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High-Field Magnets for Future Hadron Colliders 未来强子对撞机的高场磁铁
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-102122-022007
GianLuca Sabbi
{"title":"High-Field Magnets for Future Hadron Colliders","authors":"GianLuca Sabbi","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-102122-022007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102122-022007","url":null,"abstract":"Recent strategy updates by the international particle physics community have confirmed strong interest in a next-generation energy frontier collider after completion of the High-Luminosity LHC program and construction of a e + e − Higgs factory. Both hadron and muon colliders provide a path toward the highest energies, and both require significant and sustained development to achieve technical readiness and optimize the design. For hadron colliders, the energy reach is determined by machine circumference and the strength of the guiding magnetic field. To achieve a collision energy of 100 TeV while limiting the circumference to 100 km, a dipole field of 16 T is required and is within the reach of niobium–tin magnets operating at 1.9 K. Magnets based on high-temperature superconductors may enable a range of alternatives, including a more compact footprint, a reduction of the cooling power, or a further increase of the collision energy to 150 TeV. The feasibility and cost of the magnet system will determine the possible options and optimal configurations. In this article, I review the historical milestones and recent progress in superconducting materials, design concepts, magnet fabrication, and test results and emphasize current developments that have the potential to address the most significant challenges and shape future directions.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
High-Luminosity B Factory e+e− Colliders 高亮度 B 工厂 e+e 对撞机
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-113021-055740
John T. Seeman
{"title":"High-Luminosity B Factory e+e− Colliders","authors":"John T. Seeman","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-113021-055740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-113021-055740","url":null,"abstract":"Three double-ring B factories—PEP-II, KEKB, and SuperKEKB—were built with asymmetric beam energies to produce high luminosity at the Υ(4S) resonance producing copious B mesons and associated particle physics data, delivered to their respective particle physics detectors, BaBar, Belle, and Belle II. In PEP-II and KEKB, the primary goal was achieved to make the first measurements of charge parity (CP) violation in decays in the B meson system. PEP-II and KEKB have finished beam operations, but particle data analysis continues. SuperKEKB is extending those measurements. The beam operation of SuperKEKB with Belle II has recently started. These three accelerators have pushed the state of the art of accelerators of two-ring colliders, including small beam emittances, small interaction point beam sizes, large stored beam currents, crab cavities, top-up injection with the detectors on, bunch-by-bunch feedbacks, crab waist operation, high beam–beam parameters, high peak luminosity, and high integrated luminosity.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Machine Learning for Design and Control of Particle Accelerators: A Look Backward and Forward 用于粒子加速器设计与控制的机器学习：瞻前顾后
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100719
Auralee Edelen, Xiaobiao Huang
{"title":"Machine Learning for Design and Control of Particle Accelerators: A Look Backward and Forward","authors":"Auralee Edelen, Xiaobiao Huang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100719","url":null,"abstract":"Particle accelerators are extremely complex machines that are challenging to simulate, design, and control. Over the past decade, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques have made dramatic advancements across various scientific and industrial domains, and rapid improvements have been made in the availability and power of computing resources. These developments have begun to revolutionize the way particle accelerators are designed and controlled, and AI/ML techniques are beginning to be incorporated into regular operations for accelerators. This article provides a high-level overview of the history of AI/ML in accelerators and highlights current developments along with contrasting discussion about traditional methods for accelerator design and control. Areas of current technological challenges in developing reliable AI/ML methods are also discussed along with future research directions.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy 回旋加速器辐射发射光谱学
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-120523-021323
Noah S. Oblath, Brent A. VanDevender
{"title":"Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy","authors":"Noah S. Oblath, Brent A. VanDevender","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-120523-021323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-120523-021323","url":null,"abstract":"Major advances in experimental nuclear and particle physics are often motivated by the need to answer challenging questions. In 2009, Monreal and Formaggio were motivated by the problem of measuring the absolute mass of the neutrino to propose the technique that would come to be called cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy (CRES). They needed to measure the energies of the electrons from tritium beta decay with extremely high precision, which could be achieved by measuring the frequency of the cyclotron radiation from many individual magnetically trapped electrons. The technique was put into practice first by the Project 8 Collaboration and then by the He6-CRES Collaboration for the study of nonstandard weak interactions. In this review, we present the CRES experiments that have been performed to date, describe the phenomenology of CRES that has so far been explored, and cover potential applications of CRES that have been proposed.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"217 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Opportunities and Open Questions in Modern Beta Decay 现代贝塔衰变的机遇与未决问题
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100730
Leendert Hayen
{"title":"Opportunities and Open Questions in Modern Beta Decay","authors":"Leendert Hayen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100730","url":null,"abstract":"For well over half a century, precision studies of neutron and nuclear β decays have been at the forefront of searches for exotic electroweak physics. Recent advances in nuclear ab initio theory and the widespread use of effective field theories mean that the modern understanding of β decay is going through a transitional phase. This has been propelled by current tensions in the global dataset leading to renewed scrutiny of the theoretical ingredients. In parallel, novel techniques and methods are being investigated that can sidestep many traditional systematic uncertainties and require a diverse palette of skills and collaboration with material science and condensed matter physics. This review highlights the current opportunities and open questions to facilitate the transition to a more modern understanding of β decay.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141624778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Novel Liquid Argon Time-Projection Chamber Readouts 新型液态氩时间投影室读数器
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-102422-035255
