Applied physics reviews最新文献

{"title":"Electric field-directed anisotropic failure of β -Ga2O3","authors":"Luyao Gao, Yimin Lei, Hu Yang, Jiatong Fan, Chao Chen, Tao Zhang, Jinlong Li, Qing Zhu, Xiaohua Ma, Yue Hao","doi":"10.1063/5.0312538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0312538","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the critical materials for ultra-high-voltage power devices, β-gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) faces significant reliability challenges. Under the coupled effects of repeated electrical stress and high-temperature thermal fields, the stability of this material directly determines the reliability of power devices under extreme service conditions. However, to date, atomic-scale real-time observations and mechanistic explanations of the failure process of this material under coupled electro-thermal fields remain lacking. In this study, using in situ transmission electron microscopy (in situ TEM) under coupled thermal-electrical field (500 °C and 1 V bias), we directly observed the anisotropic failure of β-Ga2O3 along low-index planes such as (200). Controlled decoupling experiments confirm that the electric field serves as the key driver in initiating and guiding this anisotropic melting process. Moreover, electro-thermal stress markedly accelerates the failure, increasing the melting rate from 1.145 to 4.937 nm2/s. By combining experimental observations with theoretical analysis, we establish a complete physical chain in which the synergistic effect of the electric field and the material's intrinsic anisotropy drives external field-induced defect generation and migration, ultimately leading to the anisotropic failure of β-Ga2O3. This work not only provides direct evidence for understanding the failure behavior of β-Ga2O3 under extreme operating conditions, but also offers crucial design guidance for developing highly reliable high-voltage power devices.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147681686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deterministic polarity control of self-generated spin–orbit torque via inversion symmetry engineering","authors":"Yanghui Liu, Hongsheng Zheng, Qia Shen, Yuteng Ma, Jiuming Liu, Bin Rong, Chuang Man, Lu Sun, Hang Xie, Yihong Wu, Xufeng Kou, Liang Liu, Yumeng Yang","doi":"10.1063/5.0292011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0292011","url":null,"abstract":"Self-generated spin–orbit torque (SOT) in magnetic materials has emerged as a promising pathway for efficient magnetization control without external spin current sources. Here, we unveil an alternative mechanism for deterministic SOT polarity control based on inversion symmetry engineering via ferromagnet (Co) thickness gradients in [Co/Pt]p multilayers with the repeating periods p. Unlike conventional approaches relying on spin Hall effect asymmetry in heavy metals, we modulate the spatial profile of spin current absorption and reflection across the stack, creating a net damping-like SOT driven by gradient-induced imbalanced spin accumulation. By inverting the Co gradient, we achieved polarity-reversed perpendicular magnetization switching, demonstrating that the SOT originates from structural symmetry breaking within the ferromagnetic layers. Second harmonic measurements confirm robust SOT switching efficiencies up to 294 Oe cm2 MA−1, along with enhanced thermal stability and scalability beyond bilayer systems. Our findings establish the symmetry-governed design principle for spin transport, enabling tunable and thickness-robust spintronic devices.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"136 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147681614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-chip stencil lithography for superconducting qubits","authors":"Roudy Hanna, Sören Ihssen, Simon Geisert, Umut Kocak, Matteo Arfini, Albert Hertel, Thomas J. Smart, Michael Schleenvoigt, Tobias Schmitt, Joscha Domnick, Kaycee Underwood, Abdur Rehman Jalil, Jin Hee Bae, Benjamin Bennemann, Mathieu Féchant, Mitchell Field, Martin Spiecker, Nicolas Zapata, Christian Dickel, Erwin Berenschot, Niels Tas, Gary A. Steele, Detlev Grützmacher, Ioan M. Pop, Peter Schüffelgen","doi":"10.1063/5.0307532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0307532","url":null,"abstract":"Improvements in circuit design and, more recently, in materials and surface cleaning have contributed to a rapid development of coherent superconducting qubits. However, organic resists commonly used for shadow evaporation of Josephson junctions (JJs) pose limitations due to residual contamination, poor thermal stability, and compatibility under typical surface-cleaning conditions. To provide an alternative, we developed an inorganic SiO2/Si3N4 on-chip stencil lithography mask for JJ fabrication. The stencil mask is resilient to aggressive cleaning agents and it withstands high temperatures up to 1200 °C, thereby opening new avenues for JJ material exploration and interface optimization. To validate the concept, we performed shadow evaporation of Al-based transmon qubits followed by stencil mask liftoff using vapor hydrofluoric acid, which selectively etches SiO2. We demonstrate an average T1≈75±11 μs over a 200 MHz frequency range across multiple cooldowns for one device, and T1≈44±8 μs for a second device. These results confirm the compatibility of stencil lithography with state-of-the-art superconducting quantum devices and motivate further investigations into materials engineering, film deposition, and surface cleaning techniques.