Archives of Animal Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of walnut oilcake as a sustainable substitute to conventional feedstuffs for broiler chickens: effect on production performance, intestinal health, carcass and meat quality traits.","authors":"Yasir Afzal Beigh, Haidar A Ahmad, Zulfiqarul Haq, Sheikh R Ahmad, Showkat Shah, Sheikh Adil, Sireen A R Shilbayeh, Gamal A El-Shaboury","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2025.2562825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2025.2562825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oil extraction from walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i> L.) kernels yields residue of walnut oilcake (WOC) that is often discarded as waste despite its rich bioactive contents. This study evaluates the potential use of WOC as a replacement for conventional feedstuffs in broiler diets, assessing its effects on production performance, nutrient utilisation, carcass traits, meat quality and gut health. A total of 160 day-old male broiler chicks in total were evenly distributed into four dietary groups, with five replications each consisting of eight chicks. The birds in group T0 were fed the control diet based on conventional corn-s oybean meal, while those of treatment groups were fed diets with WOC substituted for soybean meal at levels of 10% (T1), 20% (T2), and 30% (T3). The experiment lasted for 42 days. Inclusion of WOC upto 20% did not influence feed intake, early growth, FCR (until T2), or nutrient digestibility but inhibited performance at T3. Dressing yield and breast/thigh weights were improved (<i>p</i> < 0.05), whereas fat, cholesterol, TBARS, tyrosine, and drip loss decreased ;(<i>p</i> < 0.05) with increased antioxidant activity, water-holding capacity and meat lightness. WOC diets also decreased caecal coliforms and improved ileal villus morphology. In conclusion, WOC can replace soybean meal upto 20% without compromising production performance, while improving carcass traits, meat quality, oxidative stability and gut health in broiler chickens.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145197516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of copper level and source on performance, tissue accumulation, and faecal excretion in fattening pigs.","authors":"Kirsten Schulz, Bettina Wagner, Holger Sieg, Maciej Durkalec, Tom Heinze, Tanja Schwerdtle, Markus Spolders, Robert Pieper","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2025.2541983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2025.2541983","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Copper (Cu) supplementation is essential in pig nutrition; however, its effects on performance, trace element accumulation in edible tissues, and environmental excretion require careful evaluation. In the present study a total of 24 male, castrated fattening pigs of two different hybrid mast lines (11 weeks of age) were divided according to their initial body weight (25.8 ± 3.5 kg) into four groups. Pigs were fed for 14 weeks a complete feed supplemented with Cu covering a range between the recommended Cu supplementation and the permissible European maximum level (i.e. 5, 15, and 25 mg/kg complete feed). Two different Cu sources were used: Cu sulphate (CuSO₄) and glycine-Cu chelate hydrate (Cu-Gly). The aim of the trial was studying the influence of the different Cu levels and sources on growth performance, Cu transfer to edible tissues (muscle, liver, kidney, blood) and faeces, as well as the concentration of other trace elements, including iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) in tissues of fattening pigs. Performance parameters, including average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), showed a dependency with respect to the pig breed, whereas Cu content and Cu sources showed no influence. Copper concentrations in the liver, kidney, muscle, and blood serum remained constant across groups. Faecal Cu excretion increased proportionally with dietary Cu levels, with higher excretion observed for the organic Cu source at 15 mg/kg as compared with inorganic source at similar level. The results show, that Cu levels up to the maximum level of 25 mg/kg complete feed are not necessary to achieve good growth performance in healthy fattening pigs. The unaffected Cu concentrations in liver, muscle, kidney, and blood, as well as increased faecal excretion with increasing Cu level in the feed, indicate an adequate supply and homoeostatic regulation of Cu. In addition, a reduced use of Cu in pig fattening will help to reduce Cu emission into the environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145013737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of sheep faeces as an alternative inoculum source to cow rumen fluid for estimation of ruminal ammonia-nitrogen release and microbially bound nitrogen <i>in vitro</i>.","authors":"Lena Rippstein, Natascha Titze, Katharina Judith Wild, Markus Rodehutscord","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2025.2541805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2025.2541805","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>In