than 6.9 times greater than that caused by slow hydrate decomposition. The main causes of this conductivity damage were proppant embedment and rearrangement, with rearrangement being the more significant factor. Notably, proppant embedment was more pronounced in hydrate reservoirs compared to other unconventional reservoirs. After the complete decomposition of hydrates, the embedment depth was measured using White Light Optical Profilometry, showing that at a low closure pressure of 7.5 MPa, the embedment depth reached up to 28 % of the proppant diameter. Fractures using 40/70 mesh proppants exhibited higher conductivity compared to those using 30/50 mesh proppants. Additionally, increasing proppant concentration increased fracture conductivity, primarily due to reduced embedment and increased fracture width. Different proppant concentrations displayed distinct mechanisms of conductivity damage: single-layer proppants saw a rapid conductivity decline due to proppant embedment, while multilayer proppants experienced significant reductions from proppant compaction. Seawater flow on the fracture surface further decreased conductivity by 20.68 %, mainly due to the softening and expansion of clay, which exacerbated proppant embedment. This study emphasizes the importance of closure pressure and proppant properties in maintaining fracture network permeability for long-term gas extraction in clayey-silt NGH reservoirs, providing key insights for optimizing marine NGH production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 104761"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture assessment of post-buckled offshore pipeline using eXtended finite element method","authors":"Rabindra Subedi ,&nbsp;Ashutosh Sutra Dhar ,&nbsp;Bipul Hawalader ,&nbsp;Kshama Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104759","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shallowly buried offshore pipelines operating under high pressure and high-temperature conditions are susceptible to upheaval buckling. Such pipelines may contain pre-existing defects, including fabrication- or operation-induced cracks. If an offshore pipeline with an initial defect experiences vertical movement due to upheaval buckling, the crack can propagate in the tensile stress region, leading to fracture. This study presents a numerical modelling technique using an eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) to analyze the initiation and propagation of tensile fractures in a post-buckled pipeline. Conventional fracture mechanics commonly employ damage initiation criteria based on maximum principal stress (MAXPS) or maximum principal strain (MAXPE) with fixed values. However, these criteria have limitations when considering crack-tip constraints (stress triaxiality and Lode angle) during the numerical analysis. A modified Mohr-Coulomb (MMC) fracture criterion is implemented in the finite element program, Abaqus, using a user-defined subroutine to address this limitation. The MMC criterion considers shear slip and ductility, providing a more realistic representation of ductile materials than MAXPS and MAXPE models. This study also examines the influence of various fracture parameters under different damage degradation models. The findings provide practical insights for assessing crack initiation and propagation in post-buckled offshore pipelines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"163 ","pages":"Article 104759"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and analytical investigation of vibration characteristics in T700 carbon fiber composite cylindrical shells","authors":"Ruixuan Hu ,&nbsp;Xinhu Zhang ,&nbsp;Dongyang Chen ,&nbsp;Yangrenyan Li ,&nbsp;Yu Jia ,&nbsp;Yajun Shi ,&nbsp;Guang Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the free vibration characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced composite cylindrical shells are investigated through both experimental and finite element methods. Modal tests were conducted on a carbon fiber reinforced composite shell, and a corresponding finite element model was developed to calculate its modal characteristics. The calculate results were com-pared with the experimental results to verify the accuracy of the finite element model characteristics. The validated finite element model was used to conduct comprehensive parametric studies of both thin shells (<em>h</em>/<em>R</em>≤0.05) and thick shell (<em>h</em>/<em>R</em>≥0.1) shells, and the systematic comparative analysis was carried out. The effects of the number of layers, ply angle, stacking sequence, boundary conditions, length-radius ratio, and thickness-radius ratio on the vibration characteristics were systematically analyzed. Research findings indicate that: (1) The natural frequency of the shell demonstrates greater sensitivity to ply angles than to stacking sequences. (2) The [<em>θ</em>/−<em>θ</em>]₂ stacking sequence demonstrates more pronounced sensitivity to ply angle variations compared to the [90/<em>θ</em>/−<em>θ</em>/90] stacking sequence. (3) Thick shells demonstrate more pronounced sensitivity to ply angle variations compared to thin shells. (4) Both ply angle variations and thickness-radius ratio changes significantly influence the fundamental frequency. This work provides novel and experimentally verified insights into the dynamics of thick composite material shells and lays the foundation for their structural design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"163 ","pages":"Article 104758"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiment investigations of pitch motions for a semi-submersible wind turbine with the passive gyro stabilizers","authors":"Junlei Wang,&nbsp;Haoran Li,&nbsp;Jisheng Zhang,&nbsp;Dawei Guan,&nbsp;Hao Chen,&nbsp;Tao Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pitch motion of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) significantly reduces energy conversion efficiency and accelerates fatigue degradation of blades and tower. This study proposes a passive control strategy using gyro stabilizers to mitigate platform pitch instability in a semi-submersible FOWT prototype based on the Tri-floater design. Scaled hydrodynamic model tests were conducted to evaluate the pitch suppression effects under environmental loads (wave height, wave period, wind thrust) and structural parameters of FOWT (column-deck spacing, ballast mass, tower height). The results indicate that gyro stabilizers generate positive damping at wave frequency and negative damping at low frequency. Both damping components increase