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147681665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional metasurfaces: From versatile electromagnetic control to array antenna applications","authors":"Weixu Yang, Qi Hu, Ke Chen, Yijun Feng","doi":"10.1063/5.0315979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0315979","url":null,"abstract":"Metasurfaces, the two-dimensional counterparts of metamaterials, have emerged as a powerful platform for tailoring electromagnetic (EM) waves with unprecedented flexibility. By exploiting multiple input and/or output degrees of freedom, multifunctional metasurfaces can concurrently manipulate amplitude, phase, polarization, frequency, and scattering modes of EM waves across multiple channels, thus enabling versatile wavefront engineering and increasing functional integration within compact and low-loss platforms. Here, in this article, we provide an overview of multifunctional metasurfaces from both fundamental and application perspectives, paying special attention to array antenna designs in the microwave regime. We begin by revisiting the underlying physical principles and various modulation mechanisms, followed by design strategies for multifunctional metasurfaces. Building upon these foundations, we examine representative implementations that exploit versatile EM wavefront control covering both static and dynamic multifunctional metasurfaces. Particular emphasis is then placed on array antenna applications, where metasurface-enabled reflectarray antennas and transmitarray antennas have demonstrated significant advances in channel multiplication, broadened operational coverage, compact architectures, add-on functional integration, and dynamic beamforming. Finally, we discuss the emerging challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, highlighting directions toward the sixth generation wireless communications, new physics for dynamic reconfiguration, artificial-intelligence-driven design methodologies, and advanced manufacturing technologies. This review aims to provide both a systematic framework of the existing attempts and forward-looking insights to stimulate further innovations in multifunctional metasurfaces and their array antenna applications.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147681616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid crystal enabled nonlinear optics and quantum optics","authors":"Li-Lan Tian, Fan Zou, Jin-Tao Pan, Ze-Nian Wu, Yang Wei, Yi-Hao Wei, Ling-Ling Ma, Yan-Qing Lu","doi":"10.1063/5.0273606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273606","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid crystals (LCs), due to their intrinsic optical anisotropy and strong response to external stimuli, have emerged as a critical bridge between classical optics and quantum photonics. Initially recognized for their transformative impact on display technologies, LCs have garnered increasing attention in recent years within the fields of nonlinear optics (NLO) and quantum optics, driven by their advantages such as electrically tunable birefringence, reconfigurable molecular alignment, and compatibility with compact photonic architectures. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in LC-enabled linear, nonlinear, and quantum optical systems. We begin by discussing the fundamental optical properties and phase states of LCs. Building upon this, we focus on the emerging field of ferroelectric nematic LCs (FNLCs), which, owing to their spontaneous polarization and unique molecular alignment control, demonstrate significantly enhanced second-order nonlinear effects. Helical derivatives of FNLCs further enhance polarization control, giving rise to new concepts in nonlinear geometric phase. Additionally, this paper highlights the applications of FNLCs in quantum photonics, including entangled photon generation and polarization state manipulation. These innovations overcome the limitations of time-reversal symmetry inherent in traditional systems, offering promising opportunities for unidirectional quantum communication, secure quantum networks, and high-fidelity quantum state manipulation. Finally, we discuss the challenges currently facing this field and explore future prospects for FNLCs in interdisciplinary domains such as linear photonics, NLO, and quantum engineering.