Journal of international affairs最新文献_第4页

Journal of international affairs Pub Date : 2013-09-22 DOI: 10.5334/sta.733

C. Chinkin, M. Kaldor, P. Yadav

{"title":"Gender and New Wars","authors":"C. Chinkin, M. Kaldor, P. Yadav","doi":"10.5334/sta.733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.733","url":null,"abstract":"War plays an important role in the construction of gender, or the social roles of men and women. This article analyzes the gendered experience of what Kaldor calls \"new wars.\" It shows that new wars are largely fought by men in the name of a political identity that usually has a significant gender dimension. They use tactics that involve deliberate attacks on civilians, including systematic rape as a weapon of war, and are financed by predatory economic activities that tend to affect women more than men. The article describes the ways in which laws relating to gendered violence have been strengthened since the 1990s, arguing that implementation has been very weak. The article concludes that the construction of masculinity in new wars, in contrast to the heroic warrior of \"old wars,\" is much more contradictory and insecure. On the one hand, extreme gender differences can only be secured through continued violence; on the other hand, the very contradictory and insecure character of masculinity offers a potential for alternatives. By looking at new wars through a gender lens, it is possible to identify policy options that might be more likely to contribute to a sustained peace. These include support for civil society, which tends to involve a preponderance of women, implementation of law at local and international levels, and greater participation of women in all aspects of peacemaking, including peacekeeping and law enforcement. ********** War is a predominantly male activity. It is fought largely by men, and statistics suggest that young men of military age are most likely to be killed in war, whether as combatants or as civilians. (1) This cannot be explained in terms of the biological differences between men and women. Women are capable of being effective soldiers; they can and do join fighting forces, and women get killed in battle as well as in attacks on civilians. Instead, the significance of the predominance of men engaging in warfare lies in the way that gender is constructed in war. In referring to gender, we mean \"a set of cultural institutions and practices that constitute the norms and standards of masculinity and femininity.\" (2) Although individual men and women may not necessarily conform to these stereotypes, masculinity is largely associated with physical strength, action, hardness, and aggression, in contrast to the association between femininity and passivity, empathy, caring, and emotion. In many spheres of life, such as those pertaining to political and military leadership, traits associated with masculinity are valued. (3) But in according greater value to the traits of masculinity, the traits of femininity are correspondingly undervalued, which may lead to discrimination and even gender-based violence against those associated with feminine traits. Many scholars have remarked that war enhances and extols the value of traits associated with masculinity. (4) Indeed, as Steans has noted, \"militarists use the myth of war's manlin","PeriodicalId":81668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of international affairs","volume":"67 1","pages":"167-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70722577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 47

The Rise of Women: The Growing Gender Gap in Education and What It Means for American Schools 《女性的崛起:教育中日益扩大的性别差距及其对美国学校的意义

Journal of international affairs Pub Date : 2013-09-22 DOI: 10.5860/choice.51-1553

Caitlin C. Aymong

引用次数: 3

Two Nations Indivisible: Mexico, the United States, and the Road Ahead 两个不可分割的国家:墨西哥、美国和未来之路

Journal of international affairs Pub Date : 2013-03-22 DOI: 10.5860/choice.51-5276

Alina A. Smyslova

引用次数: 5

Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class 经济流动性和拉丁美洲中产阶级的崛起

Journal of international affairs Pub Date : 2013-03-22 DOI: 10.5860/choice.50-4551

Alexander Lee

引用次数: 215

Democracy and the Left: Social Policy and Inequality in Latin America 民主与左派:拉丁美洲的社会政策与不平等

Journal of international affairs Pub Date : 2013-03-22 DOI: 10.5860/choice.50-5244

Christopher Eshleman

引用次数: 20

The Money Laundry: Regulating Criminal Finance in the Global Economy 洗钱:在全球经济中规范犯罪金融

Journal of international affairs Pub Date : 2012-09-22 DOI: 10.5860/choice.49-5186

E. Wagner

引用次数: 72

Dragon in the Tropics: Hugo Chavez and the Political Economy of Revolution in Venezuela 热带的龙:乌戈·查韦斯和委内瑞拉革命的政治经济

Journal of international affairs Pub Date : 2011-09-22 DOI: 10.5860/choice.49-0508

