{"title":"Pottery-forming practices in the Early Bronze Age Únětice culture of eastern Bohemia: CT-based analysis of technological variability at the microregional scale","authors":"Richard Thér, Michaela Kosová, Eva Schimerová","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02553-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02553-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates pottery-forming practices in the Early Bronze Age Únětice culture of eastern Bohemia, focusing on technological variability at the microregional scale. The analysed assemblage comprises vessels and vessel fragments from four sites in the Hradec Králové region, including cemetery and settlement contexts and both earlier and later phases of Únětice occupation. The research focused on comparing technological procedures across two chronological phases of settlement in the region, as well as on differences in the approaches to forming vessel parts and types. The study combines non-destructive computed tomography, section-based structural evaluation and 3D quantitative analysis of pore orientation. Non-planar parallel sections following vessel-wall curvature are assessed together with radial sections, allowing structural patterns to be related to constructional segment placement and transformation. The results show that coil building overwhelmingly dominates the assemblage, while slab building is rare and mainly associated with jars. Variability within the dominant coil-based tradition is expressed mainly in the degree of segment transformation. The strongest patterning relates to vessel parts rather than vessel types: necks show the clearest technological differentiation, mid-bodies more often preserve horizontally organised structures, and lower bodies frequently show stronger transformation and continuity with the base. The study demonstrates the importance of treating individual vessel parts as analytically meaningful units and highlights the potential of detailed investigation of variants within basic pottery-forming techniques.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Petra Tušlová, Silvia Amicone, Veronika Brychová, Richard Thér, Noémi S. Müller, Karolína Králová, Martina Kohoutková, Evangelia Kiriatzi
{"title":"Hidden in the clay. Unveiling the tradition of handmade pottery in Roman Thrace through an integrated analytical approach","authors":"Petra Tušlová, Silvia Amicone, Veronika Brychová, Richard Thér, Noémi S. Müller, Karolína Králová, Martina Kohoutková, Evangelia Kiriatzi","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02543-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02543-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Handmade pottery is among the most enduring yet least understood ceramic traditions of Roman Thrace. Long regarded as a simple household craft and primarily interpreted as a marker of local “Thracian” identity, it has rarely been examined as a dynamic cultural practice. To address this gap, this study adopts an integrated multidisciplinary approach to investigate handmade pottery from rural settlements along the Tundzha River in the Roman province of Thrace, focusing on its production, circulation, and use. Petrographic, mineralogical, and chemical analyses identified three distinct ceramic fabrics linked to local clay sources, enabling the reconstruction of regional production zones. Each settlement yielded both locally produced and imported vessels, demonstrating the coexistence of localized production and regional pottery circulation. Notably, all imported vessels originated from the same area of Monastery Heights, approximately 40 km away. Micro-CT analysis of representative samples from all three ceramic fabrics revealed a shared sequential slab-building technique and two interchangeable methods of handle attachment, indicating a common technological tradition across the region. Together, the evidence points to small-scale, decentralized ceramic production based on locally available raw materials. Organic residue analysis indicates that the vessels were primarily used for storing and preparation of animal meat and/or fat, while the presence of beeswax suggests deliberate surface coating. Collectively, these findings reveal a resilient regional craft tradition that persisted within the Roman provincial landscape and indicate that the regional circulation of these vessels was driven by their specialized function.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12520-026-02543-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pottery-forming practices in the Early Bronze Age Únětice culture of eastern Bohemia: CT-based analysis of technological variability at the microregional scale","authors":"Richard Thér, Michaela Kosová, Eva Schimerová","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02553-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02553-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates pottery-forming practices in the Early Bronze Age Únětice culture of eastern Bohemia, focusing on technological variability at the microregional scale. The analysed assemblage comprises vessels and vessel fragments from four sites in the Hradec Králové region, including cemetery and settlement contexts and both earlier and later phases of Únětice