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147524021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Algorithms, architectures, and platform implementations of integrated photonic neural networks","authors":"Xinyi Wang, Kun Liao, Xiaoyong Hu","doi":"10.1063/5.0304866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304866","url":null,"abstract":"Photons are promising computing medium owing to their intrinsically high bandwidth, ultrafast speed, low energy cost, low latency, and multiple orthogonal degrees of freedom enabling extreme parallelism. Photonic hardware is particularly well suited to meet artificial intelligence's enormous demand for rapidly processing compute-intensive and power-hungry workloads, thereby motivating the development of photonic neural network accelerators. Over recent decades, integrated photonic neural networks have undergone substantial architectural advances, enabling them to implement a broad range of algorithmic models, accommodate diverse data modalities, and address problems across expanding application domains. To date, both photonic-native paradigms and digitally inspired neuromorphic algorithms have been proposed and demonstrated on integrated photonic platforms. In this Review, we provide an overview of integrated photonic neural networks that emphasizes the underlying algorithms and architectures, the state-of-the-art platform implementations, and the promising application domains. Furthermore, we analyze the current challenges and provide perspectives for future developments.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147524066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probing phonon modes in reconstructed twisted homo- and hetero-bilayer system","authors":"Sushil Kumar Sahu, Robin Bajaj, Syed Ummair Ali, Ajay Bhut, Roshan Jesus Mathew, Shinjan Mandal, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Manish Jain, Chandan Kumar","doi":"10.1063/5.0295168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0295168","url":null,"abstract":"Twist-angle engineering in van der Waals homo- and hetero-bilayers introduces profound modifications in their electronic, optical, and mechanical properties due to lattice reconstruction. In these systems, the interlayer coupling and atomic rearrangement strongly depend on the twist angle, leading to the formation of periodic moiré superlattices. At small twist angles, significant lattice relaxation results in the emergence of domain structures separated by one-dimensional (1D) soliton networks, influencing electronic band structures and phonon modes. In this study, we systematically investigate the impact of lattice reconstruction on phonon renormalization in twisted bilayer graphene (TBLG) and graphene-hBN moiré superlattices, representing homo- and hetero-bilayer system, respectively. Using Raman spectroscopy, we identify distinct phonon behaviors across different twist angle regimes. In TBLG, we observe the evolution of the G peak, including broadening, splitting, and the emergence of additional peaks in the small angle range (0.3°−1°), attributed to moiré-modified phonon interactions. At large twist angles, the peaks gradually merge back into a single feature, reflecting the reduced impact of lattice reconstruction. Similarly, in hBN–graphene moiré superlattices, we detect moiré-induced Raman peaks above and below the G peak, while the central G peak remains largely invariant to twist angle variation. The theoretical calculations based on classical force-field uncover moiré phonon modes originating from different stacking regions, including AB (AB′), AA, and SP configurations, providing insights into phonon renormalization driven by lattice reconstruction. Our results establish a direct link between twist angle, lattice reconstruction, moiré phonons, and interlayer coupling, offering a fundamental framework for understanding phonon engineering in twisted bilayer systems. These findings pave the way for controlling phononic, optoelectronic, and heat flow properties in next generation van der Waals heterostructures.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"415 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147393372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent progress in artificial intelligence enabled NMR spectroscopy: Methodologies, implementations, quality assessments, and prospects","authors":"Haolin Zhan, Yuqing Huang, Zhong Chen","doi":"10.1063/5.0277355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0277355","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is widely used across chemistry, applied physics, life sciences, and related disciplines. As NMR studies grow in complexity, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool to improve NMR data acquisition, processing, and analysis, fundamentally reshaping conventional NMR workflows. