Applied Ocean Research最新文献

{"title":"Experimental investigation of the breakwater consisting of an array of cylindrical oscillating water column devices: Hydrodynamic characteristics and wave energy conversion","authors":"Jiapeng Pan,&nbsp;Yuan Lin,&nbsp;Junfei Hong,&nbsp;Fang He","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrating OWC into breakwater is a win-win program that accomplishes function expansion and cost-sharing. In the present study, a non-intercepting breakwater, integrated with an array of cylindrical OWCs aligned linearly with a certain distance, is proposed and experimentally studied, emphasizing the hydrodynamic characteristic and wave energy conversion. The superiority of the proposed OWC-type breakwater in coastal protection is affirmed by comparing hydrodynamic experiments of three specific configurations. The effects of the OWC array's porosity, wave height, and draft on the hydrodynamic characteristics and wave energy conversion are investigated in detail. Under an array layout, the hydrodynamic interaction between devices contributes significantly to the hydrodynamic response of OWC. When the cylindrical OWC array has a porosity of 0.2 to 0.6, the wave energy conversion is improved in terms of both a larger peak efficiency value and a broader efficient frequency bandwidth. A smaller porosity can result in a larger second-order wave component in the wave at the center of adjacent OWC devices. In addition, the wave transmission can be effectively suppressed by decreasing the OWC array's porosity or increasing the device's draft. In practice applications, the OWC array's porosity needs to be determined flexibly according to the project objectives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104520"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A unified FSI framework for modeling liquid sloshing and baffle suppression in the elastic tank","authors":"Chenxi Zhao ,&nbsp;Yan Wu ,&nbsp;Yongchuan Yu ,&nbsp;Oskar J. Haidn ,&nbsp;Xiangyu Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamic and highly nonlinear nature of liquid sloshing in liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanks necessitates accurate numerical modeling to ensure structural integrity and operational safety during maritime transport. However, existing studies often overlook detailed stress and strain distributions within tank walls, which limits the assessment of structural reliability. Additionally, traditional fluid–structure interaction (FSI) approaches typically adopt separate solvers for fluid dynamics and structural mechanics, leading to data transfer errors and interpolation inaccuracies. To address these challenges, this study employs a unified smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) framework for simulating liquid sloshing and its interaction with elastic tank structures. The effects of single- and multi-resolution schemes, as well as single- and multi-phase formulations, are systematically analyzed to assess their influence on numerical accuracy and computational efficiency, through validation against experimental data. The results demonstrate the reliable precision of the proposed multi-phase and multi-physics FSI model in predicting free-surface elevation, pressure distribution, and structural deformation. Furthermore, the study explores the effectiveness of various baffle configurations in mitigating sloshing-induced forces and structural deformations, providing insights into their role in mitigating hydrodynamic loads on tank structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104498"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of flow deflectors on local scour around artificial reefs under steady current: Experimental and numerical investigations","authors":"Xianyi Liu,&nbsp;Xinxin Wang,&nbsp;Fenfang Zhao,&nbsp;Huaxiang Sheng","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Artificial reefs are submerged structures used to rehabilitate marine ecosystems and restore fishery resources. Field investigations have revealed that local scour poses a significant threat to these structures in various regions. Despite this, there is limited research on scour countermeasures for artificial reefs and a lack of understanding regarding the flow patterns that influence scour. This study examines the effects of different deflectors on scour depth and flow patterns around artificial reefs, focusing on a control model (AR1) and an optimized model (AR11). The experiments were conducted under steady, unidirectional current conditions. Flume experiments demonstrated that AR11 reduced the maximum scour depth by approximately 46 % compared to AR1 and effectively prevented reef tilting. Flow fields on the scour bed of AR1 and AR11 were reconstructed using hydrodynamic modelling of scour topography and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The analysis revealed that the main flow features affecting the scour around AR1 were a counterclockwise vortex on its side and a vortex within the scour hole. In contrast, AR11 effectively mitigated the adverse effects of these vortices, thereby reducing scour around the artificial reef.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104509"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An extended two-layer viscous Boussinesq-type model for surface gravity waves: Including the effect of bottom friction","authors":"Hao Sun ,&nbsp;Yang Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhongbo Liu ,&nbsp;Yong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wave propagation is accompanied by energy attenuation owing to the water viscosity. Based on the two-layer viscous Boussinesq-type model considering of deep-water waves, the bottom friction term is incorporated to further simulate wave energy dissipation for limited-depth and shallow water waves. The viscous effects at the free surface and the seabed are analyzed based on analytical linear dispersion. Linear dispersion relation of present model is obtained using Stokes-type Fourier analysis and compared with the analytical solution, where the linear phase celerity and damping rate of the model is accurate for <em>h</em>/<em>L</em>₀ ≤ 8.0 and 5.22 (<em>h</em> is water depth and <em>L</em>₀ is characteristic wavelength) within 1% error, respectively. The finite difference method is employed for numerical implementation, and the computed results are compared with analytical solutions and related experimental data. Remarkable agreements demonstrate the accuracy of the numerical procedure and verify the importance of bottom friction. This article discusses the dimensionless water depth corresponding to the maximum damping rate caused by bottom friction and comparing the different methods to consider bottom friction. The value of bottom friction coefficient is also explored based on experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104495"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global evaluation of wave data reanalysis: Comparison of the ERA5 dataset to buoy observations","authors":"Victoria Bessonova ,&nbsp;Evdokia Tapoglou ,&nbsp;Robert Dorrell ,&nbsp;Nina Dethlefs ,&nbsp;Katharine York","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wave reanalysis data are critical to multiple industries including commerce, fisheries, petroleum, offshore wind, the design and the construction of maritime structures. One of the most used datasets is ERA5 developed by the European Centre for Medium Range Forecast. The accuracy and reliability of this dataset have not been rigorously assessed on a global scale. We present the first global evaluation of ERA5 significant wave height against measurements from 444 buoys worldwide. We demonstrate the influence of critical control factors including distance to shore, water depth, regional characteristics and seasonality. Results showed that ERA5 underestimates significant wave height in extreme conditions. This underestimation could lead to underestimating the severity of predicted wave conditions when designing vessels or foundations for maritime structures. ERA5 accuracy increases farther from shore, but does not change significantly with increasing water depth. In the Northern Hemisphere, the RMSE and absolute bias between ERA5 and measured significant wave height are up to 0.25 m lower in summer than in winter. Seasonal patterns are less pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere. The results provide global confidence levels for the robust use of ERA5 data, and establish a methodology to test future datasets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104490"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study on internal waves generated by a submerged body moving in two types of stratified fluids","authors":"Xuebin Chen ,&nbsp;Shuqun Cai ,&nbsp;Jiexin Xu ,&nbsp;Shuyan Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A numerical model is employed to simulate the internal waves generated by a moving submerged body in stratified fluids through the joint solution of the Navier-Stokes equations and the density transport equation. It is found the generation of internal waves begins with the formation of elevation and depression regions at the front and rear ends of the submerged body. As the body moves, more pairs of elevation and depression regions emerge in the wake, progressively leading to the full evolution of divergent and transverse wave features. Internal waves generated in two types of stratified fluids are compared, inferring the similarity of internal waves between two stratified fluids is not restricted to a specific depth but is consistently observed across all depths, and this similarity encompasses main flow characteristics, including internal wave surface fluctuation, pressure, and velocity components. However, an equivalent of Froude number, Fr, is only a necessary condition for the similarity, which does not guarantee the similarity between cases with different density stratifications. A water depth-based Froude number, Fr’(z), is proposed in this paper to investigate similarity. It has been shown that similarity is ensured when the Fr’(z) values of these cases are equal at any water depth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104513"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sea level forecasting using deep recurrent neural networks with high-resolution hydrodynamic model","authors":"Saeed Rajabi-Kiasari ,&nbsp;Artu Ellmann ,&nbsp;Nicole Delpeche-Ellmann","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104496","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Changes in climate, along with increasing marine activities in coastal and offshore regions, highlight the need for effective sea level forecasting methods. In recent years, forecasting techniques, especially those utilizing machine learning/deep learning methods (ML/DL), have shown promising capabilities. However, sea level forecasting is often limited in accuracy and spatiotemporal coverage, primarily due to the challenges posed by available observational data, which complicates the assessment of existing ML/DL techniques in complex and dynamic regions like the Baltic Sea. This study addresses these challenges by utilizing a high-resolution spatiotemporal framework that integrates high-resolution hydrodynamic and marine geoid models available to Baltic countries, enabling further capabilities to be explored in terms of sea level accuracy and validation. Specifically, it examines short-term sea level forecasting in the eastern Baltic Sea and the potential of utilizing two recurrent neural network-based models such as the Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTMs), and the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) along with high-resolution input data sources. These models were specifically chosen, due to their expected capabilities with time series data and their ability to learn both short and long-term connections of the input datasets.