Jonathan Asaadi, Daniel A. Dwyer, Brooke Russell
{"title":"Novel Liquid Argon Time-Projection Chamber Readouts","authors":"Jonathan Asaadi, Daniel A. Dwyer, Brooke Russell","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-102422-035255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102422-035255","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid argon time-projection chambers (LArTPCs) have become a prominent tool for experiments in particle physics. Recent years have yielded significant advances in the techniques used to capture the signals generated by these cryogenic detectors. This article summarizes these novel developments for detection of ionization electrons and scintillation photons in LArTPCs. New methods to capture ionization signals address the challenges of scaling traditional techniques to the large scales necessary for future experiments. Pixelated readouts improve signal fidelity and expand the applicability of LArTPCs to higher-rate environments. Methods that leverage amplification in argon enable measurements in the keV regime and below. Techniques to enhance collection of argon scintillation photons improve calorimetry and expand the physics program for very large detectors. Future efforts aim to demonstrate systems for the combined detection of both electrons and photons.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141584328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dark Matter Candidates of a Very Low Mass 质量极低的暗物质候选者
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023542
Kathryn M. Zurek
{"title":"Dark Matter Candidates of a Very Low Mass","authors":"Kathryn M. Zurek","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023542","url":null,"abstract":"We review dark matter (DM) candidates of a very low mass appearing in the window below the traditional weakly interacting massive particle (<jats:italic>m</jats:italic> <jats:sub>χ</jats:sub> ≲ 10 GeV) and extending down to <jats:italic>m</jats:italic> <jats:sub>χ</jats:sub> ≳ 1 meV, somewhat below the mass limit at which DM becomes wavelike. Such candidates are motivated by hidden sectors such as hidden valleys, which feature hidden forces and rich dynamics, but have evaded traditional accelerator searches for New Physics because of their relatively weak coupling to the Standard Model (SM). Such sectors can still be detected through dedicated low-energy colliders, which, through their intense beams, can have sensitivity to smaller couplings, or through astrophysical observations of the evolution of DM halos and stellar structures, which, through the Universe's epochs, can be sensitive to small DM interactions. We also consider mechanisms whereby the DM abundance is fixed through the interaction with the SM, which directly motivates the search for light DM in terrestrial experiments. The bulk of this review is dedicated to the new ideas that have been proposed for direct detection of such DM candidates of a low mass through nuclear recoils, electronic excitations, or collective modes such as phonons and magnons. The rich tapestry of materials and modes in the condensed matter landscape is reviewed along with specific prospects for detection.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141584326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exotic Hadrons at LHCb 大型强子对撞机上的奇异中子
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-102422-040628
Daniel Johnson, Ivan Polyakov, Tomasz Skwarnicki, Mengzhen Wang
{"title":"Exotic Hadrons at LHCb","authors":"Daniel Johnson, Ivan Polyakov, Tomasz Skwarnicki, Mengzhen Wang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-102422-040628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102422-040628","url":null,"abstract":"It has been 5 years since the data sample from the LHCb detector, the first experiment optimized for heavy-flavor physics studies at a hadronic collider, was completed. These data led to many major discoveries in exotic hadron spectroscopy, which we review in this article. We supplement the experimental results with a selection of phenomenological interpretations. As the upgraded LHCb detector is expected to collect a larger data sample starting in 2024, we also discuss the potential of the LHCb program in exotic hadron physics for the near future and beyond.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141584327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Recent Progress in the Electroweak Structure of Light Nuclei Using Quantum Monte Carlo Methods 使用量子蒙特卡洛方法研究轻核的电弱结构的最新进展
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101920-021401
Garrett B. King, Saori Pastore
{"title":"Recent Progress in the Electroweak Structure of Light Nuclei Using Quantum Monte Carlo Methods","authors":"Garrett B. King, Saori Pastore","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-101920-021401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101920-021401","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclei will play a prominent role in searches for physics beyond the Standard Model as the active material in experiments. In order to reliably interpret new physics signals, one needs an accurate model of the underlying nuclear dynamics. In this review, we discuss recent progress made with quantum Monte Carlo approaches for calculating the electroweak structure of light nuclei. We place particular emphasis on recent β decay, muon capture, neutrinoless double β decay, and electron scattering results.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141584500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Technological Novelties and Scientific Discoveries with the Borexino Experiment Borexino 实验带来的技术创新和科学发现
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-102622-021701
Gianpaolo Bellini
{"title":"Technological Novelties and Scientific Discoveries with the Borexino Experiment","authors":"Gianpaolo Bellini","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-102622-021701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102622-021701","url":null,"abstract":"The Borexino experiment has developed, in its 32 years of activity, techniques and methods that allow for unprecedented radiopurity levels, which continue to be the current state of the art. These pioneering techniques and methods represent a new standard for ultra-low-background physics, a legacy that Borexino leaves to future experiments studying low-energy neutrinos and searching for rare events with detectors operating deep underground. The Borexino experiment leaves an equally influential scientific legacy with its discoveries and precise measurements of the nuclear processes that cause the Sun and stars to shine. Thanks to its unparalleled low background in the energy window of ∼150 keV to ∼15 MeV, the Borexino experiment also has contributed significantly to the understanding of neutrino oscillations with the observation of the energy-dependent matter to vacuum-dominated flavor conversion probability of solar neutrinos. Along with this textbook-quality body of solar neutrino results, the Borexino experiment has contributed to the study of the Earth's mantle radioactivity with background-free measurements of geoneutrinos. This article presents an overview of the long-lasting Borexino results and of the experimental efforts required to achieve them.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141561368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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