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Extracellular Vesicles as Central Mediators of COPD Pathophysiology. 细胞外小泡是慢性阻塞性肺疾病病理生理学的核心介质。
IF 15.7 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 Epub Date: 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-061121-035838
Derek W Russell, Kristopher R Genschmer, J Edwin Blalock
{"title":"Extracellular Vesicles as Central Mediators of COPD Pathophysiology.","authors":"Derek W Russell, Kristopher R Genschmer, J Edwin Blalock","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-061121-035838","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-061121-035838","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex, heterogeneous, smoking-related disease of significant global impact. The complex biology of COPD is ultimately driven by a few interrelated processes, including proteolytic tissue remodeling, innate immune inflammation, derangements of the host-pathogen response, aberrant cellular phenotype switching, and cellular senescence, among others. Each of these processes are engendered and perpetuated by cells modulating their environment or each other. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are powerful effectors that allow cells to perform a diverse array of functions on both adjacent and distant tissues, and their pleiotropic nature is only beginning to be appreciated. As such, EVs are candidates to play major roles in these fundamental mechanisms of disease behind COPD. Furthermore, some such roles for EVs are already established, and EVs are implicated in significant aspects of COPD pathogenesis. Here, we discuss known and potential ways that EVs modulate the environment of their originating cells to contribute to the processes that underlie COPD.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":"84 ","pages":"631-654"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8831481/pdf/nihms-1769489.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9511220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Innate Bacteriostatic Mechanisms Defend the Urinary Tract. 先天抑菌机制保卫尿路
IF 18.2 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 Epub Date: 2021-11-15 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-052521-121810
Jose A Munoz, Anne-Catrin Uhlemann, Jonathan Barasch
{"title":"Innate Bacteriostatic Mechanisms Defend the Urinary Tract.","authors":"Jose A Munoz, Anne-Catrin Uhlemann, Jonathan Barasch","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-052521-121810","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-052521-121810","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common type of urogenital disease. UTI affects the urethra, bladder, ureter, and kidney. A total of 13.3% of women, 2.3% of men, and 3.4% of children in the United States will require treatment for UTI. Traditionally, bladder (cystitis) and kidney (pyelonephritis) infections are considered independently. However, both infections induce host defenses that are either shared or coordinated across the urinary tract. Here, we review the chemical and biophysical mechanisms of bacteriostasis, which limit the duration and severity of the illness. Urinary bacteria attempt to overcome each of these defenses, complicating description of the natural history of UTI.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":"84 ","pages":"533-558"},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9185666/pdf/nihms-1811822.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10288466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Diverse Physiological Functions of Mechanically Activated Ion Channels in Mammals. 哺乳动物机械激活离子通道的多种生理功能。
IF 18.2 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 Epub Date: 2021-10-12 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-100935
Kate Poole
{"title":"The Diverse Physiological Functions of Mechanically Activated Ion Channels in Mammals.","authors":"Kate Poole","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-100935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-100935","url":null,"abstract":"Many aspects of mammalian physiology are mechanically regulated. One set of molecules that can mediate mechanotransduction are the mechanically activated ion channels. These ionotropic force sensors are directly activated by mechanical inputs, resulting in ionic flux across the plasma membrane. While there has been much research focus on the role of mechanically activated ion channels in touch sensation and hearing, recent data have highlighted the broad expression pattern of these molecules in mammalian cells. Disruption of mechanically activated channels has been shown to impact (a) the development of mechanoresponsive structures, (b) acute mechanical sensing, and (c) mechanically driven homeostatic maintenance in multiple tissue types. The diversity of processes impacted by these molecules highlights the importance of mechanically activated ion channels in mammalian physiology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 84 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":" ","pages":"307-329"},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39509273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
β-Arrestins as Important Regulators of Glucose and Energy Homeostasis. β-抑制蛋白是葡萄糖和能量稳态的重要调节因子。
IF 18.2 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 Epub Date: 2021-10-27 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-092948
Sai P Pydi, Luiz F Barella, Lu Zhu, Jaroslawna Meister, Mario Rossi, Jürgen Wess