M. Snyder

引用次数: 87

Pakistan: Militancy, the Transition to Democracy and Future Relations with the United States 《巴基斯坦:战斗、向民主过渡以及与美国的未来关系》

Journal of international affairs Pub Date : 2009-09-22 DOI: 10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim210030122

Saeed Shafqat

{"title":"Pakistan: Militancy, the Transition to Democracy and Future Relations with the United States","authors":"Saeed Shafqat","doi":"10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim210030122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim210030122","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan's geostrategic location has made it a country of pivotal importance from the Cold War to the present day. Geography not only shapes Pakistan's foreign policy, but also its defense considerations and strategic outlook. Its crucial position in South Asia, with its proximity to the Arabian Peninsula and access to the Horn of Africa and Central Asia, make it a strategically attractive and unavoidable state for global and regional powers. China continues to be a reliable friend and considers Pakistan a window of strategic opportunity. (1) For Russia, Pakistan could offer access to \"warm waters\" if Afghanistan were to gain stability, thus improving the level of trust between the two nations. India's imminent emergence as a regional power will likely be contested by Pakistan, and the peace process between the two rivals will continue at a snail's pace. Pakistan continues to have strong cultural and strategic partnerships with Iran and Saudi Arabia. (2) Iran's nuclear ambitions, and the growing consensus among the Great Powers to curb these, may boost the geostrategic value of Pakistan in the region. With the recent construction of the Gwadar Port, which now serves as a gateway to the Gulf States, Pakistan's importance will only increase in the region. In the coming decades, as the rivalry among global powers to dominate the Indian Ocean intensifies, it becomes likely that whichever power influences the Persian Gulf will control not only the Arabian Sea but also the Indian Ocean. (3) In addition to its strategic geopolitical significance, the global war on terrorism has enhanced Pakistan's significance as a regional hub of terrorism. Pakistan is all at once a country of origin, a destination, a conduit and a victim of global jihad. According to Bruce Riedel's characterization, Pakistan has emerged as the \"critical battlefield\" in the war against global jihad. (4) In the post-9/11 world, U.S. policy toward Pakistan has undergone a paradigm shift. In less than a decade, Pakistan has graduated from being a frontline state to being a NATO ally and strategic partner. Since 2002, Pakistan has been the recipient of over $10.5 billion in U.S. military and economic assistance; and more than $1.5 billion in non-military aid is pledged annually for the next five years. (5) From an American military perspective, this region is crucial for global stability and American security as it is home to numerous countries that have supported, funded or politically backed global terrorist groups. The list includes Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Israel and India. With the exception of Israel and India, this geographical area is under the responsibility of the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), currently the U.S. military's most important regional command. American-Pakistani relations are affected by several dynamics. First, it is clear that this shift in U.S.-Pakistan relations is driven primarily by a regional security imperative of which considerations","PeriodicalId":81668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of international affairs","volume":"63 1","pages":"89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64422864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 20