occupation. The research focused on comparing technological procedures across two chronological phases of settlement in the region, as well as on differences in the approaches to forming vessel parts and types. The study combines non-destructive computed tomography, section-based structural evaluation and 3D quantitative analysis of pore orientation. Non-planar parallel sections following vessel-wall curvature are assessed together with radial sections, allowing structural patterns to be related to constructional segment placement and transformation. The results show that coil building overwhelmingly dominates the assemblage, while slab building is rare and mainly associated with jars. Variability within the dominant coil-based tradition is expressed mainly in the degree of segment transformation. The strongest patterning relates to vessel parts rather than vessel types: necks show the clearest technological differentiation, mid-bodies more often preserve horizontally organised structures, and lower bodies frequently show stronger transformation and continuity with the base. The study demonstrates the importance of treating individual vessel parts as analytically meaningful units and highlights the potential of detailed investigation of variants within basic pottery-forming techniques.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Petra Tušlová, Silvia Amicone, Veronika Brychová, Richard Thér, Noémi S. Müller, Karolína Králová, Martina Kohoutková, Evangelia Kiriatzi
{"title":"Hidden in the clay. Unveiling the tradition of handmade pottery in Roman Thrace through an integrated analytical approach","authors":"Petra Tušlová, Silvia Amicone, Veronika Brychová, Richard Thér, Noémi S. Müller, Karolína Králová, Martina Kohoutková, Evangelia Kiriatzi","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02543-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02543-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Handmade pottery is among the most enduring yet least understood ceramic traditions of Roman Thrace. Long regarded as a simple household craft and primarily interpreted as a marker of local “Thracian” identity, it has rarely been examined as a dynamic cultural practice. To address this gap, this study adopts an integrated multidisciplinary approach to investigate handmade pottery from rural settlements along the Tundzha River in the Roman province of Thrace, focusing on its production, circulation, and use. Petrographic, mineralogical, and chemical analyses identified three distinct ceramic fabrics linked to local clay sources, enabling the reconstruction of regional production zones. Each settlement yielded both locally produced and imported vessels, demonstrating the coexistence of localized production and regional pottery circulation. Notably, all imported vessels originated from the same area of Monastery Heights, approximately 40 km away. Micro-CT analysis of representative samples from all three ceramic fabrics revealed a shared sequential slab-building technique and two interchangeable methods of handle attachment, indicating a common technological tradition across the region. Together, the evidence points to small-scale, decentralized ceramic production based on locally available raw materials. Organic residue analysis indicates that the vessels were primarily used for storing and preparation of animal meat and/or fat, while the presence of beeswax suggests deliberate surface coating. Collectively, these findings reveal a resilient regional craft tradition that persisted within the Roman provincial landscape and indicate that the regional circulation of these vessels was driven by their specialized function.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12520-026-02543-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reconstructing a metallurgical chaîne opératoire: a case study of the dapo iron metallurgical site in Guangxi, China","authors":"Guisen Zou, Zhangwang Meng","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02551-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02551-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Guangxi, a southern border region linking southern China and Southeast Asia, provides a valuable setting for examining the spread of early metallurgical technologies. Although numerous studies have been conducted on smelting technology in the region, none have reconstructed the operational sequence of metallurgical production. The Houbeishan Site in Wuzhou City preserves abundant metallurgical remains and production features, providing important evidence for reconstructing the metallurgical chaînes opératoires. Radiocarbon dating indicate that the site dates to ca. 340 AD–560 AD. To identify technical practices at the site, we analysed slag and two iron knives using a scanning electron microscope coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) and metallographic microscopy. Based on the morphological characteristics of the slag and the two furnaces discovered at the site, we preliminarily determined that the small-shaft furnace functioned as a bloomery iron-smelting furnace, whereas the bowl furnace was used for forging. The analyses show that craftspeople at Houbeishan smelted bloomery iron and used it as the primary feedstock for forging