{"title":"β-Arrestins as Important Regulators of Glucose and Energy Homeostasis.","authors":"Sai P Pydi,&nbsp;Luiz F Barella,&nbsp;Lu Zhu,&nbsp;Jaroslawna Meister,&nbsp;Mario Rossi,&nbsp;Jürgen Wess","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-092948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-092948","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>β-Arrestin-1 and -2 (also known as arrestin-2 and -3, respectively) are ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic proteins that dampen signaling through G protein-coupled receptors. However, β-arrestins can also act as signaling molecules in their own right. To investigate the potential metabolic roles of the two β-arrestins in modulating glucose and energy homeostasis, recent studies analyzed mutant mice that lacked or overexpressed β-arrestin-1 and/or -2 in distinct, metabolically important cell types. Metabolic analysis of these mutant mice clearly demonstrated that both β-arrestins play key roles in regulating the function of most of these cell types, resulting in striking changes in whole-body glucose and/or energy homeostasis. These studies also revealed that β-arrestin-1 and -2, though structurally closely related, clearly differ in their metabolic roles under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. These new findings should guide the development of novel drugs for the treatment of various metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and obesity.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":" ","pages":"17-40"},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39562754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Inflammatory Modulation of Hematopoiesis: Linking Trained Immunity and Clonal Hematopoiesis with Chronic Disorders. 造血的炎症调节:将训练免疫和克隆造血与慢性疾病联系起来。
IF 18.2 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 Epub Date: 2021-10-06 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-052521-013627
Triantafyllos Chavakis, Ben Wielockx, George Hajishengallis
{"title":"Inflammatory Modulation of Hematopoiesis: Linking Trained Immunity and Clonal Hematopoiesis with Chronic Disorders.","authors":"Triantafyllos Chavakis,&nbsp;Ben Wielockx,&nbsp;George Hajishengallis","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-052521-013627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-052521-013627","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammation-adapted hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) have long been appreciated as key drivers of emergency myelopoiesis, thereby enabling the bone marrow to meet the elevated demand for myeloid cell generation under various stress conditions, such as systemic infection, inflammation, or myelosuppressive insults. In recent years, HSPC adaptations were associated with potential involvement in the induction of long-lived trained immunity and the emergence of clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP). Whereas trained immunity has context-dependent effects, protective in infections and tumors but potentially detrimental in chronic inflammatory diseases, CHIP increases the risk for hematological neoplastic disorders and cardiometabolic pathologies. This review focuses on the inflammatory regulation of HSPCs in the aforementioned processes and discusses how modulation of HSPC function could lead to novel therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":" ","pages":"183-207"},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39489703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
AMPK and the Adaptation to Exercise. AMPK与运动适应。
IF 18.2 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-095517
Hannah R Spaulding, Zhen Yan
{"title":"AMPK and the Adaptation to Exercise.","authors":"Hannah R Spaulding,&nbsp;Zhen Yan","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-095517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-095517","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Noncommunicable diseases are chronic diseases that contribute to death worldwide, but these diseases can be prevented and mitigated with regular exercise. Exercise activates signaling molecules and the transcriptional network to promote physiological adaptations, such as fiber type transformation, angiogenesis, and mitochondrial biogenesis. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator that senses the energy state, promotes metabolism for glucose and fatty acid utilization, and mediates beneficial cellular adaptations in many vital tissues and organs. This review focuses on the current, integrative understanding of the role of exercise-induced activation of AMPK in the regulation of system metabolism and promotion of health benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":"84 ","pages":"209-227"},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8919726/pdf/nihms-1785132.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10743690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 34
Under the Radar: Strategies Used by Helicobacter pylori to Evade Host Responses. 在雷达下:幽门螺杆菌用来逃避宿主反应的策略。
IF 18.2 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 Epub Date: 2021-10-21 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-061121-035930
Akriti Prashar, Mariana I Capurro, Nicola L Jones
{"title":"Under the Radar: Strategies Used by <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> to Evade Host Responses.","authors":"Akriti Prashar,&nbsp;Mariana I Capurro,&nbsp;Nicola L Jones","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-061121-035930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-061121-035930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The body depends on its physical barriers and innate and adaptive immune responses to defend against the constant assault of potentially harmful microbes. In turn, successful pathogens have evolved unique mechanisms to adapt to the host environment and manipulate host defenses. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> (<i>Hp</i>), a human gastric pathogen that is acquired in childhood and persists throughout life, is an example of a bacterium that is very successful at remodeling the host-pathogen interface to promote a long-term persistent infection. Using a combination of secreted virulence factors, immune subversion, and manipulation of cellular mechanisms, <i>Hp</i> can colonize and persist in the hostile environment of the human stomach. Here, we review the most recent and relevant information regarding how this successful pathogen overcomes gastric epithelial host defense responses to facilitate its own survival and establish a chronic infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":" ","pages":"485-506"},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39539277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