vitro</i> gas production (GP) techniques, such as the extended Hohenheim gas test (eHGT), are being used to estimate the protein values of ruminant feeds and commonly apply rumen fluid obtained from rumen-cannulated animals as inoculum. This study aimed to compare rumen fluid inoculum (RI) with faecal inoculum (FI) concerning <i>in vitro</i> ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N) release and microbially bound nitrogen (mN). Rumen fluid was obtained from lactating dairy cows and faeces from adult wether sheep. Six feeds for ruminants, including rapeseed meal, soybean meal, sunflower meal, pea grain, maize grain, and rye grain, were incubated for 8, 24, and 48 h with and without an additional carbohydrate (CHO) source. NH₃-N increased with the incubation time for all feeds and both inocula. For NH₃-N values after 8, 24 and 48 h of incubation, the two-way interaction between feed and inoculum source was significant (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Across the six feeds, the NH₃-N values did not differ between RI and FI after 8 h, whereas RI-NH₃-N was 17% and 23% higher than FI-NH₃-N after 24 and 48 h, respectively. For most feeds, the mN values decreased with RI as incubation time increased. In contrast, mN in FI remained constant or increased between 8 and 24 h before decreasing at 48 h. Overall, the NH₃-N and mN values were lower with FI than RI. After 24 and 48 h, the two inocula did not significantly differ in the response to the CHO supply, studied as the ratio of mg NH₃-N decrease per 1 mL of GP. Linear regression analysis showed that FI-NH₃-N can be used to predict RI-NH₃-N using the six feeds or the CHO-supplemented feeds at all incubation times. The highest estimation accuracy was found at 24 h for the feeds alone (slope = 1.39, R² = 0.98, CV = 3.9%) and the feeds plus CHO source (slope = 1.55, R² = 0.99, CV = 4.1%). In conclusion, FI has the potential to be applied as an inoculum to assess the protein values of ruminant feeds <i>in vitro</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144940157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of xylanase and protease supplementation on digestibility in growing pigs fed diets with varying levels of zinc and copper.","authors":"Mohamed Ali Ketata, Marie-Pierre Létourneau-Montminy, Frédéric Guay","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2025.2542149","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1745039X.2025.2542149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) levels and xylanase and protease supplementation on apparent digestibility of nutrients at the end of the ileum (AID) and large intestine (ALID). Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, 24 weaned pigs were assigned to one of the four barley-wheat-soybean meal diets, supplemented with two levels of Cu/Zn (20/125 and 40/250 mg/kg) and either a mix of xylanase and protease (ENZ) or no enzyme supplementation. Neither the Cu/Zn level nor ENZ affected AID of nutrients. However, ALID of dry matter and fibres (ADF and NDF) increased with ENZ supplementation (<i>p</i> < 0.010). Enzyme supplementation also influenced the ALID of crude protein and phosphorus, depending on the Cu/Zn levels (Mineral × ENZ, <i>p</i> < 0.050). Specifically, ENZ increased the ALID of crude protein in the high Cu/Zn diet, while ALID of phosphorus increased by 63% with ENZ in low Cu/Zn diet but only by 23% in the high Cu/Zn diet. The high Cu/Zn level increased the ALID of dry matter but had no effect on the ALID of other nutrients. In conclusion, ENZ supplement increased the apparent digestibility of nutritional compounds, but this effect was dependent on the level of Cu/Zn in the diet. Further research is needed to explore the interaction between xylanase/protease and nutritional components of feed to maximise the benefits of these supplements.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"155-169"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144803284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of fibre, starch and fat intake on gastrointestinal transit time, digestibility, and microbial fermentation products in red-footed tortoise (<i>Chelonoidis carbonaria</i>).","authors":"Ludmilla G Di Santo, Lucas B Braos, Amanda Vitta-Takahashi, Monique Harumi S Borges, Letícia G Pacheco, Isaura de Paula Cerdan, Aulus C Carciofi","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2025.2542144","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1745039X.2025.2542144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The comprehension of the digestive strategy of red-footed tortoises (<i>Chelonoidis carbonaria</i>) is necessary for effective dietary practices, which prevent metabolic disorders often seen in captivity. The present study evaluated the effects of three extruded diets (high in fibre [Control], high in starch [Starch], and high in fat [Fat]) on the tortoises' preference, nutrient digestibility, faeces quality, fermentation products, and gastrointestinal transit time (GTT). Eighteen adult red-footed tortoises (9 males and 9 females) were used to compare diet palatability. Tortoises were randomly divided into three groups of six, balanced for sex and assigned to one of the experimental diets. The total tract apparent digestibilities (TTAD) of nutrients and energy was measured using chromium oxide (0.25%) as a marker, while GTT was assessed with ferric oxide (2.5%). Faeces were collected for analysis of short and branched-chain fatty acids, lactate, ammonia, and pH. Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and means were compared using Tukey's test (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Diet preference was evaluated with paired t-test, and first-choice preferences by the Chi-square test (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The tortoises showed preference for the Starch and Fat diets, consuming less of the Control diet, high in fibre (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The TTAD of dry matter, organic matter, and gross energy was highest for the Starch diet, intermediate for the Fat diet, and lowest for the Control diet (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The TTAD of fat was lowest for the Fat diet, which resulted in faeces with a high fat content (33.9 ± 2.64% faecal DM; <i>p</i> < 0.05). Tortoises fed the Control diet showed a trend towards a longer GTT, nearly three days longer than those on the other diets (<i>p</i> = 0.075). Short- and branched-chain fatty acids, and faecal lactate, were similar across diets (<i>p</i> > 0.05), though ammonia concentration was lower in the Control diet compared to the Starch diet (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In conclusion, red-footed tortoises showed a preference for diets high in starch and fat over the high fibre formulation. Fat TTAD was limited, decreasing with higher fat intake. Faecal concentrations of fermentation products remained consistent across diets, suggesting extensive absorption of these compounds due to the tortoises' long GTT and the reverse peristalsis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"124-138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144881943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cashew (<i>Anacardium occidentale</i>) nut co-product in extruded foods for dogs.","authors":"Ana Paula Garcia Gonçalves, Lucas Bassi Scarpim, Caroline Alves Garcia, Taíne Candido da Silva, Camila Goloni, Thaís de Souza Ávida Castro, Paloma Ricardo, Carolina Cristina Oliveira, Stephanie de Souza Theodoro, Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2025.2503172","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1745039X.2025.2503172","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cashew nut is a co-product of the cashew (<i>Anacardium occidentale</i>) industry, with high fat (40%) and protein (23%) contents. During processing, the nuts can break down, generating the cashew nut granules (CNG). Considering the effort for rational use of food resources, the present study investigated the use of CNG as an ingredient in extruded dog diets. Four formulations with similar chemical compositions were used, a control (CO) based on poultry by-product meal and poultry fat, and three inclusion levels of CNG as protein and fat source: 2.5%, 5%, and 10% (on an as-fed basis). Due to its high fat content, the implications of CNG to the extrusion process was investigated. Twenty-four beagle dogs were used to determine total tract apparent digestibility (TTAD), faeces characteristics and fermentation products, and a panel of 39 dogs were used for palatability comparisons. The results of extrusion, TTAD, and faecal traits were submitted to variance analysis and means compared by polynomial contrasts according to the CNG inclusion level (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In the palatability test, the first intake was compared by the Qui-square test and the intake ratio by the Student's t-test (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The CNG addition increased the internal fat content of the raw material mixture from 9.5% to 12.6%. This induced a linear reduction in mechanical energy transference, which in turn reduced mass pressure and temperature at extrusion (<i>p</i> < 0.01), which compromised kibble formation with lower expansion and higher density (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Starch gelatinisation did not reduce but in fact increased, explained by a linear increase in thermal energy application (<i>p</i> < 0.01). The TTAD of nutrients did not differ between diets (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Faeces pH, production and score did not differ among treatments (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Acetate, butyrate, and lactate increased quadratically (<i>p</i> < 0.01) in the faeces, with higher values for animals fed the 2.5% CNG feed. In the palatability test, only CO, 2.5% CNG and 5% CNG treatments were compared, and diets with CNG had higher preference than CO (<i>p</i> < 0.01). By conclusion, up to 10% inclusion of CNG did not