and forming. By integrating archaeometallurgical research with evidence from the excavation of metallurgical remains, we present a preliminary ‘chaîne opératoire’ for the site. This chaînes offers a foundation for deeper investigation of early iron smelting and working practices, facilitates more systematic comparisons among ancient metallurgical sites, and provides new evidence for the development and transmission of metallurgical technology between southern China and Southeast Asia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reconstructing a metallurgical chaîne opératoire: a case study of the dapo iron metallurgical site in Guangxi, China","authors":"Guisen Zou, Zhangwang Meng","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02551-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02551-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Guangxi, a southern border region linking southern China and Southeast Asia, provides a valuable setting for examining the spread of early metallurgical technologies. Although numerous studies have been conducted on smelting technology in the region, none have reconstructed the operational sequence of metallurgical production. The Houbeishan Site in Wuzhou City preserves abundant metallurgical remains and production features, providing important evidence for reconstructing the metallurgical chaînes opératoires. Radiocarbon dating indicate that the site dates to ca. 340 AD–560 AD. To identify technical practices at the site, we analysed slag and two iron knives using a scanning electron microscope coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) and metallographic microscopy. Based on the morphological characteristics of the slag and the two furnaces discovered at the site, we preliminarily determined that the small-shaft furnace functioned as a bloomery iron-smelting furnace, whereas the bowl furnace was used for forging. The analyses show that craftspeople at Houbeishan smelted bloomery iron and used it as the primary feedstock for forging and forming. By integrating archaeometallurgical research with evidence from the excavation of metallurgical remains, we present a preliminary ‘chaîne opératoire’ for the site. This chaînes offers a foundation for deeper investigation of early iron smelting and working practices, facilitates more systematic comparisons among ancient metallurgical sites, and provides new evidence for the development and transmission of metallurgical technology between southern China and Southeast Asia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaoting Wang, Jianbo Tian, Zhiqing Zhou, Ning Wang, Yingdong Yang, Wugan Luo
{"title":"Study of technology, provenance, and cross-regional cultural exchange of Warring States period silver artifacts from the Laolongtou cemetery, Yanyuan County, Sichuan Province, Southwest China","authors":"Xiaoting Wang, Jianbo Tian, Zhiqing Zhou, Ning Wang, Yingdong Yang, Wugan Luo","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02552-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02552-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Silver was long rare in pre-Qin China, but its archaeological occurrence increased markedly during the Warring States period (475 − 221 BC), when it became a more widely recognized and valued precious metal. This study examines eight silver artifacts excavated from the Laolongtou cemetery in Yanyuan County, Sichuan Province, dating to the Warring States period. By integrating compositional analysis, metallographic examination, trace element analysis, and lead isotope ratio analysis, this study systematically investigates the chemical composition, manufacturing technology, and possible sources of raw materials. The results show that these artifacts can be divided into two groups: one consists of Ag–Au alloys with relatively high gold contents, and the other is composed of near-pure silver artifacts, indicating the use of different types of silver-bearing raw materials and distinct technological choices. Lead isotope data suggest that the silver used for bracelets and necklace is closely related to ore sources in northwestern China, whereas the silver ornaments were more likely made from local or nearby metal resources. The Laolongtou silver artifacts provide important material evidence for early precious-metal craftsmanship in southwestern China. The silver artifacts offer new evidence for understanding technological transmission and resource circulation along the “crescent-shaped cultural-communication belt” during the pre-Qin period.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaoting Wang, Jianbo Tian, Zhiqing Zhou, Ning Wang, Yingdong Yang, Wugan Luo