with the wave height and period, but positive damping escalates more prominently, achieving a 3-times enhancement in pitch reduction under wind-wave combined conditions. Wind thrust amplifies suppression effects until reaching a threshold (2.7 N). For the influence of structural parameters, larger column-deck spacing reduces positive damping at wave frequency while increasing low-frequency negative damping, leading to diminished overall suppression. Additional ballast mass weakens positive damping by 77 %, and tower height elevation slightly enhances the promotion effect of wind load on the active damping at wave frequency, due to increased pitch angular velocity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"163 ","pages":"Article 104757"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fully differentiable boundary element solver for hydrodynamic sensitivity analysis of wave-structure interactions","authors":"Kapil Khanal ,&nbsp;Carlos A. Michelén Ströfer ,&nbsp;Matthieu Ancellin ,&nbsp;Maha N. Haji","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately predicting wave-structure interactions is critical for the effective design and analysis of marine structures. This is typically achieved using solvers that employ the boundary element method (BEM), which relies on linear potential flow theory. Precise estimation of the sensitivity of these interactions is equally important for system-level applications such as design optimization. Current BEM solvers are unable to provide these sensitivities as they do not support automatic differentiation (AD). To address these challenges, we have developed a fully differentiable BEM solver, MarineHydro.jl, for marine hydrodynamics, capable of calculating diffraction and radiation coefficients, and their derivatives with high accuracy. MarineHydro.jl implements both direct and indirect BEM formulations and incorporates two Green’s function expressions, offering a trade-off between accuracy and computational speed. Gradients are computed using reverse-mode AD within the Julia programming language. As a first case study, we analyze two identical floating spheres, evaluating gradients with respect to physical dimensions, inter-sphere distance, and wave frequency. Verification studies demonstrate excellent agreement between AD-computed gradients and finite-difference results. In a second case study, we leverage AD-computed gradients to optimize the mechanical power production of a pair of wave energy converters (WECs). This represents the first application of exact gradients obtained from BEM solver in WEC power optimization. Both studies offer valuable insights into hydrodynamic interactions and advance the understanding of layout optimization. Beyond power optimization, the differentiable BEM solver highlights the potential of AD for offshore design studies. It paves the way for broader applications in machine learning integration, optimal control, and uncertainty quantification of hydrodynamic coefficients, offering new directions for advancing wave-structure interaction analysis and system-level optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"163 ","pages":"Article 104707"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field study of post-overtopping flow impacts on a vertical wall at the crest of an upper-beach dike","authors":"Erwan Imbertie ,&nbsp;Denis Morichon ,&nbsp;Matthias Delpey ,&nbsp;Benoît Larroque ,&nbsp;Camille Lavayssière","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In many urbanized shorelines, upper-beach sea-defenses and coastal buildings can be exposed to the impact of wave induced post-overtopping flow during energetic storm conditions. In order to properly anticipate the risk exposure of these seafront infrastructures, it is crucial to characterize and quantify the resulting assailing forces. Current knowledge on this type of configurations is mainly based on downscale laboratory experiments. Moreover, the case of sea-defense structures with an emergent toe is still scarcely documented in the literature. This study aims to provide an original insight into this topic using a new dataset collected during an experiment carried out in real conditions at a field site in the southwest of France. The instrumented site corresponds to a semi-reflective beach with a very shallow foreshore. The deployment was performed during an energetic storm (offshore significant wave height <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></math></span> m and peak period <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>15</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span>) concomitant with spring tide that resulted in recurrent wave-induced overtopping events, while the overtopped upper-beach seawall toe always remained emergent. The experimental setup included an innovative wave impact measuring station composed of a self supporting structure equipped with a series of high frequency pressure sensors. The station measured the loads induced by overtopping flow impacts at the crest of an upper-beach dike. Additionally, the swash flow characteristics prior to each impact and the runup against the station were captured using synchronized video recordings, complemented by an array of pressure sensors deployed on the beach foreshore. The magnitude of the measured impact force ranges between 0.38 and 9.70 kN/m. A majority of the recorded events have a twin-peak signal shape similar to that observed in laboratory studies. The joint analysis of the vertical pressure distribution and of the synchronized video images also allows to highlight different impact phases, which align with results from previous downscale experiments. However, in contrast with existing laboratory observations, our measurements show that the force peak measured during the reflection phase, which follows the maximum runup, deviates significantly from the hydrostatic prediction. The greater the intensity of the force, the more pronounced the deviation. The analysis of the pre-impact flow properties suggests a relation between the maximum impact force, the overtopping discharge and the momentum flux, while the deviation from the hydrostatic prediction seems more related to the swash flow height. Finally, the order of magnitude of the measured maximum force of the single impact events was shown to be reasonably estimated by applying an ","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"163 ","pages":"Article 104731"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144921187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}