Water, Air, & Soil Pollution最新文献

{"title":"Diethylenetriamine-Grafted SBA-15 for Advanced Azo Dye Removal: Adsorption Kinetics and Isotherm Modeling","authors":"Niveditha S,&nbsp;Venkatachalam K","doi":"10.1007/s11270-026-10026-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-026-10026-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Food and textile dye effluents cause major health problems. Organic dyes are a primary hazard in industrial wastewater. Adsorption effectively eliminates organic dyes and purifies potable water. However, challenges exist regarding carbon recycling; thus, recyclable adsorbents are beneficial. The diethylenetriamine-modified SBA-15 nanocomposite was synthesized, characterized, and applied to the adsorption of food dyes (tartrazine, allura red, and brilliant blue) in water. The efficacy of adsorbents in removal (%) was assessed in relation to pH, dosage, concentration, duration, and temperature. Additionally, adsorbent-adsorbate interactions were studied using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms, and pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetics were used to investigate the adsorption mechanism. The thermodynamic parameters (∆G°, ∆S°, and ∆H°) were assessed and contrasted. Confirming monolayer adsorption, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm yielded a linear correlation coefficient (R²) of around 1 for all dyes. The pseudo-second-order model, characterized by a rate constant (k₂) between 0.00004 and 0.00007 g/mg min, was found to adhere to kinetic principles. The calculated adsorption capacities for brilliant blue, tartrazine, and allura red were 787.40 mg/g, 781.25 mg/g, and 400.00 mg/g, respectively. Adsorption takes place when free energy reduces, enthalpy is negative, and entropy reduces at 25 °C. Over three cycles, the adsorbent's ability to be recycled was proven, and the removal efficiency (%) level was not lowered. Consequently, the diethylenetriamine-modified SBA-15 composite can efficiently remove food and textile dyes from aqueous solutions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"237 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Rationally Constructed Synergy La2O3/N-Rich Graphitic Carbon Nitride Heterojunction: “One Stone and Two Birds” Strategy to Solve Photocatalytic Degradation of Antibiotics and Improve the H2O2 Production","authors":"Phan Quang Huy Hoang,&nbsp;Nguyen Minh Phu,&nbsp;Dang Thanh Cong Minh,&nbsp;Tran Nguyen Cam Nhung,&nbsp;Tran Dang Khoa,&nbsp;Nguyen Thanh Hoai Nam,&nbsp;Nguyen Hung Vu,&nbsp;Nguyen Ngoc Nghia,&nbsp;Huynh Ky Phuong Ha,&nbsp;Mai Thanh Phong,&nbsp;Nguyen Huu Hieu","doi":"10.1007/s11270-026-10021-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-026-10021-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"237 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption of Malachite Green and Congo Red Using Raw Rice Husk and its Effectiveness in Reducing Phytotoxicity in Tomato Under Irrigation Conditions","authors":"Ahmed Asif,&nbsp;Uroosa Ejaz,&nbsp;Ali El-Keblawy,&nbsp;Muhammad Ali Hussain,&nbsp;Muhammad Sohail","doi":"10.1007/s11270-026-10031-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-026-10031-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Synthetic dyes are known to exert toxic effects on all forms of life and their discharge in the water bodies results in pollution, and reduce the availability of good quality water for agriculture. Therefore, this study was designed to use rice husk as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of malachite green and congo red, and to assess the biological relevance of treatment for plant irrigation purpose. Batch adsorption was performed using 1 g L⁻¹ dye solution. To examine whether dye removal was associated with reduced phytotoxicity, untreated and rice husk-treated dye solutions were applied for tomato seed germination in pot experiments. Results showed that 1% raw rice husk achieved 95% decolorization efficiency for both the dyes in 24 h. Untreated dye solutions markedly reduced seed germination, root length, stem length, fresh leaf numbers, and increased leaf wilting. In contrast, irrigation with rice husk-treated dye solution substantially improved plant growth parameters. Biochemical analyses showed that treated dye solutions resulted in more antioxidant scavenging activity in plant biomass. Multivariate analysis further distinguished untreated dye treatments from rice husk-treated dye and water control groups. Therefore, results concluded that raw rice husk can serve as an effective low-cost adsorbent for malachite green and congo red and may reduce dye-associated phytotoxicity under short-term irrigation conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"237 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Fluoride Eradication by Chemically Modified Citrus paradisi and Musa paradisiaca Biochars: Kinetic Insights and Green Remediation","authors":"Amara Dar,&nbsp;Rabia Rehman,&nbsp;Mahreen Hafeez,&nbsp; Noor-ul-Ain,&nbsp;Ghazala Yaseen,&nbsp;Edgar Vázquez-Núñez,&nbsp;Zahrah