Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Human diet in Mantua (Northern Italy): isotopic data on local communities dated from Copper Age to Middle Bronze Age","authors":"Francesca Cortese,&nbsp;Leonardo Lamanna,&nbsp;Cristina Longhi,&nbsp;Luana Bontempo,&nbsp;Flavio De Angelis,&nbsp;Mari Hirose,&nbsp;Olga Rickards,&nbsp;Mattia Rossi,&nbsp;Mario Federico Rolfo,&nbsp;Paola Iacumin","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02534-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02534-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Copper to Middle Bronze Ages are particularly significant times in Italian Protohistory, as they were marked by major dietary, social, and technological transformations. Stable isotope analysis has become a key tool in reconstructing past human diets. Although its application has expanded across the Italian Peninsula over the past decade, data for the Copper Age in northern Italy remain limited, and geographic coverage is still uneven. This study presents new isotopic evidence on 11 faunal specimens, and 101 humans from the province of Mantua (Lombardy), a region with a dense concentration of funerary contexts dating from the Copper Age to the Middle Bronze Age. The results reveal a consistent dietary pattern across the periods investigated, with protein intake derived predominantly from terrestrial animal sources and C₃ plants; no significant dietary differences were observed between sexes or age groups. The dietary continuity observed across nearly a millennium suggests that, despite broader socio-economic changes documented in the archaeological record, subsistence strategies in this region remained stable. The dietary homogeneity observed among buried individuals suggests consistent dietary practices within the funerary population. This study provides one of the first isotopic datasets from Northern Italy for the Copper Age and offers a new perspective on subsistence strategies in protohistoric Lombardy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12520-026-02534-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The adaptive nature of Neanderthal discoidal technology: raw material constraints and technological variation during the late Mousterian of southwestern France","authors":"Peiqi Zhang,&nbsp;Brad Gravina","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02529-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02529-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding how Neanderthals adapted lithic technologies to varying environmental and raw-material conditions is fundamental to exploring their behavioural variability over time and space. Here we investigate this question via a quantitative techno-typological comparison of two late Middle Paleolithic discoidal assemblages from southwestern France – Le Moustier and Pech de l’Azé IV. Our results show that Neanderthal groups at both sites employed a highly similar <i>chaîne opératoire</i> typical of Discoid-Denticulate Mousterian assemblages, despite contrasting raw material quality and nodule size, as well as pronounced environmental instability during Marine Isotope Stage 3. Neanderthal technological responses to varying raw material conditions primarily involved adjustments in reduction intensity rather than shifts in flake production methods. The Pech-de-l’Azé IV assemblage shows more intensive core reduction and higher recycling associated with the exploitation of small, lower-quality nodules, whereas the Le Moustier assemblage reflects less intensive reduction of larger, better-quality flint nodules. Our findings highlight the flexibility of the discoidal system to varying raw material constraints while producing the consistent products with identical morphologies. The behavioural plasticity of late Neanderthal groups in southwestern France during Marine Isotope Stage 3 is reflected in the capacity to assess the physical properties and exploit raw materials of varying quality and size in differing resource settings while maintaining a stable technological tradition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Bibracte/Mont Beuvray: regional traditions and raw glass supply of red enamels in La Tène and Roman Central Europe","authors":"Zuzana Zlámalová Cílová,&nbsp;Viktoria Čisťakova,&nbsp;Zdeněk Beneš,&nbsp;Šárka Matoušková,&nbsp;Petra Golaňová,&nbsp;Radoslav Čambal,&nbsp;Igor Bazovský,&nbsp;Gertruda Březinová,&nbsp;Maciej Karwowski,&nbsp;Hana Čižmářová,&nbsp;Josef Souček","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02526-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02526-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents a compositional study of red enamels applied to metal artefacts from Central Europe, spanning the La Tène period (4th − 1st centuries BCE) to the Roman period (1st − 3rd centuries AD). The dataset comprises 107 enamel samples from Bohemia, Moravia, south-western Slovakia, Lower Austria and Styria, complemented by reference material (11 samples) from the oppidum of Bibracte/Mont Beuvray (France), the only site in Europe with direct archaeological evidence for enamel production in the La Tène period. Chemical compositions, including trace elements, were determined using LA-ICP-MS. All analysed enamels are soda–lime–silica glasses, frequently enriched in lead and copper. Based on K₂O and MgO contents, all La Tène enamels are natron-based, while Roman-period samples show greater compositional