Power and Pressure: African Media and the Extractive Sector 权力与压力:非洲媒体与采掘业

Journal of international affairs Pub Date : 2009-03-22 DOI: 10.7916/D8XP7FKZ

A. Schiffrin

{"title":"Power and Pressure: African Media and the Extractive Sector","authors":"A. Schiffrin","doi":"10.7916/D8XP7FKZ","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7916/D8XP7FKZ","url":null,"abstract":"Journalism in Africa has come far in recent decades. The decline of one-party dictatorships, which traditionally kept a grip on the press, has brought about rapid changes. (1) The number of media outlets has expanded and in many countries, such as South Africa and Nigeria, the press is now known for being lively and outspoken. The old days in which the government controlled the one broadcaster, strictly licensed just a few newspapers and kept a tight grip on newsprint allocation are gone in most countries. (2) From having a few dozen media outlets at the end of the colonial period, Africa now has hundreds. Across the continent, small newspapers and radio stations have sprung up, many with just a few thousand listeners and tiny staffs. The rapid expansion of new technology also bodes well for journalistic freedom. Online publications also allow wider participation and the growth of citizen journalism, which can boost governance and promote transparency. A well-functioning media in Africa is a critical development need. African governments face serious policy challenges, and many government institutions do not function effectively. High-quality journalism, which is necessary to highlight the problems that need solving, digs deep and explains the topics of the day in clear language. Despite these needs, and despite the recent changes described above, there are grave deficiencies in the quality of African journalism. (3) Critiques of the portrayal of Africa by the Western mainstream media include its focus on crisis, disaster, war, famine and its oversimplification of social organization and ethnicity. (4) Conversely, the local African press remains a disappointment for many people on the continent. Not only would Africans like to see well-written and detailed coverage by Africans of the news that affects their lives, but they want the media to cover the important topics that will affect their country's economic and political development. With some notable exceptions, the quality of daily journalism is not as good as it should be, and there is a shortage of detailed investigative reporting on key topics. As a result, many of the African urban elites rely on foreign media such as the BBC or CNN for their daily news diet. There are a number of exceptions to this gloomy picture and the good news is that change can and does happen quickly in many developing countries. Shifts in political regimes, media ownership, investment in education, economic growth and the introduction of new technology have all contributed to rapid improvement in countries such as Bangladesh, Pakistan and South Africa. Today, in many African countries, there are a handful of quality dailies and broadcasters adhering to high standards, employing the best reporters and editors they can find and paying above-average salaries. It is also important to recognize that many of the problems endemic to African media are shared by journalists all over the world in both developing and develope","PeriodicalId":81668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of international affairs","volume":"62 1","pages":"127-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71368365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

Editorial: From Universal Prescriptions to Living Rights: Local and Indigenous Water Rights Confront Public-Private Partnerships in the Andes 社论:从普遍处方到生存权利:安第斯山脉当地和土著水权面临公私伙伴关系

Journal of international affairs Pub Date : 2008-03-22 DOI: 10.2307/40204132

R. Boelens

{"title":"Editorial: From Universal Prescriptions to Living Rights: Local and Indigenous Water Rights Confront Public-Private Partnerships in the Andes","authors":"R. Boelens","doi":"10.2307/40204132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/40204132","url":null,"abstract":"With growing water scarcity and conflicts in many regions of the world, water rights and property relations have become a pivotal issue in water legislation efforts, policy debates and rural development programs. Still, there appears to be an enormous lack of understanding of what these water rights and property relations are in actual practice. For the most part, policymakers, intervening agencies and rural development institutions typically approach water rights as globally applicable, entitlement recipes. Water rights are portrayed as universally defined procedures that prescribe rational water-use claims and authorize corresponding user licenses. For peasant communities and indigenous water user organizations in the Andean region--as with many parts of the world--the right to water has many components that go beyond universal reasoning and policies. Water rights involve access to resources, context-defined privileges and agreements on system operations. Water rights also include decisionmaking powers over control, issues of belonging (i.e., hydraulic identities--water's role in a particular culture) and agreements that closely intertwine the normative, infrastructural and organizational domains of water control. All these components are created, reconfirmed and then re-created in location-specific historical processes within particular cultural and political contexts. This analysis focuses on the dynamics of water rights in irrigation water control--responsible for 80 percent of the freshwater consumption in the Andean region--within a wider socioeconomic, cultural and political panorama. It emphasizes that there is an enormous variety of definitions and uses of water rights in practice, and that its meaning and function cannot be assumed. Therefore, to understand the space- and time-specific meaning of a water right, it is necessary to close the policymakers' prescriptive manuals and examine rights in their relation to the legal complexities at the local level. Despite claims to the contrary, water policies and intervention practices in the Andean highlands often neglect the cultural pluralism inherent to local and indigenous water rights practices, undermining and replacing them with externally controlled allocations, organizations and institutions. The practice of introducing \"rational water rights\" and \"efficient water use\" as the vocabulary in discussions of integrated and participatory water management has proven to be quite effective in achieving this objective. In other analyses, I have examined and criticized the subtle (and not so subtle) efforts to subjugate Andean water rights and user collectives to bureaucratic policies and to the interests of international, neoliberal water privatization programs. This paper takes a closer look at the problematic practices of many of the public-private partnerships (PPP) that, with the strong support from international policy institutions, increasingly dominate the Andean waterscapes. This pape","PeriodicalId":81668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of international affairs","volume":"61 1","pages":"127-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/40204132","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69733682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0