Archives of Animal Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"<i>In situ</i> crude protein and starch degradation and <i>in vitro</i> evaluation of pea grains for ruminants.","authors":"Natascha Titze, Jochen Krieg, Herbert Steingass, Markus Rodehutscord","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2021.1994831","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1745039X.2021.1994831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thirteen pea grain samples from different origins were used to examine the variation in <i>in situ</i> ruminal degradation of crude protein (CP) and starch as well as <i>in vitro</i> gas production (GP) kinetics. <i>In vitro</i> GP was used to estimate the digestibility of organic matter (dOM), metabolisable energy (ME) and utilisable CP at the duodenum (uCP). Protein fractions were also determined according to the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Degradation of CP and starch from all pea grains in the rumen was almost complete, with a high proportion of the instantly disappearing fraction. The variation in the degradation constants among pea grain variants was high, and degradation of CP and starch showed a significant initial lag phase in the rumen. The mean effective degradation (ED) calculated for a rumen outflow of k = 8%/h of CP (EDCP8) was higher than ED of starch (EDST8), averaging 77.0 and 71.5%, respectively, with low variation among variants. A correlation analysis between GP parameters and <i>in situ</i> degradation constants showed no clear relationship, but the rates of <i>in vitro</i> GP and <i>in situ</i> starch degradation were similar. Most of the protein in the pea grains was buffer-soluble with fast and intermediate degradation. Variation in the protein fractions among the pea grain variants was low and not suitable for predicting differences in <i>in situ</i> degradation characteristics. The mean <i>in vitro</i> uCP of pea grains was 198 g/kg dry matter (k = 8%/h) and variation was low and consistent with that of GP kinetics and <i>in situ</i> rumen undegradable crude protein values. The estimation of dOM and ME from 24 h GP led to very high values indicating that the existing prediction equations may not be suitable for pea grains as a single feed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":"75 6","pages":"422-434"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39610890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative effect of zinc supplementation by hydroxy and inorganic sources on nutrient utilisation, mineral balance, growth performance and growth biomarkers in pre-ruminant calves.","authors":"Ravi Prakash Pal,&nbsp;Veena Mani,&nbsp;Shahid Hassan Mir,&nbsp;Amit Sharma,&nbsp;Srobana Sarkar","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2021.2007692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2021.2007692","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zinc (Zn), an important microelement in ruminant diet, plays a critical role in various enzymes, hormones and functional proteins involved in nutrient metabolism. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of zinc hydroxychloride (Zn₅(OH)₈Cl₂·H₂O [ZnOHCl] and zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄) on nutrient utilisation, mineral metabolism and biomarkers pertaining to growth performance in pre-ruminant crossbred calves. Twenty-four crossbred calves [body weight (BW); 31.03 ± 4.30 kg; age 10 d] were randomly allocated to four treatment groups (<i>n</i> = 6), i.e. no supplementation of Zn (0 mg/kg dry matter [DM]), 80 mg/kg DM Zn as ZnSO₄(ZnS-80), 40 mg/kg DM Zn as ZnOHCl (ZnH-40) and 80 mg/kg DM Zn as ZnOHCl (ZnH-80) for 90 d experimental period. Results showed that dietary Zn supplementation improved (<i>p</i> < 0.05) feed intake, BW, average daily gain, heart girth, body length, plasma growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor and thyroxin concentration; however, nutrient digestibility remained unaffected among the groups. Addition of Zn increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05) Zn retention and plasma Zn concentration without affecting  retention and plasma concentration of other minerals. Retention of Zn was the highest in ZnH-80 group followed by ZnH-40, ZnS-80 and lowest in control group. Overall results of the present study indicate that regardless of sources and levels, Zn supplementation increased growth performance, plasma Zn concentration and hormones levels in pre-ruminant crossbred calves. However, supplementation of hydroxy Zn at 40 mg/kg DM had similar effect as produced by ZnSO₄ or ZnOHCl at a supplementation level of 80 mg/kg DM. Therefore, from the present study it can be concluded that ZnOHCl can be used as a Zn source for pre-ruminant calves at a lower dose compared to ZnSO₄.