variability. Provenance assessment using Zr, Sr concentrations and trace-element ratios (Y₂O₃/ZrO₂ and CeO₂/ZrO₂) indicates that most Central European La Tène enamels differ from those produced at Bibracte/Mont Beuvray (France), reflecting distinct technological traditions and, in many cases, different sources of raw glass. Although Levantine natron glass dominates the assemblage, a smaller group of enamels – mainly dated to the Middle La Tène period – exhibits characteristics consistent with Egyptian glass. The results demonstrate both continuity in the use of lead- and copper-rich red enamels into the Roman period and significant changes in raw glass supply and decolourising practices. Overall, the study provides new insights into regional organisation of enamel production and long-distance glass circulation in Iron Age and Roman Central Europe.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12520-026-02526-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Encoding tools and gestures of medieval potters: a traceological approach to reconstruct the protomaiolica wheel-finishing techniques, the case study of Cencelle (Tarquinia, Italy)","authors":"Flora Miele,&nbsp;Cristina Lemorini,&nbsp;Francesca Romana Stasolla,&nbsp;Giorgia Maria Annoscia,&nbsp;Vanessa Forte","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02528-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02528-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a systematic investigation of wheel-finishing techniques in Protomaiolica production, a fine tin-glazed tableware manufactured in southern Italy between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and widely distributed along the Latium coast and its inland areas. Although Protomaiolica played a central role in the cultural and economic life of medieval society, the complexity of its production processes remains only partially understood. Here, wheel-finishing is used as a proxy to identify the tools and gestures of medieval potters through the analysis of Protomaiolica vessels imported to Cencelle. A sistematic experimental programme was conducted using three types of pottery wheels, primitive, foot-powered, and electric, to assess the variability of technological finishing traces produced by different wheel systems. Combining experimental archaeology and traceological analysis, this study proposes an integrated approach for investigating medieval ceramic production from a technological perspective. The experimental programme provided a comparative dataset of recurrent technological traces, which proved useful for assessing potential relationships between archaeological evidence and potter’s gestures and tools. Overall, the results provide new insights into technological choices and the organisation of Protomaiolica production in the late Middle Ages, suggesting operational scenarios consistent with an internal structuring of workshop practices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12520-026-02528-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-Hispanic fire management and anthropogenic landscape modification in the South American lowlands: new anthracological studies at Los Tres Cerros 1 archaeological site (Paraná Delta, Argentina)","authors":"Marco A. Loperfido,&nbsp;Carola Castiñeira Latorre,&nbsp;Mariana Brea,&nbsp;Mariano Bonomo,&nbsp;Gustavo Politis","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02521-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02521-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examines the extensive use of fire as an anthropogenic factor in the management of woody resources during the pre-Hispanic period in the lower Paraná River basin (Argentina), focusing on anthracological analyses from the Los Tres Cerros 1 site (Entre Ríos, Argentina). Charred wood fragment analyses were integrated with geochemical data, and archaeological expectations were framed using South American ethno-proxies. Archaeobotanical evidence identified 19 plant taxa, with a marked predominance of <i>Nectandra angustifolia</i> (laurel de río) and <i>Salix humboldtiana</i> (sauce criollo) throughout the stratigraphic sequence. This pattern points to a deliberate rather than random selection of woody resources. These woods were central to domestic activities at the settlement, including food and ceramic preparation, as well as providing light and heat. Certain stratigraphic levels revealed particularly high taxonomic diversity, extensive burned surfaces, and traces of in situ burning, indicating recurrent episodes of thermo-alteration across habitation areas. Complementary geochemical analyses showed elevated phosphorus and organic matter, consistent with intentional soil enrichment for cultivation, especially of maize and squash, whose microremains were preserved at the site. Taken together, ethnographic expectations and archaeological results suggest that the inhabitants of Los Tres Cerros 1 managed fire as a multifunctional tool —not only for domestic practices and cleanliness, but also for consolidating habitation surfaces and enriching the substrate—thereby shaping a deeply anthropogenic landscape.