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in AI-enabled NMR reconstruction, tracing its methodological evolution from early artificial neural networks and evolutionary algorithms to contemporary deep learning (DL) frameworks. Main applications are examined in detail, including sparse reconstruction, noise filtering and artifact suppression, Laplace NMR inversion, pure shift NMR, chemical exchange saturation transfer NMR, RF pulse generation and pulse sequence design, and nanoscale NMR, among others. For each of these applications, AI methodologies, design choices, key innovations, and publicly available data repositories are highlighted. Moreover, we also summarize and compare the technical implementations and quality assessment behind these applications. Finally, we discuss current challenges, including trade-off between signal preservation and artifact suppression, limited model generalizability to unseen data, the absence of online and uniform quality assessment metrics, and the scarcity of high-quality experimental datasets, and outline future directions encompassing advanced network architectures and training strategies, the development of foundation models for NMR reconstruction, uncertainty-aware modeling and quality assessment benchmarking platforms, and the establishment of open-source datasets. Collectively, the integration of AI addresses long-standing limitations in NMR spectroscopy and improves the quality of NMR spectra, enabling automated analysis of experimental data and enhancing subsequent spectral interpretation, thus providing the stronger support for scientific research and practical applications.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147393190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the waveform feature enhancement strategy of a triboelectric signal by exploring a unique one- and two-dimensional composite structural interface","authors":"Chengmei Gui, Zhenni Liu, Yutong Wang, Zhaoyan Zhu, Chao Li, Xingke Zhao, Jun Chen, Tao Jiang, Zhanyong Hong, Junjun Huang","doi":"10.1063/5.0312315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0312315","url":null,"abstract":"Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-based sensors have emerged as transformative technologies for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. Enhancing the waveform characteristics of triboelectric signals is crucial for improving sensing accuracy. Here, we report a TENG-based vibration sensor employing a polymer-encapsulated metal conductor, guided by a unique one- and two-dimensional composite structural interface to enrich signal waveform features. An ethyl cellulose-modified electroless copper-plated nonwoven substrate was used as the inner electrode, subsequently encapsulated in a low-modulus polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix to fabricate the device. Upon contact with external stimuli, including vibration waves and diverse material surfaces, the overlap of electron clouds at the electrode/PDMS interface reduces the energy barrier, facilitating electron transfer and generating triboelectric signals. Notably, the multidimensional electrode structure produces signals with richer, subtle features, which can be effectively captured by machine learning algorithms to extract detailed information about the stimuli. This work provides an innovative approach for enhancing triboelectric waveform features and demonstrates a high-accuracy tactile sensor with potential for advancing sustainable and intelligent sensing technologies.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147314865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Giant yet robust barocaloric cooling in superionic-ductile Ag2S thermoelectrics","authors":"Xiao-Ming Huang, Xiaowen Hao, Tingjiao Xiong, Yifan Yuan, Ziqi Guan, Xiaoli Huang, Hongliang Dong, Jinfu Shu, Le Kang, Bao Yuan, Dexiang Gao, Xudong Shen, Cuiping Zhang, Guoliang Li, Bing Li, Peng Tong, Kunpeng Zhao, Xin Tong, Qingyong Ren","doi":"10.1063/5.0312529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0312529","url":null,"abstract":"Solid-state cooling based on caloric effects offers a promising and sustainable refrigeration solution. However, developing barocaloric materials that combine a large thermal response with high mechanical ductility remains challenging. Here, we report a giant barocaloric effect in superionic-ductile Ag2S-based thermoelectric semiconductors, achieved through medium-entropy alloying (Ag2S1-x-ySexTey). This yields a colossal barocaloric strength of ∼0.41 J kg−1 K−1 MPa−1 near room temperature, enabled by a large entropy change (∼42 J kg−1 K−1) under a low driving pressure of ∼100 MPa. In situ neutron and x-ray diffraction reveal a reversible pressure-driven order–disorder transition of the Ag-ion sublattice, with diffuse scattering confirming the giant configurational entropy change. Simultaneously, the material's inherently exceptional plasticity (compression >90%, stretching ∼43%, and bending >100%) ensures excellent cyclability, with a stable adiabatic temperature change of ∼4.8 K and negligible performance drift during repeated cycling. This work synergizes mechanical ductility with superionic entropy engineering, establishing a robust platform for efficient, durable barocaloric cooling and expanding the functional scope of thermoelectrics as versatile solid-state refrigerants.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"152 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147292381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}