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":"75 6","pages":"435-449"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39881511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of dietary oil sources (sunflower and fish) on fermentation characteristics, epithelial gene expression and microbial community in the rumen of lambs fed a high-concentrate diet.","authors":"Hamidreza Mirzaei-Alamouti,&nbsp;Arman Abdollahi,&nbsp;Hasan Rahimi,&nbsp;Saeedeh Moradi,&nbsp;Mina Vazirigohar,&nbsp;Jörg R Aschenbach","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2021.1997539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2021.1997539","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The feeding of high-concentrate diets commonly results in lowered pH and ruminal dysbiosis which cause shifts in uptake dynamics of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and altered epithelial function. Therefore, the current study evaluated the effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on ruminal fermentation products, gene expression in the ruminal epithelium and the associated changes in ruminal microorganisms in lambs fed a high-concentrate diet. Twenty-six Afshari lambs adapted to a high-concentrate diet during a completely randomised design were fed with a basal diet supplemented with 100 g oil supplement (OS; 60 g sunflower oil and 40 g fish oil) for 10 (OS10), 20 (OS20) and 30 (OS30) d, respectively (<i>n</i> = 6). Lambs with no oil supplementation (OS0, <i>n</i> = 8) were considered as control and slaughtered at d 0 of the experiment, and the remaining lambs were slaughtered at 10, 20 and 30 d on feed. After slaughter, ruminal digesta was collected for evaluating fermentation and microbial community. Ruminal papillae were taken for assessment of epithelial gene expression. Compared with OS0 lambs, supplemental PUFA in OS30 lambs tended to decrease total SCFA concentration with decreased acetic and increased propionic acid concentrations. Acetate:propionate ratios were decreased and ruminal pH was increased in OS20 and OS30 lambs compared to OS0. All groups with included OS had decreased concentrations of <i>iso</i>-valeric and valeric acids compared to OS0. Relative mRNA abundance of monocarboxylate transporter isoforms 1 and 4, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 and 2 decreased with increasing OS duration. The relative abundance of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 mRNA transcript was higher for OS10 and OS20 lambs relative to OS0 lambs. OS20 and OS30 showed a decrease of lipopolysaccharide binding protein mRNA expression compared with OS0. Feeding supplemental PUFA decreased <i>Ciliate protozoa</i> and increased <i>Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens</i> in OS20 and OS30 lambs, whereas <i>Megasphaera elsdenii</i> was increased in OS30 lambs. In conclusion, combined supplementation of sunflower and fish oil to a high-concentrate diet affects the ruminal microbial community with prominent decreases in ruminal ciliate protozoa and increases in <i>B. fibrisolvens</i> and <i>M. elsdenii</i>. These results lead to a more stabilised ruminal pH and a fermentation shift towards more propionate generation. Consideration of nutrients digestion will help to fully understand the benefits of feeding PUFA with a high-concentrate diet.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":"75 6","pages":"405-421"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39745510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of dietary fibre and indigestible markers on the apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy and nutrients, and indigestible marker recovery in diets fed to growing pigs","authors":"Zhengqun Liu, Kaide Li, R. Zhong, Liang Chen, Lei Liu, Hongfu Zhang","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2021.2018922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2021.2018922","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this study, the effects of dietary fibre and types of indigestible markers (IM) on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and nutrients as well as IM recovery in diets fed to growing pigs were investigated. A total of 30 barrows (initial body weight 40.5 ± 1.4 kg) were allotted to five experimental diets, based on a completely randomised block design, with body weight as a blocking factor. The five diets comprised a corn–soya bean meal basal diet, and four diets in which sugar beet pulp (SBP) or defatted rice bran (DFRB) partly replaced 10% or 20% of corn, soya bean meal and soya bean oil in the basal diet. All diets were formulated to contain two types of IM, namely 0.5% chromic oxide (Cr) and 1.0% celite as the source of acid-insoluble ash (AIA). Animals were subjected to a 7-d adaptation period, and their faeces were collected over a 5-d period using the total faecal collection (TC) method. Results showed that the AIA method determined similar ATTD of GE and nutrients as the TC method. Values of dietary nutrients determined via AIA and TC methods were significantly higher than those obtained by Cr (p < 0.05). The ATTD of GE and nutrients linearly decreased with an increased inclusion level of SBP or DFRB (p < 0.01), whereas recoveries of AIA and Cr were not affected by the aforementioned inclusions. Results from the faecal analysis revealed that AIA recovery (90.5%) was significantly higher than that of Cr (84.9%, p < 0.05), while diets with DFRB (91.3%) had significantly greater IM recovery rates than those with SBP (84.4%, p < 0.05). In conclusion, the type of dietary fibre, rather than the level, significantly affects IM recovery. Notably, AIA should be preferred to Cr when using the IM method to determine ATTD of GE and nutrients for diets in growing