</p>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148386056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical investigation of Late Roman glass and available raw material at the industrial complex of Tel Yavne, Israel","authors":"Yoav Ben Dor,&nbsp;Yael Gorin-Rosen,&nbsp;Kaya Sorkin,&nbsp;Pablo Betzer,&nbsp;Daniel Varga,&nbsp;Tami Zilberman,&nbsp;Gal Yasur,&nbsp;Olga Berlin,&nbsp;Keren Weiss-Sarusi,&nbsp;Yael Jacobi Glass,&nbsp;Sabri Alian,&nbsp;Yotam Asscher,&nbsp;Nimrod Wieler","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02519-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02519-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A Late Roman primary-glass production site was discovered near Tel Yavne, Israel, within a large Late Roman-Byzantine industrial complex. Due to its location near several sandy quartz-rich deposits, the site offers a unique opportunity to simultaneously investigate natron glass production and raw material sourcing in the southern Levant. The glass and the nearby sand deposits were investigated using grain-size, mineralogy, detailed chemical composition and stable carbon isotopes. The results indicate a distinct compositional group of the Yavne glass, which is different compared with previously studied sites of primary natron glass production. The studied sandy deposits are overall characterized by a similar chemical composition, and could have been used for natron glass production on site, where slightly better compositional similarity is found between the glass and the nearby dunes. Nevertheless, the Yavne glass is characterized by increased calcium, aluminum and potassium content that could either point at local contamination, the usage of another sand source, or an addition of some potassium- and aluminum-rich additive such as the clay-rich soils of the nearby Soreq floodplain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12520-026-02519-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An analytical approach to the glazed architectural decoration in Iran from the 12th to the 14th century","authors":"Parviz Holakooei,&nbsp;Amir-Hossein Karimy,&nbsp;Negar Eftekhari,&nbsp;Ana Marija Grbanovic,&nbsp;Iman Aghajani,&nbsp;Carmela Vaccaro,&nbsp;Lorenz Korn","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02515-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02515-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Architectural glazed elements in Iran during the Islamic period first appeared in the mid-11th century, featuring monochrome and cut tiles. By the 13th-14th centuries, a wide variety of tiles employing diverse techniques, such as lustre, <i>lajvardina</i>, monochrome and underglaze, were developed and reached their culmination in Iran. This level of diversity in tile-making techniques represents a high point in the history of tile-making in Iran. In this study, bodies and glazes from 140 glazed tiles collected from twenty-five monuments in Iran, dating back to the period from the 12th century to the 14th century, were studied by polarised light microscope (PLM), micro-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF), micro-Raman spectroscopy (µ-Raman) and scanning electron microscopy – energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS). We demonstrate that white, blue and turquoise are the dominant colours used in the palette of glaze-makers from the 12th up to the 14th century. We also suggest that no yellow lead-tin opacified glaze has been used as an architectural element in Iran in this period, and green, black and transparent yellow glaze were only rarely employed on the tiles. It is also observed that while turquoise and white glazes were mostly produced in lead-alkali glazes opacified with white SnO₂ particles, the blue glazes were mainly lime-alkali in nature and rarely opacified and were thicker and smoother with respect to the other glazes. Moreover, a criterion based on the quartz content of the stonepaste bodies is suggested to distinguish the tiles produced in the 12th-century Saljuq bodies from those of the 13th-14th century Ilkhanid ones. In addition, we propose that glazes employed on clay-based bodies contained a Pb/Sn lower than those covering the stonepaste bodies, yielding a higher opacification needed to conceal the buff/red colour of the bodies. Furthermore, a rare cobalt mineral is reported to be responsible for the blue colour. These findings bring further implications for our understanding of Persianate medieval architectural heritage through lens of art and architectural historians.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148323794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical data treatment and interpretive uncertainty: a reanalysis of Stonehenge stone fragments (‘Debitage’)","authors":"Kostalena Michelaki,&nbsp;David Barham,&nbsp;Michael P. Gorton,&nbsp;William C. Mahaney,&nbsp;Susanne Aufreiter,&nbsp;Ronald G. V. Hancock","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02518-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02518-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper centers on the reinterpretation of previously published geochemical data from Stonehenge stone fragments, material often disregarded in geoarchaeological investigations, to highlight the importance of reflexive evaluation of analytical choices and their consequences for archaeological interpretation. Because of the large spreads in many elemental concentrations, earlier interpretations relied on elemental concentration ratios, with Zr as the normalizing element. Here, the same datasets are re-examined using non-normalized elemental concentrations and a visual/graphical, geochemically informed approach that explicitly recognizes analytical variability and