alter TTAD of nutrients or faeces formation and increased diet palatability, supporting the use of this co-product in extruded diets for dogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"95-110"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144336277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary supplementation of calcium salts of palm oil or an encapsulated fat on nutrient digestibility, performance, and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows.","authors":"Ana Carolina Freitas, Nathália T Grigoletto Scognamiglio, Rodrigo G Chesini, Osmar Pietro Sbaralho, Julia Nunes Ribeiro, Guilherme G da Silva, Caio S Takiya, Francisco P Rennó","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2025.2542145","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1745039X.2025.2542145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was conducted to evaluate fat supplements differing in fatty acid (FA) composition on nutrient digestibility, milk yield and composition, and milk FA profile in dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein cows (149 ± 85 d in milk, 35.6 ± 6.29 kg/d milk yield and 671 ± 93.4 kg body weight) were distributed in 8 Latin squares according to parity number, milk yield and days in milk, and enrolled in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment with 21-d periods. Cows within block were randomly assigned to treatment sequences containing: 1) control (CON), no fat supplement and 2.44% ether extract (EE, dry matter basis (DM)); 2) calcium salts of palm oil (CSPO), CSPO at 2.60% diet DM and 4.49% EE diet DM; and 3) encapsulated fatty acids (EFA), EFA at 2.60% diet DM and 4.30% EE diet DM. Fatty acids from EFA are derived from soybean oil, palm oil, and tallow. The primary differences in FA profiles between CSPO and EFA were related to stearic acid (4.26 and 31.7 g/100 g FA, respectively), oleic acid (32.7 and 8.80 g/100 g FA, respectively), and linoleic acid (8.81 and 19.1 g/100 g FA, respectively). Fat supplements were included in the concentrate mix and cows were fed a total mixed ration (48:52 of forage to concentrate ratio). Data were analysed using mixed models and treatment differences were evaluated by orthogonal contrasts (CON vs. fat-supplemented diets and CSPO vs. EFA). Dry matter intake and digestibility were not affected by treatments; however, EE intake and digestibility were higher with the inclusion of fat supplements. Fat supplementation increased milk yield (34.1, 35.8, and 35.9 kg/d for CON, CSPO and EFA, respectively). Fat supplementation also improved the yield of milk components and feed efficiency. Cows fed EFA had higher milk protein concentrations compared to those fed CSPO. Cows fed fat supplements exhibited higher concentrations of unsaturated FA and lower concentrations of de novo FA in milk compared to CON group. The concentration of de novo and odd-chain FA in the milk of cows fed CSPO was lower than in those fed EFA. Cows fed EFA had lower concentrations of <i>trans</i>-11 C18:1 and <i>cis</i>-9 C18:1 FA compared to the CSPO group. Fat supplements increased milk yield, feed efficiency and unsaturated FA concentration in milk without affecting DM digestibility. Supplementing cows with either CSPO or EFA resulted in similar performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"139-154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144881942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digestive and metabolic impact of using extruded-expelled soybean meal as a protein source for sheep fed with a total mixed ration.","authors":"Mauro E A Vargas, Claudio A Pozo, Carla J Härter, Mariana P Mezzomo, Ana L S B de Miranda, Camila Ten Kathen Jung, Diego S Zeni, Gilberto V Kozloski","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2025.2526364","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1745039X.2025.2526364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the effect of including extruded-expelled soybean meal (ESBM) as the main protein source in a total mixed ration (TMR) offered to sheep on digestive and metabolic parameters, in comparison to protein sources with known nutritional properties: solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM; high ruminal degradability) and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; low ruminal degradability). Five Corriedale × Suffolk crossbreed male sheep (33.7 ± 4 kg body weight) fitted with ruminal catheters and duodenal cannulas were used in an incomplete double 3 × 3 Latin square design, comprising three experimental periods of 20 d each. On a dry matter basis, the TMR was composed of corn silage (0.60) and a mixture of concentrate feedstuffs (0.40), which included ground corn and one of three protein sources: ESBM, SBM, or DDGS. The sheep receiving TMR with ESBM showed intermediate organic matter digestibility compared to SBM and DDGS and lower neutral detergent fibre digestibility together with DDGS (<i>p</i> <0.05). Rumen fermentation and digestion variables were similar between ESBM and SBM, but the N use efficiency tended to be higher in