Dansk medicinhistorisk arbog最新文献

{"title":"[Carl Ludwig and his place in the history of kidney physiology].","authors":"Jesper From","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Only very little was known about the physiology of the kidneys until the middle of the 19th century. The turning point came in 1842 when the famous German physiologist and physician Carl Ludwig (1816-1895) presented a theory about a two-step process (filtration and reabsorption) leading to the excretion of urine. This paper turns the highlights on Ludwig and the period in which he lived. It also tells the story about the anatomical studies in the 17th century and the chemical approaches to urine and kidney physiology in the 18th century preceding the research of Carl Ludwig. The theory of filtration and reabsorption was opposed by another theory (the secretion theory) regarding the kidney as a gland, like for instance the salivary glands. The origin of this theory can be dated back to Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) in the Renaissance, but it was carried further on by William Bowman (1816-1892) and especially Rudolph Heidenhain (1834-1897) in the 19th century. The research in the 1920's and 1930's marked the end of the fight between the two theories. It proofed that Ludwig was right and it gave him posthumously the recognition that he all the time had deserved.</p>","PeriodicalId":81069,"journal":{"name":"Dansk medicinhistorisk arbog","volume":"43 ","pages":"37-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34409292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Canaries, germs, and poison gas. The physiologist J.S. Haldane's contributions to public health and hygiene].","authors":"Ole Sonne","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Scottish physiologist John Scott Haldane (1860-1936) spent most of his professional career in Oxford after graduating from the medical school in Edinburgh. He was deeply involved in applying basic science on problems in society but also making these problems guide his choice of projects in his experimental work. Thus, he has demonstrated that the increased contents of carbon dioxide in dwellings, schools, and factories was of less importance than the high contents of bacteria and fungal spores, and that even the foul air in the sewers was less harmful than that in crowded dwellings. He demonstrated that most miners did not die of lack of oxygen or trauma after colliery accidents but of carbon monoxide poisoning. The miners had relied on the ability of their candle or lamp to burn, but this would not be influenced by the presence of carbon monoxide. Thus, he introduced the canaries, which due to their small size and correspondingly relatively higher metabolism would faint about 20 minutes prior to humans. Haldane was called to investigate the ventilation and quality of the air in Cornish tin mines, since the miners suffered from fatigue or even fainted. The air and ventilation was sufficient, but the miners suffered from anaemia due to ankylostomiasis. After improving the hygienic conditions in the mines this became a minor problem although not completely eradicated. During World War I, Haldane became involved in protection of the allied soldiers when the German troops started using poison gas. In all cases he made rather drastic experiments on himself, his coworkers and even his son by exposing them to low oxygen, high carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, or chlorine. He improved the gasmasks and introduced oxygen as a therapeutic agent. His big scientific mistake was that he insisted on the presence of an active oxygen secretion in the alveoli in order to explain the increased oxygen uptake during work and as part of acclimatisation to high altitude. workers and even his son by exposing them to low oxygen, high carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, or chlorine. He improved the gasmasks and introduced oxygen as a therapeutic agents. His big scientific mistake was that he insisted on the presence of an active oxygen secretion in the alveoli in order to explain the increased oxygen uptake during work and as part of acclimatisation to high altitude.</p>","PeriodicalId":81069,"journal":{"name":"Dansk medicinhistorisk arbog","volume":"43 ","pages":"71-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34409293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Physicians in the northern part of Schleswig at the time of reunification with Denmark].","authors":"Hans Wolf","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marie Hollensen (1884-1942) and Hans Storm (1886-1945) were Danish-minded inhabitants of Schleswig, a part of Denmark conquered in 1864 by Prussia. Both wanted to become general medical practitioners in their homeland. As a Danish medical degree would not allow them to practise in Germany they were forced to take their medical degrees in Germany. They met at the University of Heidelberg and had married in 1918. After the reunification in 1920, they practised general medicine in Graasten. Both had an extraordinary life story. Marie was daughter of a farmer in a rural community, Broager, was forced to go to a German elementary school, but later went to folk high schools in Denmark. After having passed the required German Arbitur (upper secondary school-leaving examination) in Berlin, she entered medical schools in Germany. Hans lived with his father in Königsberg in East Prussia. He was sent to a secondary school in Hillerød, studied philosophy, law and finally medicine in Copenhagen and at German universities. During The Great War he was forced to join the German Army and served at various military hospitals in Flensborg. Marie and Hans became popular general practitioners with the people in and around Graasten. Marie became the personal physician of crown prince Frederik and crownprincess Ingrid when they resided at the casle in Graasten. The orbiatuary tstified to their commitment to patient care and their personal integrity.