{"title":"Study of technology, provenance, and cross-regional cultural exchange of Warring States period silver artifacts from the Laolongtou cemetery, Yanyuan County, Sichuan Province, Southwest China","authors":"Xiaoting Wang, Jianbo Tian, Zhiqing Zhou, Ning Wang, Yingdong Yang, Wugan Luo","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02552-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02552-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Silver was long rare in pre-Qin China, but its archaeological occurrence increased markedly during the Warring States period (475 − 221 BC), when it became a more widely recognized and valued precious metal. This study examines eight silver artifacts excavated from the Laolongtou cemetery in Yanyuan County, Sichuan Province, dating to the Warring States period. By integrating compositional analysis, metallographic examination, trace element analysis, and lead isotope ratio analysis, this study systematically investigates the chemical composition, manufacturing technology, and possible sources of raw materials. The results show that these artifacts can be divided into two groups: one consists of Ag–Au alloys with relatively high gold contents, and the other is composed of near-pure silver artifacts, indicating the use of different types of silver-bearing raw materials and distinct technological choices. Lead isotope data suggest that the silver used for bracelets and necklace is closely related to ore sources in northwestern China, whereas the silver ornaments were more likely made from local or nearby metal resources. The Laolongtou silver artifacts provide important material evidence for early precious-metal craftsmanship in southwestern China. The silver artifacts offer new evidence for understanding technological transmission and resource circulation along the “crescent-shaped cultural-communication belt” during the pre-Qin period.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Trevor L. Keevil, Emily R. Orlikoff, Jay Reti, Michael C. Pante
{"title":"When stone meets bone: characteristics of bone surface modifications made by Oldowan and Acheulean stone tool forms","authors":"Trevor L. Keevil, Emily R. Orlikoff, Jay Reti, Michael C. Pante","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02547-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02547-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quantitative bone surface modification modeling methods precisely capture micromorphological differences in trace mark morphology related to characteristics of the actor and action (e.g., hominin butchery or carnivore predation) that created the mark. To date, these methods have not been systematically applied to assess the relationship between effector traits (e.g., tool technological form) and cut mark morphology under standardized, replicable experimental conditions. In this study, we show that cut marks created during standardized stone tool bone-cutting experiments preserve micromorphological characteristics that, when quantitatively measured and classified using discriminant analysis models, facilitate estimations of the technological form of the stone tool that created the mark with approximately 65% accuracy. We apply this classification model to investigate the most likely technological form of the stone tool that created 12 fossilized bone surface modifications from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, previously identified as cut marks using qualitative methods. We identified five of six fossilized marks predating the Acheulean in Olduvai Gorge as flake marks and two of six marks on fossils postdating Acheulean tools as biface marks. This analysis provides new insight into how Plio-Pleistocene hominin butchers used different stone tool forms when processing animal tissues during carnivorous behaviors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Trevor L. Keevil, Emily R. Orlikoff, Jay Reti, Michael C. Pante
{"title":"When stone meets bone: characteristics of bone surface modifications made by Oldowan and Acheulean stone tool forms","authors":"Trevor L. Keevil, Emily R. Orlikoff, Jay Reti, Michael C. Pante","doi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02547-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-026-02547-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quantitative bone surface modification modeling methods precisely capture micromorphological differences in trace mark morphology related to characteristics of the actor and action (e.g., hominin butchery or carnivore predation) that created the mark. To date, these methods have not been systematically applied to assess the relationship between effector traits (e.g., tool technological form) and cut mark morphology under standardized, replicable experimental conditions. In this study, we show that cut marks created during standardized stone tool bone-cutting experiments preserve micromorphological characteristics that, when quantitatively measured and classified using discriminant analysis models, facilitate estimations of the technological form of the stone tool that created the mark with approximately 65% accuracy. We apply this classification model to investigate the most likely technological form of the stone tool that created 12 fossilized bone surface modifications from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, previously identified as cut marks using qualitative methods. We identified five of six fossilized marks predating the Acheulean in Olduvai Gorge as flake marks and two of six marks on fossils postdating Acheulean tools as biface marks. This analysis provides new insight into how Plio-Pleistocene hominin butchers used different stone tool forms when processing animal tissues during carnivorous behaviors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"18 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}