β-Adrenergic Receptors and Adipose Tissue Metabolism: Evolution of an Old Story. β-肾上腺素能受体和脂肪组织代谢:一个古老故事的进化。
IF 18.2 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-092939
Sheila Collins
{"title":"β-Adrenergic Receptors and Adipose Tissue Metabolism: Evolution of an Old Story.","authors":"Sheila Collins","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-092939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-092939","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role of β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) in adipose tissue to promote lipolysis and the release of fatty acids and nonshivering thermogenesis in brown fat has been studied for so many decades that one would think there is nothing left to discover. With the rediscovery of brown fat in humans and renewed interest in UCP1 and uncoupled mitochondrial respiration, it seems that a review of adipose tissue as an organ, pivotal observations, and the investigators who made them would be instructive to understanding where the field stands now. The discovery of the β<sub>3</sub>-adrenergic receptor was important for accurately defining the pharmacology of the adipocyte, while the clinical targeting of this receptor for obesity and metabolic disease has had its highs and lows. Many questions still remain about how βARs regulate adipocyte metabolism and the signaling molecules through which they do it.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39611414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 25
Cerebral Vascular Dysfunctions Detected in Human Small Vessel Disease and Implications for Preclinical Studies. 在人类小血管疾病中检测到的脑血管功能障碍及其临床前研究的意义。
IF 15.7 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 Epub Date: 2021-10-26 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-060821-014521
Joanna M Wardlaw, Helene Benveniste, Anna Williams
{"title":"Cerebral Vascular Dysfunctions Detected in Human Small Vessel Disease and Implications for Preclinical Studies.","authors":"Joanna M Wardlaw, Helene Benveniste, Anna Williams","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-060821-014521","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-060821-014521","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is highly prevalent and a common cause of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and dementia, yet the pathophysiology is poorly understood. Its clinical expression is highly varied, and prognostic implications are frequently overlooked in clinics; thus, treatment is currently confined to vascular risk factor management. Traditionally, SVD is considered the small vessel equivalent of large artery stroke (occlusion, rupture), but data emerging from human neuroimaging and genetic studies refute this, instead showing microvessel endothelial dysfunction impacting on cell-cell interactions and leading to brain damage. These dysfunctions reflect defects that appear to be inherited and secondary to environmental exposures, including vascular risk factors. Interrogation in preclinical models shows consistent and converging molecular and cellular interactions across the endothelial-glial-neural unit that increasingly explain the human macroscopic observations and identify common patterns of pathology despite different triggers. Importantly, these insights may offer new targets for therapeutic intervention focused on restoring endothelial-glial physiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":"84 ","pages":"409-434"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9311507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Sour Taste. 酸味的细胞和分子基础。
IF 18.2 1区 医学
Annual review of physiology Pub Date : 2022-02-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-060121-041637
Heather N Turner, Emily R Liman
{"title":"The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Sour Taste.","authors":"Heather N Turner,&nbsp;Emily R Liman","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-060121-041637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-060121-041637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sour taste, the taste of acids, is one of the most enigmatic of the five basic taste qualities; its function is unclear and its receptor was until recently unknown. Sour tastes are transduced in taste buds on the tongue and palate epithelium by a subset of taste receptor cells, known as type III cells. Type III cells express a number of unique markers, which allow for their identification and manipulation. These cells respond to acid stimuli with action potentials and release neurotransmitters onto afferent nerve fibers, with cell bodies in geniculate and petrosal ganglia. Here, we review classical studies of sour taste leading up to the identification of the sour receptor as the proton channel OTOP1.</p>","PeriodicalId":8196,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of physiology","volume":"84 ","pages":"41-58"},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10191257/pdf/nihms-1886150.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9480165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
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