pigs.","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":"42 1","pages":"465 - 473"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86237246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of breeds and dietary nutrient levels on expression patterns of paired box genes and myogenic regulatory factors in pigs","authors":"Hua Zhou, Y. Liao, Daiwen Chen, B. Yu","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2021.2006542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2021.2006542","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different breeds and dietary nutrient levels on expressions of paired box (Pax) genes and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) in pigs. Thirty Large White (LW) barrows and thirty Chenghua (CH, a native breed of China) barrows were performed in experiment 1. Results exhibited that in the CH pigs the abundances of Pax3 at 105 and 220 d of age, Mrf4 at 63 d of age, Myf5 and Mrf4 at 220 d of age were higher than those in the LW pigs (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the expressions of MyHC-І and ІІa in the CH pigs were upregulated, and the abundance of MyHC-ІІb were downregulated compared with those in the LW pigs at 105 and 220 d of age (p < 0.05). Moreover, the meat quality of the CH pigs was better than in the LW pigs (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, sixty LW pigs were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments meeting their nutrient requirements (NRC) or a diet with moderately reduced digestible energy, crude protein and Lys level by 560 kJ/kg, 1.48% and 0.34%, respectively (LOW diet). The results showed that the reduced dietary nutrient level increased (p < 0.05) the expressions of MyoG and Mrf4 at 105 d of age, Pax3, Myf5, and Mrf4 at 220 d of age, and upregulated (p < 0.05) the abundance of MyHC-ІІa at 105 and 220 d of age in LW pigs. In addition, a decrease in dietary nutrient level improved the meat quality in LW pigs (p < 0.05). Collectively, the expressions of Pax genes and MRFs were markedly different between the CH and LW pigs. The CH pigs exhibited higher expression levels of Pax3, Myf5, Mrf4, MyHC-І and ІІa, which may improved the meat quality. A decrease in dietary nutrient level upregulated the abundances Pax3, Mrf4, Myf5, MyoG, and MyHC-ІІa, and might enhance the meat quality in the LW pigs.","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":"79 1","pages":"474 - 488"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87217342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The oral 13C-bicarbonate technique for determination of energy expenditure in dogs: dietary and environmental factors affecting the respiratory quotient and 13C recovery factor","authors":"Caroline Marcussen, Stephanie Gabel, Ann-Kristin Meyer, A. Tauson","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2021.2015986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2021.2015986","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The oral 13C-bicarbonate technique (o13CBT) can be used for short-term measurements of CO2 production (RCO2) and energy expenditure (EEx). The method relies on appropriate estimates for the respiratory quotient (RQ) and recovery factor (RF) of 13C. Four Retriever dogs were included in four experiments to validate the o13CBT against indirect calorimetry (IC), and determine RQ and RF; Expt. 1: feeding different protein:fat:carbohydrate ratios [in % of metabolisable energy]: 25:33:42 in a maintenance (Mnt.) diet; 38:26:36 in a high-protein high-fibre (HFibre) diet and 27:56:17 in a high-fat (HFat) diet, simultaneously with start of measurements (T0); Expt. 2: the Mnt. diet at T0 or 4 h postprandial (T4); Expt. 3: T4 at different ambient temperatures, 22°C and 15°C; Expt. 4: T4 after 1 h physical activity. The RCO2 and EEx were determined from the respiration chamber measurements made simultaneously with IC and the o13CBT (o13CBTonline), and in Expts. 1 and 2, also on two consecutive days using o13CBT with collection of breath into breath bags (o13CBTbreathbags). The RQ values obtained at T0 reflected dietary compositions, with the highest least square mean (LSM) of 0.954 for the Mnt. diet, 0.905 for the HFibre and 0.877 for the HFat diet (p < 0.05). An increased interval between meal and measurement period decreased RQ significantly (p < 0.05) in Expt. 2, LSM being 0.954 at T0 and 0.909 at T4. Ambient temperature (Expt. 3) and physical activity (Expt. 4) did not influence postprandial RQ. The RF values were not significantly affected by diet (Expt. 1). Measurements starting at T0 (Expt. 2) resulted in higher (p < 0.05) RF values than at T4 (LSM = 0.971 and 0.836, respectively). The ambient temperatures (Expt. 3) did not influence postprandial RF. However, when dogs were physically active prior to measurements (Expt. 4), RF values (LSM = 1.019) were higher (p < 0.05) than when resting only (LSM = 0.836). Calculations based on RQ and RF determined in each experiment resulted in RCO2 and EEx values which were not different regardless of method used, except for Expt. 1 where EEx-values [kJ · kg BW–0.75 · d–1] were higher (p < 0.05) when measured with o13CBTbreathbags (460) than by IC (421) and o13CBTonline (420). Provided accurate RQ and RF values, the o13CBTbreathbags can be used as an independent and minimally invasive research