ESBM (<i>p</i> <0.08). Compared to ESBM and SBM, DDGS decreased the N digestibility, the concentrations of ruminal ammonia-N and the urinary N losses, and increased the duodenal flow of non-ammonia non-microbial N (NANMN) and α-amino N (<i>p</i> <0.05). In conclusion, replacing SBM with ESBM in TMR offered to sheep did not impact most of the rumen fermentation and digestion variables whereas improved the efficiency of N utilisation. In contrast, replacing SBM with DDGS in TMR for sheep has been shown to reduce N losses through urine, increase the duodenal flow of dietary N, and improve N utilisation efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"111-123"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Up to date evidence about the suitability of filamentous fungi as a feed source for broilers.","authors":"Robert Ringseis, Klaus Eder","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2025.2495619","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1745039X.2025.2495619","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biomass from cultivated edible mushrooms can be sustainably produced using residual lignocellulosic sidestreams from agri-industrial and wood processing and is a rich source of a variety of bioactive compounds. While edible mushrooms have a long history as a tasty and healthy food for humans, the potential of mushrooms (fungal fruiting bodies), fungal mycelia and by-products from mushroom production (stem residues, spent mushroom substrate) as feed component for poultry is less acknowledged. Based on this, the present review aims to describe the role of filamentous fungi in circular feed production, characterise the nutritional value of fungal biomass, and provide up to date evidence about the efficacy of feeding fungal biomass on performance of broilers. Feeding studies with healthy and parasite-infected broilers using fungal fruiting bodies, mycelia, stem residues or spent mushroom substrate nearly equally showed either positive or neutral effects on growth performance, whereas impairments of performance and carcass parameters were not reported. Improvements of broiler performance in response to feeding fungal biomass were at least partially associated with a beneficial modulation of the gut microbiota community structure - effects that are most likely attributed to the presence of fermentable polysaccharides and phenolic compounds with prebiotic and selective antimicrobial activities, respectively. Based on the evidence from literature presented in this review, the inclusion of fungal biomass, particularly inexpensive by-products from mushroom production like stem residues and spent mushroom substrate, in broiler diets can be recommended, because even if no growth-promoting effects are induced the partial replacement of less sustainably produced feed components by fungal biomass improves the environmental impact of broiler production. Considering that the number of broiler studies showing either positive or neutral effects of fungal biomass on growth performance is broadly balanced and divergent study outcomes are reported even for biomass from the same fungal species, future studies are necessary to identify the specific requirements of fungal biomass responsible for promoting broiler performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"73-94"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143958454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fermentation and exogenous enzymes can increase ileal, hindgut, and total tract energy digestibility of palm kernel cake in growing pigs.","authors":"Yaowei Sun, Yuxiang Liang, Kai Li, Lianhua Zhang, Ruqing Zhong, Liang Chen, Hongfu Zhang","doi":"10.1080/1745039X.2025.2467762","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1745039X.2025.2467762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study assessed how fermentation and exogenous enzymes affect nutrient digestibility and energy values of palm kernel cake (PKC) in growing pigs. Eighteen pigs were fed six diets: a basal diet, PKC (100 or 200 g/kg), fermented PKC (FPKC; 100 or 200 g/kg), or enzymolysis PKC (EPKC; 100 g/kg). Chromium oxide was used to determine digestibility coefficients. Results showed that PKC inclusion linearly reduced apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and gross energy (GE), while fermentation or enzymatic hydrolysis mitigated these effects. The regression-estimated digestible energy (DE) values were 11.39 MJ/kg DM for PKC and 12.84 MJ/kg DM for FPKC; metabolisable energy (ME) values were 11.03 and 12.60 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Hindgut fermentation contributed 5.42 MJ/kg DM (PKC) and 4.11 MJ/kg DM (FPKC). Fermentation and enzymatic treatments improved PKC energy utilisation, suggesting their potential as cost-effective alternatives in pig diets.</p>","PeriodicalId":8157,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Animal Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"14-26"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143623313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}