T. Al-thagafi","doi":"10.1007/s11270-026-10010-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-026-10010-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, thermochemical conversion of agricultural waste to biochar opens up new opportunities for environment sustainability and waste management. The main purpose is to detoxify fluoride ions from wastewater using chemically modified biochar prepared from peels of <i>Citrus paradisi</i> (grapefruit) <i>and Musa paradisiaca</i> (banana). The biochar prepared from fruit waste and chemically modified with ZnCl₂ and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was characterized by SEM for surface morphology, FT-IR for functional groups and TGA for thermal stability. Fluoride adsorption on biochar was studied by batch-wise experiments optimizing different concerned parameters. The results showed that biochar was prepared from banana and grapefruit peels treated with SDS and ZnCl₂ showed different maximum removal capacity for F⁻ ions, the 56.188 mg/g was obtained from ZnCl₂ treated grapefruit peel. This research highlights an innovative, sustainable solution for defluorination using ecofriendly bio-fabricated material to address a critical environmental challenge.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"237 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and Application of a Composite Slow-release Carbon Source from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Starch Wastewater-derived Coagulation-flocculation Sediment for Denitrification","authors":"Xinyu Luo,&nbsp;Yifei Xie,&nbsp;Rui Qin,&nbsp;Dan Zhang,&nbsp;Quan Liu,&nbsp;Tingfei Sun,&nbsp;Bingxiang Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11270-026-10036-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-026-10036-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To valorize sweet potato starch wastewater (SPSW) and alleviate carbon limitation during advanced nitrogen removal from low C/N ratio secondary effluent, coagulation–flocculation sediment recovered from SPSW was dried to obtain dried coagulation-flocculation sediment (DCFS), which was further incorporated into a polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix to prepare a composite slow-release carbon source (DCFS-PCL). Carbon release characteristics and denitrification performance were investigated through static release tests, kinetic modeling, and batch experiments. Both DCFS and DCFS-PCL exhibited effective carbon-supplying capacity for denitrification. First-order kinetics provided the best fit for both materials, while PCL incorporation reduced the release rate and increased the Ritger–Peppas exponent from 0.344 to 0.468, indicating more controlled matrix-regulated release. In the third batch, 1 g/L DCFS achieved approximately 78.66% NO₃⁻-N removal and 81.15% TN removal, with an effluent COD of approximately 16.18 mg/L. At 5 g/L, DCFS-PCL achieved approximately 99.99% NO₃⁻-N removal and 96.60% TN removal, with an effluent COD of approximately 26.94 mg/L. At their respective suitable dosages, both materials achieved effective nitrogen removal while maintaining effluent nitrogen and COD concentrations within the local discharge standards. Two-way ANOVA showed that carbon source type, dosage, and their interaction significantly affected effluent COD, NO₃⁻-N, and TN concentrations (all <i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001), indicating distinct dose–response patterns between the two carbon sources. These results demonstrate that coagulation–flocculation sediment from SPSW can serve as an effective denitrification carbon source, while PCL incorporation provides an additional means to regulate carbon release and improve its applicability for advanced nitrogen removal from low C/N ratio secondary effluent.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"237 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alginate-Quercetin Hollow Tubes Supported Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Dip-Catalyst to Decolorize Organic Dyes and Potassium Ferricyanide","authors":"Muhannad Hamzeh Moh’d Odeh,&nbsp;Zia Ur Rahman,&nbsp;Noureen Khan,&nbsp;Keyume Ablajan,&nbsp;Youssef O. Alghamdi,&nbsp;Bilal Muneeb Kanaan,&nbsp;Esam Al-Malki,&nbsp;Shahid Ali Khan","doi":"10.1007/s11270-026-10017-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-026-10017-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hollow cylindrical tubes based on alginate biopolymer or alginate blended with quercetin flavonoids were designed via a coaxial extrusion technique as a solid matrix, followed by freezing and freeze-drying treatment, used for the stabilization of Cu NPs. The synthesized catalyst Alg@Cu or Alg-q@Cu NPs were characterized using FESEM, EDS, FTIR, and XRD. The XRD analysis indicated a mixture of Cu/Cu₂O/CuO NPs due to their prolonged exposure to the atmosphere. The synthesized catalyst was used to discolor various dyes, including Congo red (CR), methyl orange (MO), methylene blue (MB), and potassium ferricyanide (PFC). Both catalysts showed excellent activity against the dyes and PFC discoloration. The highest activity was observed for MB discoloration with Alg@Cu and Alg-q@Cu NPs, at 6.1 × 10^–1 and 7.0 × 10^–1 min⁻¹, respectively. Owing to the higher activity, Alg-q@Cu NPs were applied for the multi-component system discoloration, including a mixture of dyes and PFC, with promising results. The efficiency of the catalyst was also assessed in distilled, sea, and tap water against MB and PFC discoloration, with excellent activity in a short reaction time. The catalyst retained approximately 95% discoloration efficiency after four consecutive cycles under the tested conditions. Furthermore, the tubes were intact in their shape and morphology after reuse.