tool to determine EEx in dogs under carefully standardised conditions.","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":"259 1","pages":"489 - 509"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83966938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of synbiotics and probiotics on the growth performance, gastrointestinal function and health status of turkeys.","authors":"Krzysztof Lipiński,&nbsp;Magdalena Mazur-Kuśnirek,&nbsp;Zofia Antoszkiewicz,&nbsp;Zbigniew Makowski,&nbsp;Katarzyna Śliżewska,&nbsp;Andrzej Siwicki,&nbsp;Iwona Otrocka-Domagała,&nbsp;Michał Gesek","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2021.1958646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2021.1958646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth performance, gastrointestinal function and health status of turkeys fed diets supplemented with synbiotic preparations, as compared with commercial probiotic feed additives. The experiment lasted for 15 weeks. The research material comprised 600 female BIG 6 turkeys (6 treatments, 5 replicates, 20 birds per replicate). The turkeys from the control group (I) received a diet without additives. Groups II and III received a basal diet with the addition of probiotic BioPlus 2B or Cylactin at 0.4 g/kg diet, respectively. In groups IV, V and VI turkeys were fed diets with synbiotic preparations S1 (<i>L. reuteri, L. plantarum, L. pentosus, S. cerevisiae</i> + inulin), S2 (<i>L. reuteri, L. plantarum, L. pentosus, S. cerevisiae, L. rhamnosus</i> + inulin) and S3 (<i>L. reuteri, L. plantarum, L. pentosus, S. cerevisiae, L. rhamnosus, L. paracasei</i> + inulin) at 0.5 g/kg diet, respectively. The following parameters were monitored: growth performance, carcass quality, the chemical composition of meat, the structure (length, weight, villus height, crypt depth) and functional parameters (pH, viscosity) of selected segments of the gastrointestinal tract, and the health status of birds (lysozyme, gamma-globulins, ceruloplasmin and total protein). Dietary supplementation with probiotics and synbiotics contributed to an increase in the final body weights of turkeys, a decrease in the feed conversion ratio and an increase in values of the European Production Efficiency Factor (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05). Synbiotics improved the immune status of birds by increasing serum gamma-globulin levels and decreasing ceruloplasmin activity at 8^th week of age (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05). Synbiotics and probiotics also contributed to a decrease in crop and caecal pH (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05). The analysed additives had no effect on carcass dressing percentage, carcass quality characteristics or the chemical composition of breast muscles. The tested synbiotics as well as commercial probiotics can be valuable feed additives, improving the growth performance and immune status of turkeys.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":"75 5","pages":"376-388"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39368956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soybean oil supplementation for sows in the first three days after farrowing.","authors":"Marley Conceição Dos Santos,&nbsp;Kariny Fonseca da Silva,&nbsp;Leopoldo Malcorra de Almeida,&nbsp;Letícia Dzierva,&nbsp;Uislei Antonio Dias Orlando,&nbsp;Simone Gisele de Oliveira,&nbsp;Alex Maiorka","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2021.1974767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2021.1974767","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the main causes of death in newborn piglets is the low level of energy reserves to maintain their body temperature, which can lead to hypothermia and, subsequently, death. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of soybean oil supplementation to sows in the first three days after farrowing to save piglet fat reserves through the higher nutritional intake of sow milk. In total, 604.5, 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 g of soybean oil were provided for each sow during the three days of supplementation. A total of 60 sows were evaluated per treatment, distributed in a random block design, supplemented in the first three days after farrowing with soybean oil added on top of the feed at the time of feeding. Performance and reproductive data and milk samples were collected from the sows to determine fat levels. Piglets were evaluated for fall-back rate and survival. There was no significant effect of soybean oil supplementation on any of the parameters evaluated for both sows and their milk. Therefore, soybean oil supplementation for sows in the first three days after farrowing does not influence performance parameters, reproduction and milk fat of the sows and mortality and fall-back rate of the piglets.