</p>","PeriodicalId":81069,"journal":{"name":"Dansk medicinhistorisk arbog","volume":"43 ","pages":"109-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34409765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[A case of Yellow fever in 1887].","authors":"Sven Erik Hansen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A young Danish sailor died from yellow fever in Barbados in 1887. The Shipmaster's letter to the family with a description of the course of the disease, which has been preserved, is presented here together with a photo of the sailor and a painting of the Danish sailing-ship.</p>","PeriodicalId":81069,"journal":{"name":"Dansk medicinhistorisk arbog","volume":"43 ","pages":"31-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34409291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Gout in the age of Justinian - a consequence of lead poisoning?].","authors":"Hans Trier","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Compared to other chronic conditions, gout has a remarkable position in medical, historical and other texts from the Byzantine Empire in the sixth century AD - the age of emperor Justinian. The disease and its treatment is thoroughly described in the medical literature, and an effective and still applied drug for treatment of acute attacks - colchicine - was invented already in the fourth century by Byzantine physicians. The disease was apparently accumulated among Byzantine emperors, and according to one source, Justinian was a patient himself. Also, gout may have been common among the citizens of Constantinople. As gout can be due to lead poisoning, a contributing cause for this accumulation may have been exposure to high levels of lead, originating from water pipes, wine containers and cooking pots used for producing the sweetening grape syrup sapa. Although gout seems to have been a significant, widespread and invalidating disease, its influence on the Byzantine society is uncertain. The position of the disease can be interpreted as an indication that lead poisoning was a common condition, thus contributing to other and possibly more important effects on the population and the society.</p>","PeriodicalId":81069,"journal":{"name":"Dansk medicinhistorisk arbog","volume":"42 ","pages":"27-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33017835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Herodotus on the adventurous career of the famous Greek physician Democédes].","authors":"Anders Frølandl","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the latter half of the sixth century BC the physician Democédes left Croton, a Greek settlement in Southern Italy, in order to practice and gain an income and perhaps fame. He first arrived in the island of Aigina, where he soon became very famous and was offered a substantial fee for serving the inhabitants of the island. He then moved to Athens and after a year he became physician to the tyrant Polykrátes of Samos. When the tyrant was murdered, he was enslaved by the new ruler, but he too was killed. Finally Democédes fell into the hands of the Persian king, Dareios the first, still fettered as the other slaves. When the king sprained his ancle seriously, his Egyptian court doctors were helpless. Someone knew that Democédes was a skillful physician, so he was sent for and appeared in chains and rags. After having cured the king he was very generously rewarded. Democédes only wanted to go back to Hellas, but the king would not let him. Later Democ,des cured the favourite wife of the king, Atossa, of an abscess of the breast. Democédes persuaded her to encourage the king to send a scouting expedition including Democédes to Greece in order to prepare for war. Democédes managed to escape from the ship and after some further troubles he succeeded to remain in his native town of Croton. The story contains many folkloristic motives and is certainly not historically correct. But it is well known that young Greek doctors often travelled around as Democédes did and that Greek doctors came to replace their Egyptian colleagues at the courts of the local rulers. Herodotus wrote down the adventures of Democédes about one hundred years after they may have taken place, and this simple fact probably accounts for some of the dramatic details of the story. The tale of Democédes illustrates the interests of Herodotus and of Hippocrates too in foreign people and the reasons why the Greek of the fifth century were so successful compared to others. Here Democédes triumphs over his Egyptian colleagues and he escapes from his Persian guards when back in Italy. But Democédes also shows virtues worthy of a true Hippocratic doctor. He saves his Egyptian colleagues from being crucified, applies a gentle treatment curing the king's strained ancle, promises the queen not to reveal anything about her ailment, and points out that he will not ask for an indecent reward for curing her of the abscess.