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;To achieve this, a multivariate multistep-ahead (3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h) forecasting framework was developed. The DL models' input components are high-resolution sea level data obtained from a bias-corrected hydrodynamic model, wind speed, surface pressure, and sea surface temperature. Results for various time steps (from 3 h to 24 h ahead), during the test period, revealed that the two DL models generally showed similar performance, with slightly superior results with the GRU model. For instance, GRU and LSTM showed an averaged root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.96 cm and 5.3 cm and a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.93 and 0.92, respectively. Investigations of the time series forecasting performance at selected locations, also demonstrated the superiority of the GRU model, for all time steps, with Willmott's index (WI) values generally above 0.9 and high reliability as reflected in Prediction Interval Coverage Probability (PICP) values mostly exceeding 90 %. The results, however, weren't always perfect; both the GRU and LSTM models encountered limitations with forecasting the sea level maxima. Further examination of the spatial discrepancies also reveals some problematic areas in the eastern Gulf of Finland. This may have been influenced by the exclusion of some input components such as river discharge, salinity and meridional winds, further enhanced by complex hydrodynamics, extreme sea level variations, strong local currents, resonance-induced seiches and seasonal ice cover. In addition, an external validation of the GRU results was performed using along-track satellite altimetry from Sentinel 3A and","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104496"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and performance of an open-circuit marine icing wind tunnel","authors":"Matthew Garvin ,&nbsp;Adam Kirchhefer","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine icing presents a challenge for ship and floating structure operations in high latitudes. Without mitigation, ice accumulation can lead to structural damage and loss of stability. This problem is not new but there has been renewed interest in icing mitigation in recent years as shipping and resource exploration have pushed towards the poles. To investigate the phenomena associated with marine icing, an open-circuit icing wind tunnel was built with the express goal of evaluating coatings designed to mitigate ice accretion on marine structure topsides including flat and tubular shapes. The wind tunnel was designed to provide wind speeds up to 15 m/s in air temperatures as low as −22 °C. A system was devised to introduce fresh or salt water into the wind tunnel to simulate of freezing spray or heavy precipitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104510"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic performance of revetment breakwater and nearby frame structure on reclaimed coral sand foundation in the SCS: Centrifuge shaking table test","authors":"Kunpeng He ,&nbsp;Jianhong Ye ,&nbsp;Linjian Ma ,&nbsp;Bin Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the past decade, several artificial lands have been constructed on the top of several natural coral reefs by the way of reclamation of coral sand in the South China Sea (SCS). To protect and utilize these reclaimed lands, a few revetment breakwaters, as well as some frame structures had been constructed along the margins of or on these reclaimed lands. Taking the reclamation project on coral reefs as the engineering background, three centrifuge shaking table tests were conducted to explore the seismic responses of these reclaimed coral sand foundation (CSF), and to evaluate the stability of the revetment breakwater, as well as a nearby frame structure. It is indicated by these physical model tests that the reclaimed CSF has a considerable amplification effect on the seismic acceleration, and this amplification effect is positively correlated to the located altitude. No residual liquefaction occurs in the CSF during earthquake excitation. The maximum residual displacement of the breakwater is about 4 mm in horizontal, while the maximum residual settlement of the frame structure is only 1 mm in the scale of centrifuge. It is judged that the breakwater and the frame structure are in a relatively stable state. Based on the results from comparative research, it is observed that pore pressure is more likely to residually build up, and the amplification effect of acceleration is more obvious in less dense CSF, causing the stability of breakwaters or other structures on coral reef to be relatively poor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104512"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid path planning framework to integrate improved A*-DWA algorithms for enhancing path safety and efficiency","authors":"Hee-Mun Park ,&nbsp;Seung-Wan Cho ,&nbsp;Kyung-Min Seo","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the deployment of Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) expands across various sectors, the importance of safe and efficient path planning systems is increasingly underscored, particularly in fields such as maritime safety and national security where high levels of navigational efficiency and safety are demanded. While previous path planning research often focused on either safety or efficiency, this study proposes an improved path planning framework that considers both aspects simultaneously, overcoming the limitations of traditional Global Path Planning (GPP) and Local Path Planning (LPP) to enhance route safety, efficiency capabilities. The proposed framework comprises GPP with Safety Areas (GPP-SA) and LPP with Goals &amp; Obstacles (LPP-GO). The proposed structure ensures that the USV can navigate safely and efficiently in a variety of environments and reach its destination easily. The framework has been evaluated through various experiments, including scenario-based validation and statistical verification, demonstrating its superiority by integrating and improving upon existing methods. The findings of this research explore the feasibility of applying these advancements in real maritime environments, making a significant contribution to the realization of safe and efficient path planning in unmanned maritime and ship navigation systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104497"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}