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"237 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption Kinetics and Isotherms of Montmorillonite-Infused Dextran/Kappa-Carrageenan Hydrogels for Toxic Dye Removal","authors":"Komal Nandal,&nbsp;Rahul Rahul,&nbsp;Prince Preet Kaur,&nbsp;Akshita Solanki,&nbsp;Angel Bisla,&nbsp;Hemlata Chauhan,&nbsp;Rajeev Jindal","doi":"10.1007/s11270-026-10028-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-026-10028-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dextran and kappa-carrageenan-based hydrogel materials were synthesized by incorporating montmorillonite and characterized using numerous characterization techniques, including field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric techniques. The optimal synthesis conditions for achieving maximum swelling capacity included a power of 60 watts, a solvent volume of 4 mL, a pH of 9, a reaction stime of 22 s, a 3:1 DX: k-CG reactant ratio, and a montmorillonite concentration of 0.03 mol/L. The hydrogel materials were evaluated for their efficacy in adsorbing toxic dyes, specifically Methylene Blue and Malachite Green. Adsorption kinetics were analyzed using numerous kinetic models, while adsorption isotherms were assessed to determine the adsorption mechanism. The adsorption efficiencies for Methylene Blue and Malachite Green were 87.5% and 90.2%, respectively. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model demonstrated the best fit for adsorption, indicating chemisorption as the rate-limiting step. Isotherm analysis revealed that the Langmuir model provided the best fit, suggesting homogeneous adsorption and a monolayer adsorption mechanism dominated by physical interactions. The negative Gibbs free energy changes (ΔG) from 303 to 333 K confirmed the spontaneity of the adsorption process for both dyes. Overall, the synthesized hydrogel materials demonstrated excellent potential as green and sustainable adsorbents for wastewater treatment, offering an effective approach for the remediation of dye-contaminated effluents.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"237 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Hydrogeochemistry, Stable Isotopes and Machine Learning Approach to Assess Groundwater Quality and Recharge Mechanisms in the Mayo Douka Watershed, North Cameroon","authors":"Mohamed Njiayouom Ngah,&nbsp;Bernadette Nka Nnomo,&nbsp;Paulin Sainclair Kouassy Kalédjé,&nbsp;Zakari Mfonka,&nbsp;N. Subba Rao,&nbsp;Alain Fouépé Takounjou,&nbsp;Jules Rémy Ndam Ngoupayou","doi":"10.1007/s11270-026-10018-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-026-10018-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Groundwater in semi-arid regions face increasing quantitative and qualitative pressures due to climate variability and anthropogenic activities. This study investigates the hydrogeochemical and isotopic characteristics of groundwater in the Mayo Douka watershed, northern Cameroon, to assess groundwater quality for drinking purposes and identify recharge mechanisms. Thirty groundwater samples were analyzed for major ions, physicochemical parameters, and stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O and δ²H). Multivariate statistical and machine learning techniques, including Self-Organizing Map (SOM), Ascending Hierarchical Classification of SOM map (AHC-SOM), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were applied to identify hydrogeochemical patterns, solute sources, and processes controlling groundwater chemistry. The Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI) was calculated and mapped using GIS to assess the spatial distribution of groundwater quality. Results indicated a predominance of Na-Cl (30%) and mixed Ca-Mg-Cl (26.7%) hydrochemical facies. Multivariate analyses showed that groundwater chemistry was primarily controlled by water-rock interactions, particularly carbonate and silicate dissolution, alongside potential anthropogenic influences associated with fertilizer application and domestic waste. GWQI values ranged from 11.89 to 191.71, and 60% of samples were classified as excellent or good for drinking purposes based on the physicochemical parameters considered. Higher GWQI values were associated with acidic conditions and elevated concentrations of some dissolved constituents, particularly K⁺ and <span>({text{N}text{O}}_{3}^{-})</span>. Stable isotope data indicate a predominantly meteoric origin of groundwater with limited evaporative modification, while localized isotopic en61|.nbvrichment suggests possible evaporation or mixing with isotopically enriched sources. This integrated hydrogeochemical, isotopic, machine learning, and GIS-based approach provides valuable insights into groundwater quality, mineralization processes, and recharge mechanisms, thereby supporting groundwater management in the Sudano-Sahelian zone.