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":"75 5","pages":"345-354"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39492674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In situ</i> and <i>in vitro</i> determination of the protein value of feeds for ruminants.","authors":"Christiane Rupp,&nbsp;Edwin Westreicher-Kristen,&nbsp;Andreas Susenbeth","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2021.1962149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2021.1962149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to estimate the amount of post-rumen crude protein (prCP), a precursor to metabolisable protein for ruminants, of feeds and feed mixtures using an <i>in situ</i> and <i>in vitro</i> method, and to contrast the results of both approaches. For this, 34 samples were examined: 9 feeds, 13 feed mixtures made thereof and 12 feed mixtures provided by commercial dairy farms. As a minor aspect, additivity of protein values from feeds was evaluated by comparing measured and calculated values of feed mixtures. Effective prCP was calculated for assumed rumen passage rates (<i>k</i>) of 0.05 h^-1 (prCP₅) and 0.08 h^-1 (prCP₈) by <i>in situ</i> measurements of rumen undegraded CP and fermented organic matter (FOM) assuming an efficiency of 181 g microbial CP/kg FOM. Additionally, effective prCP <i>in vitro</i> was estimated using the modified Hohenheim gas test (modHGT) through incubation in rumen-fluid buffer solution for 8 and 24 h followed by ammonia distillation. <i>In vitro</i> estimations were highly correlated with <i>in situ</i> values for both passage rates (<i>k</i> = 0.05 h^-1: <i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>R</i>² = 0.68; <i>k</i> = 0.08 h^-1: <i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>R</i>² = 0.76). The <i>in vitro</i> method yielded higher values for effective prCP than the <i>in situ</i> approach with 29 g/kg OM (<i>k</i> = 0.05 h^-1) and 37 g/kg OM (<i>k</i> = 0.08 h^-1) on average for all samples. Small positive associative effects - reflecting non-additivity - were found, averaging at 2.2 g prCP₈/kg OM (<i>p</i> < 0.05) for the <i>in situ</i> and 10.7 g prCP₈/kg OM (<i>p</i> < 0.001) for the <i>in vitro</i> approach. Due to the need of an assumption of a certain value for microbial efficiency <i>in situ</i>, effective prCP might be more accurately estimated <i>in vitro</i>, accounting for nutrient-specific efficiencies as well as interactions between carbohydrate and protein degradation by rumen microbes. Furthermore, the modHGT highlighted associative effects more pronounced and seems suitable as a routine method due to the comparably low effort and high sample throughput. The potential of the modHGT to determine the protein value of feeds could be demonstrated by our study.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":"75 5","pages":"329-344"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39354046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addition of a blend of essential oils (cloves, rosemary and oregano) and vitamin E to replace conventional chemical antioxidants in dog feed: effects on food quality and health of beagles.","authors":"Taíse Mendes Maldaner Schlieck,&nbsp;Tiago Goulart Petrolli,&nbsp;Bianca F Bissacotti,&nbsp;Priscila M Copetti,&nbsp;Nathieli B Bottari,&nbsp;Vera M Morsch,&nbsp;Aleksandro Schafer da Silva","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2021.1960091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2021.1960091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to produce dog food containing natural antioxidants (blend of essential oils and vitamin E) to replace synthetic antioxidants and determine the effects on food conservation and animal health sequentially. The foods were produced in a commercial factory, and the antioxidants were added at the oil bath stage. Ten adult beagle dogs were used, divided into two treatments; control treatment (CON; synthetic antioxidant feed [butylhydroxytoluene]) and test treatment (NAT; natural antioxidant feed; blend of essential oils from clove, rosemary, oregano, and vitamin E). The dogs were weighed at the beginning and end of each experimental period, and there were no treatment effects for body weight. In both treatments, food conservation efficiency was observed, demonstrating the feasibility of using natural sources as antioxidants in dog food because chemical and oxidative variables did not differ regardless of the antioxidant used during production. The animals' metabolic and haematological variables were not influenced by the treatments; however, a reduction in the number of lymphocytes was observed over time only in the dogs of the NAT group. There was also a day effect for total leukocyte, neutrophil and erythrocyte counts only in NAT animals, which means a significant increase (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) in the variables on d 28. There was an effect of the treatment and an interaction treatment x day for the total bacterial count, whereas a decrease in the bacterial count (<i>p</i> < 0.05) was observed in NAT dogs' faeces on day 28. Dogs fed the NAT diet had lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) to minimise oxidative stress. In group NAT, the NPSH and glutathione S-transferase levels were increased, which may explain the decrease in ROS levels. It was concluded that natural antioxidants in dog feed, in addition to promoting feed conservation, stimulate levels of systemic antioxidants and minimise the impacts caused by free radicals in the dogs' blood.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":"75 5","pages":"389-403"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39355225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}