interpretive uncertainty. The reanalysis indicates that, while Zr-normalized data may reveal some geochemical similarities, normalization can also obscure compositional differences, generate apparent agreements not supported across multiple elements, and fail to identify other coarse geochemical groupings present in the data. Using an alternative, non-normalized approach, some stone fragment samples can be tentatively grouped with previously characterized sarsen sources, while many remain unsourced or appear to represent geochemistries not yet documented. These observations suggest that the geochemical variability of silcrete materials at Stonehenge may be greater than previously assumed and that normalization-based interpretations should be applied with caution. This variability is in line with recent interpretations that emphasize the use in Stonehenge of materials derived from different parts of Britain. Rather than proposing definitive provenance assignments, this study emphasizes the interpretive consequences of analytical choices and argues for caution in the application of normalization procedures in archaeometric provenance studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148323558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neolithic farmers in Aegean Thrace. New evidence from the settlement of Paradimi, Northeastern Greece","authors":"Dushka Urem-Kotsou,&nbsp;Yannis Maniatis,&nbsp;Georgios S. Polymeris,&nbsp;Konstantinos Vouvalidis,&nbsp;Apostolos Sarris,&nbsp;Nikos Papadopoulos,&nbsp;Dimitris Matsas,&nbsp;Kyriakos Sgouropoulos,&nbsp;Chryssa Karadima,&nbsp;Anna Mousioni,&nbsp;Mathaios Koutsoumanis,&nbsp;Stavros Kotsos,&nbsp;Sofia Doani,&nbsp;Yannis Chronis,&nbsp;Periklis Chrysafakoglou,&nbsp;Dimitrios Oikonomou","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02520-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02520-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>New evidence for the presence of early farmers in Aegean Thrace (Northeastern Greece) is presented through interdisciplinary research at <i>Paradimi</i>, a tell settlement that is the eponym of the Neolithic period in Greek Thrace, formerly referred to as the “<i>Paradimi culture</i>”. Combining archaeological, palaeogeographical, geological and geophysical investigations, including borehole cores and radiocarbon dating, conducted on the site and its surroundings has yielded new data regarding the establishment, duration, size, and layout of the settlement. Radiocarbon dates obtained for the first time indicate the settlement’s origin in the Early Neolithic (≤ 6200 BC), and confirm its occupation during the Middle and Late Neolithic periods. The site was likely abandoned at some point during the Final Neolithic, re-inhabited in the Early Bronze Age, and ultimately abandoned again during that period, remaining uninhabited throughout the subsequent prehistoric period. Geological investigations have detected flooding episodes in the immediate vicinity of the settlement. Geophysical surveys suggest the settlement was enclosed by at least two ditches, with dwellings arranged freely within the area thus delimited. The stratigraphic data, combined with radiocarbon dates from a borehole core extracted at the apex of the tell, indicate the presence of early farmers in the region potentially earlier than previously understood.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12520-026-02520-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148323390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using convolutional neural networks to identify qanats and analysis of their role in the formation of Zuzan City (Iran, Islamic period)","authors":"Fereshte Azarkhordad,&nbsp;Juan A. Barceló,&nbsp;Hasan Hashemi Zarajabad,&nbsp;Abed Taghavi","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02522-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02522-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Managing water resources in arid and semi-arid regions has been a fundamental human endeavor, essential for the establishment and sustainability of both urban and rural communities. Qanats—ancient underground water systems—have long been a cornerstone of water supply and distribution in the arid Middle East. These subterranean systems are typically identified from the surface by vertical shafts that mark the path of the underground water channel. In this paper, we apply a machine learning approach to identify qanat shafts and their underground channels from historical aerial imagery. Our primary objective is to automatically detect qanats within the historical landscape of the city of Zuzan, Iran, using convolutional neural networks. Specifically, we trained the You Only Look Once (YOLO) object detection algorithm, a type of convolutional neural network, with aerial images from the 1960s covering various areas of the Iranian Plateau where qanat remains have been verified by direct inspection. The trained model enabled the detection of several qanat channels leading to the city of Zuzan, a region where no intensive archaeological surveys had previously been conducted. Historical analysis suggests that in this region, these qanats were the primary factor in the formation and sustenance of Zuzan during both historical and Islamic periods, and they continue to function today.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148323336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}