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"237 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methane Emissions from Algae-Driven Sediments of Sea Cucumber Culture Ponds Via Indoor Microcosms","authors":"Hui Liang,&nbsp;Lihong Chen,&nbsp;Min Wang,&nbsp;Shuaikang Ju,&nbsp;Mengqi Zhang,&nbsp;Xuchen Jia,&nbsp;Zhen Yu,&nbsp;Hongxia Zhang,&nbsp;Rui Li,&nbsp;Ronglian Xing","doi":"10.1007/s11270-026-09985-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-026-09985-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Methane (CH₄), a potent greenhouse gas that contributes significantly to global warming, is produced in the sediments of sea cucumber breeding ponds. These habitats are characterized by high organic matter accumulation and hypoxic conditions, which facilitate blooms of the <i>Chaetomorpha valida</i>—a phenomenon that may modulate CH₄ emissions. Light is a key regulator of algal physiological activities.We examined methane emissions driven by the growth of <i>Chaetomorpha valida</i> under varying light intensities and circadian rhythms. Our results demonstrated that light conditions significantly regulated CH₄ emission fluxes, with light intensity showing a negative correlation with CH₄ emissions. The highest CH₄ emission fluxes were observed under low light with an algal density of 25 kg m⁻³, reaching 66.01 ± 1.46 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ before light intensity and 80.02 ± 2.37 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ after light intensity. Notably, CH₄ emission fluxes in algal-containing groups were higher after light exposure than before, whereas the opposite trend was observed in the control group. Correspondingly, the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the overlying water was significantly higher after light intensity than before, and the difference in DO concentration between pre- and post-light intensity increased with increasing light intensity. These findings reveal that light mediates algal-driven CH₄ dynamics primarily by regulating DO levels in the overlying water, providing critical insights into the biogeochemical cycling of CH₄ in aquaculture ecosystems and its implications for atmospheric greenhouse gas management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"237 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silicon: A Crucial Element for Enhancing Heavy Metals Tolerance in Plants","authors":"Azhar Hussain,&nbsp;Abubakar Dar,&nbsp;Muhammad Mohsin,&nbsp;Nazmi Mat Nawi,&nbsp;Shumila Shahid,&nbsp;Zafar Iqbal,&nbsp;Syed Kazim Ali,&nbsp;Muhammad Ramzan,&nbsp;Maqshoof Ahmad","doi":"10.1007/s11270-026-10033-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-026-10033-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The contamination of heavy metals (HMs) in agricultural soils is a serious concern for food safety and the environment globally. Excessive accumulation of HMs adversely affects seed germination and impairs physiological processes in plants; indirect effects mainly result from the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vital plant tissues, leading to compromised human health via the food chain. Despite several approaches for mitigating the toxicity of HMs, silicon (Si) has emerged as a promising prospect for HM stress tolerance in plants. This review paper emphasizes the current knowledge on the role of Si in regulating the availability and uptake of HMs, with particular emphasis on plant and soil-related mechanisms. Si reduces HM bioavailability through adsorption, co-precipitation and immobilization in soil. However, Si restricts HM uptake in plants by regulating metal transporter-related genes, chelation, enhancing antioxidant defence, and physiological modifications. Moreover, the recent advances in Si nanoparticles (Si-NPs) further enhance their potential for strengthening the plant defence responses and improving HM immobilization, although their long-term environmental effects and field applicability remain insufficiently understood. Prospects should consider and focus on elucidating Si-HM interactions at the rhizosphere and molecular levels and establishing their environmental and food safety implications. This review provided a brief key step involved in the reduction of HM toxicity and detoxification of HMs through Si application. Overall, Si represents a promising and multifaceted approach for mitigating HM toxicity and improving crop resilience in contaminated agricultural systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"237 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11270-026-10033-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}