</p>","PeriodicalId":81069,"journal":{"name":"Dansk medicinhistorisk arbog","volume":"42 ","pages":"9-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33017834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[On the history of vitamin K, dicoumarol and warfarin].","authors":"Svend Norn,&nbsp;Henrik Permin,&nbsp;Edith Kruse,&nbsp;Poul R Kruse","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The history of the discovery and development of vitamin K and its antagonists, the oral anticoagulants dicoumarol and warfarin, are fascinating, triumphant landmarks in the annals of medicine. Vitamin K was found by Carl Peter Henrik Dam and Fritz Schønheyder from the University of Copenhagen. The discovery was initiated by Dam, by a lucky choice of chicks in the dissertation of sterol metabolism, since the vitamin is not formed by intestinal bacteria in these animals. In these experiments the lack of an unknown factor in the synthetic diet caused internal bleeding similar to that found in scurvy, but the bleeding was not reversed by vitamin C and it could not be explained by the lack of classical vitamins. In 1935 the unknown antihaemorrhagic factor was named vitamin K and a few months later the phenomenon was also observed by H.J. Almquist and E.L.R. Stokstad in Berkeley. The activity of the factor was determined by bioassay in different extracts of green vegetables and alfalfa by Dam and Schønheyder. Vitamin K was isolated in 1939 by Dam and Paul Karrer in Zurich and the structure was determined by Edward Adelbert Doisy. Dam and Doisy were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1943. A dramatic story starts the discovery of dicoumarol. In the 1920s cattle in Canada began dying of internal bleeding with no obvious precipitating cause. Frank W. Schofield, a veterinary pathologist in Alberta, found that the mysterious disease was connected to the consumption of spoiled sweet clover hay and noted a prolonged clotting time. Ten years after a farmer traveled in a blizzard with his dead cow and a milk can of the unclotted blood to the University of Wisconsin. Only the door to the biochemical department of Karl Paul Link was open. This event started the isolation of the anticoagulant agent dicou- marol which was formed by microbial induced oxidation of coumarin in the mouldy sweet clover hay. More than hundred dicoumarol-like anticoagulants were synthesized by Link and his co-workers. A potent hemorrhagic agent named warfarin was first used as an effective rat poison. However, warfarin became the drug of choice and the break- through in the treatment of thromboembolic diseases. Today new oral anticoagulants are competing with warfarin.</p>","PeriodicalId":81069,"journal":{"name":"Dansk medicinhistorisk arbog","volume":"42 ","pages":"99-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33018840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Harald Selmer - the father of Danish psychiatry].","authors":"Per Vestergaard","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Harald Selmer is rightly called the father of Danish psychiatry. He was born in 1814, and received in 1831 his degree in medicine from the University of Copenhagen. At the age of 32 he published his famous book on the \"general rules ...\" of a national system of psychiatric hospitals with high professional standards. He was chosen to lead the erection of the first of these hospitals, the later university psychiatric hospital in Aarhus, opening in 1852. Not only was Harald Selmer in charge of the construction of this monumental hospital, he was also the appointed director of the hospital for the first 27 years of the hospital's history, until his retirement in 1879. Harald Selmer was recognized as a great builder, a great leader and - very important - as an excellent writer, who understood the art of communicating his messages in a clear and convincing language. Harald Selmers tombstone is still to be found on the old hospital burial ground.</p>","PeriodicalId":81069,"journal":{"name":"Dansk medicinhistorisk arbog","volume":"42 ","pages":"67-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33017837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The discovery of the nerve impulse. A chapter in the history of physiology].","authors":"Jesper From","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The subject of this essay is the discovery of the nerve impulse and its historical background. The main focus is on two important physician- scientists: Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818-1896) and Julius Bernstein (1838-1917). Du Bois-Reymond is considered the first scientist in his- tory who noticed what he called the \"negative variation\" during the stimulation of a nerve - the action potential in the language of today. Bernstein's main contribution was a theory called the membrane theory, which explains the activity in nerve cells as a phenomenon caused by differences in ion-concentrations in the interior versus the exterior of the cell. Bernstein's theory was based on the available knowledge from chemistry and cell biology in the late 19th century, in particular the Nernst equation. Bernstein's membrane theory paved the way for further investigations in the 20th century.</p>","PeriodicalId":81069,"journal":{"name":"Dansk medicinhistorisk arbog","volume":"42 ","pages":"81-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33017838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[A reading of Foucault's \"The Birth of the Clinic\"].","authors":"Sven Erik Hansen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The starting point for Foucault's book was his wide reading of French medical literature from late 18th and early 19th centuries. He showed how the concept of disease changed profoundly during that period of great societal changes. Foucault's protagonists in the book were the French doctors Pinel, Bichat, Laënnec and Broussais. Here, short biographies and summaries of their works will be presented in the medical and historical context and together with extracts of Foucault's text.</p>","PeriodicalId":81069,"journal":{"name":"Dansk medicinhistorisk arbog","volume":"42 ","pages":"121-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33018841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}