Trees最新文献

{"title":"Fatigue life assessment of urban street trees under wind loading: effects of decay progression and soil conditions","authors":"Junsuk Kang","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02805-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02805-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Urban street trees are susceptible to windthrow and branch failure during storms, yet existing risk frameworks focus on static ultimate-load criteria and neglect cumulative fatigue damage under repeated wind loading. This study presents an integrated, screening-level engineering–biology framework — explicitly adapted from structural-fatigue methodology to the biological realities of living trees — coupling ABAQUS finite element dynamic analysis (with documented mesh convergence), Kaimal-spectrum biaxial wind time series, rainflow cycle counting, Miner’s damage rule, a concentric-hollow decay stress amplification model, and regional Weibull wind-speed distributions. Six tree geometries (H = 6 and 8 m; DBH = 15, 20, and 25 cm) were modelled as tapered B31 beams with biaxial wind loading (longitudinal mean-plus-turbulence and lateral turbulence at σ_v = 0.75σ_u) and Rayleigh damping (ζ = 2%). Wind-induced stem oscillation is treated as fully reversed bending (<i>R</i> = − 1); the use of <span>(:R=0)</span>-derived S-N coefficients is recognised as a non-conservative simplification and is partially compensated by lower-bound S-N parameters. The maximum dynamic amplification factor (DAF) was 7.71 for H = 8 m, DBH = 15 cm, with a peak stress of 138.7 MPa exceeding the ginkgo modulus of rupture (MOR), indicating that static failure precedes fatigue in slender trees. For a decayed reference tree (r_d/<i>R</i> = 0.8) under Jeju typhoon-regime winds (Weibull scale parameter c = 9.0 m/s), lower-bound S-N fatigue life was approximately 1.4 years. Sound-tree fatigue life differed by up to several hundred thousand times across five Korean street tree species due to MOR differences alone, with species-specific elastic-modulus variation contributing only ± 6% to peak base bending moment. A Winkler rotational spring model showed that soft-clay soils reduce basal stress by up to 64.5% relative to a fully fixed base, but at the cost of increased overturning risk under extreme loads. Independent corroboration from Korea Forest Service typhoon damage statistics, Korean post-typhoon field surveys, and Hurricane Sandy and Hurricane Irma urban-tree damage records is qualitatively consistent with the framework’s central prediction that the dominant failure mode is decay-accelerated low-cycle fatigue. The results establish that decay detection and species selection are the primary determinants of fatigue safety for urban trees, that delayed post-storm failures can be interpreted as the joint product of accumulated fatigue damage and post-storm soil-stiffness loss, and that regionally differentiated inspection standards are warranted.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-026-02805-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148613734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the accuracy of pixel equivalent method and SfM method in estimating diameter at breast height, tree height, and volume of street trees","authors":"Haoyan Zhao,&nbsp;Demin Yan","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02799-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02799-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To compare the measurement accuracy of Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry and the pixel equivalent method in acquiring urban street tree parameters, the diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, and volume of 56 trees from three species (<i>Taxodium distichum</i>, <i>Ginkgo biloba</i>, and <i>Quercus rubra</i>) were estimated using smartphone image data. The results showed that both methods performed well for DBH estimation, with the pixel equivalent method showing slightly higher goodness of fit (Bias = 0.1241 cm, RMSE = 0.6511 cm, <i>R</i>^<i>2</i> = 0.984), whereas smartphone-based SfM showed slightly lower overall error(Bias = -0.6664 cm, RMSE = 1.3543 cm, <i>R</i>^<i>2</i> = 0.938). However, smartphone-based SfM exhibited substantially lower accuracy for tree height (Bias = 0.6973 m, RMSE = 2.5124 m, <i>R</i>^<i>2</i> = 0.017) and volume estimation (Bias = 0.0384 m³, RMSE = 0.0582 m³, <i>R</i>^<i>2</i> = 0.896). In contrast, the pixel equivalent method demonstrated superior performance for tree height (Bias = 0.2935 m, RMSE = 0.6653 m, <i>R</i>^<i>2</i> = 0.713) and volume (Bias = 0.0168 m³, RMSE = 0.0423 m³, <i>R</i>^<i>2</i> = 0.931). Overall, the pixel equivalent method produced smaller systematic bias, lower RMSE, and higher model fit, outperforming smartphone-based SfM under the present conditions, suggesting that it is more suitable for estimating urban street tree parameters in this study.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148613539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyamines and antioxidant enzymes are involved in the seed desiccation sensitivity of Eugenia (Myrtaceae) species","authors":"Guilherme Almeida Garcia Rodrigues,&nbsp;Maiara Iadwizak Ribeiro,&nbsp;Claudio Jose Barbedo,&nbsp;Neusa Steiner","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02807-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02807-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Eugenia</i> (Myrtaceae) is a Neotropical genus that produces desiccation-sensitive (DS) seeds, for which the metabolism of desiccation damage remains unclear. We analyzed polyamines (PAs), antioxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in seeds of <i>E. pyriformis</i>, <i>E. involucrata</i>, <i>E. brasiliensis</i>, and <i>E. astringens</i> at four water contents (WC) to investigate their relationship with DS. Species differed in their WC thresholds for viability loss, with <i>E. pyriformis</i> and <i>E. involucrata</i> reaching 50% germination at slightly higher WC than <i>E. brasiliensis</i> and <i>E. astringens</i>. Desiccation induced distinct PAs and antioxidant enzymes across species and WC. Putrescine (PUT) increased during desiccation in <i>E. pyriformis</i> and <i>E. involucrata</i>, whereas spermidine (SPD) increased in <i>E. brasiliensis</i> and <i>E. astringens</i>. Changes in PA ratio were species-specific, with marked reductions in <i>E. pyriformis</i> and <i>E. involucrata</i>. Spermine (SPM) decreased in all species during desiccation. Superoxide dismutase rose in <i>E. involucrata</i> and <i>E. astringens</i>, and catalase rose in <i>E. pyriformis</i>. Ascorbate peroxidase decreased at the WC threshold, except in <i>E. involucrata</i>, and glutathione reductase declined in all species. MDA accumulated in <i>E. pyriformis</i>, <i>E. involucrata</i>, and <i>E. brasiliensis</i>, correlating positively with WC decrease in the first two and correlating positively with PA ratio in <i>E. brasiliensis</i>, whereas <i>E. astringens</i> showed increased MDA only in unviable seeds. Correlation analysis also revealed distinct associations between WC, MDA, PAs, and antioxidant enzymes. Our results reveal species-specific responses of PAs and antioxidant enzymes during desiccation in <i>Eugenia</i> seeds. Correlation analyses provided limited evidence of coordinated responses between these two systems, which may have contributed to metabolic imbalance and viability loss.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148613541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation beyond protected areas: endorsing OECM potential of Urban institutional campus in India","authors":"S Saraniya,&nbsp;Manu Thomas,&nbsp;Radhika Sood,&nbsp;Rupali Nayal,&nbsp;Shalini Dhyani","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02804-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02804-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key Message</h3><p>Urban institutional campuses may offer strong OECM potential by supporting tree diversity, tree-related microhabitats, and urban biodiversity conservation, while also contributing to India’s broader 30 × 30 and SDG-aligned goals.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Urbanisation plays a major role in the global decline of biodiversity, leading to habitat fragmentation, ecosystem disturbances, and the proliferation of invasive species. While protected areas (PAs) are crucial for conservation, they alone cannot counter biodiversity loss amid rapid urban expansion. Complimenting PAs, Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (OECMs) offer alternative strategies, encompassing conserved landscapes such as indigenous territories, sacred groves, community forests, and, notably, urban institutional campuses. This research identifies and evaluates the large and historically protected urban campuses in India as a potential OECM within local, national, and global biodiversity frameworks. The present study highlights the case of the large CSIR-NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute), Nagpur campus covering 46 hectares, having 83 tree species supporting diverse tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) and other ecosystem services. The systematic sampling of tree species and microhabitats has been shown to provide significant ecological value, structural complexity, and resilience, thus making the campus a real biodiversity reservoir and an ecological link in the face of an urban environment. The study highlights how institutional campuses can meet key OECM criteria, supporting secure tenure, low disturbance, governance capacity, long-term monitoring, and the fusion of conservation with the educational and research missions. Identifying such urban green spaces as OECMs provides cost-effective measures to extend conservation endeavours, meet the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework’s 30 × 30 target, and advance Sustainable Development Goals (11,13,14 &amp; 15). Our findings advocate for the strategic inclusion of institutional campuses in Indian conservation policies to foster resilient, biodiverse, and sustainable urban environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148613538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leaf ecophysiological responses to climate variabilities revealed its sensitivity and adaptive strategies of treeline ecotone species in the western Himalaya, India","authors":"Rajman Gupta,&nbsp;Ambuj Mishra,&nbsp;Rajendra Kr. Joshi,&nbsp;Ramesh Kumar Yadav,&nbsp;Satish Chandra Garkoti,&nbsp;Shreyasi Upadhyay","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02806-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02806-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High-altitude treelines in western Himalaya are highly sensitive to climate variability and atmospheric circulations, which influences regional temperature and moisture. We measured leaf-level ecophysiological responses-gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments (chl_a, chl_b), chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic rate (Pn), water use efficiency (WUE), vapor pressure deficit (VPD) between the co-occurring seedlings and trees in <i>Rhododendron campanulatum</i> D. Don and <i>Quercus semecarpifolia</i> Sm. growing at 3200–3450 m a.s.l. (treeline). Also, ERA5 climate datasets were analysed to understand how these tree species adjust to physiological stresses at treeline. <i>Quercus semecarpifolia</i> showed higher chl_a, chl_b and chl_a+b content, specific leaf area (SLA), WUEi, Amass and Fv/Fm. Also, Fv/Fm values remained close to optimal threshold (~ 0.80), indicating stable photosystem-II functioning, whereas lower values in <i>R. campanulatum</i> indicate greater susceptibility to photo-inhibition at treeline. <i>Rhododendron campanulatum</i> showed significantly higher VPD than <i>Q. semecarpifolia</i>, reflecting greater atmospheric dryness and evaporative demands. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained 37.2% and 26.9% variations in the first two components in ecophysiological traits respectively highlighting key functional attributes influencing treeline performance. Overall, <i>Q. semecarpifolia</i> demonstrates greater climate resilience at treeline due to its efficient water<b>-</b>use and stable photosynthetic function under variable climatic stress. Trait’s response to climate warming suggests likely treeline advance. Stress tolerant conservative species (<i>R. campanulatum</i>) may expand their distribution under warmer and drier conditions. However, acquisitive species (<i>Q. semecarpifolia</i>) may show reduced growth and recruitment, leading to species-specific and asymmetric treeline response under future climate change. These findings underscore adaptive strategies employed by high-altitude treeline species in response to climatic constraints.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148613346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The GRAS transcription factor BpGRAS19 confers salt stress tolerance in birch by regulating ROS scavenging","authors":"Furun Hao,&nbsp;Qiang Wang,&nbsp;Weiqi Li,&nbsp;Wenli Zhu,&nbsp;Lei Li,&nbsp;Xiaoman Cui,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Ji","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02802-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02802-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Salt stress critically impairs plant growth and development; therefore, elucidating salt-tolerance genes and their regulatory mechanisms is essential for advancing molecular breeding. In our previous study, a GRAS transcription factor, BpGRAS19, was identified within the salt-responsive gene regulatory network of birch (<i>Betula platyphylla</i>). Phylogenetic analysis and conserved domain prediction validated BpGRAS19 as a member of the GRAS family, which contains a highly conserved GRAS domain. Subcellular localization experiments and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses further showed that BpGRAS19 is a nuclear-localized protein with tissue-specific expression patterns, and its expression is significantly induced by salt stress in birch. Transient transformation assays confirmed that BpGRAS19 functions as a positive regulator of salt tolerance in birch. In contrast, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of BpGRAS19 remarkably reduced salt tolerance, which was associated with impaired reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assays indicated that BpGRAS19 specifically binds to characterized (MBS, W-box) and novel cis-acting elements (UN1: ACCGAGC; UN2: CGACATC), thereby expanding the DNA-binding motif of GRAS transcription factors. Taken together, these results demonstrate that BpGRAS19 improves salt tolerance in birch by mitigating cell membrane damage and enhancing ROS scavenging efficiency. This study lays a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in woody plants and provides theoretical support for salt-resistant breeding of birch.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Variation in hydraulic vulnerability among tree species in a bottomland hardwood forest","authors":"Ayomide O. Oyefara,&nbsp;Brett T. Wolfe","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02798-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02798-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-026-02798-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel assimilation chamber system for evaluating juvenile tree in vivo carbon exchange and water relations under drought stress: design and function test","authors":"Zehai Xu,&nbsp;Yandong Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02801-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02801-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message: </h3><p><b>Combined measurements of carbon exchange and stem water dynamics provided new insights into physiological transitions during progressive drought-induced tree mortality.</b></p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Drought-induced tree mortality significantly alters ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling, highlighting the need to quantify individual tree-level carbon sequestration responses under variable water availability. This study developed a novel assimilation chamber system coupled with a custom stem water content sensor, enabling automated, continuous, long-term in vivo monitoring of whole-tree carbon exchange and water relations. A design and function test on juvenile <i>Radermachera sinica</i> demonstrated the system’s ability to assess carbon sequestration capacity, reflected by the net CO₂ exchange rate, under different water-supply conditions. The system revealed coupled dynamics between stem water content and net CO₂ exchange, and indicated that drought stress progressively impairs water relations and carbon sequestration capacity. Overall, this innovative chamber-sensor system provides a methodological tool for investigating whole-tree carbon and water dynamics under varying environmental conditions, with potential applications beyond drought stress studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in resistance to European canker among apple rootstocks and their impact on scion cultivars","authors":"Larisa Garkava-Gustavsson,&nbsp;Jonas Skytte af Sätra,&nbsp;Oksana Korniienko,&nbsp;Marina Kuzmenkova,&nbsp;Kateryna Udovychenko,&nbsp;Darius Kviklys","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02800-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02800-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key Message</h3><p>This study revealed considerable variation in resistance to European canker caused by <i>Neonectria ditissima</i> among apple rootstocks, rootstock impact on resistance to the disease in scion cultivars, and rootstock × scion interaction effects.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>European canker caused by <i>Neonectria ditissima</i> is a serious disease on apple and pear, posing a major threat to Swedish and Northern European commercial apple production. Efforts to develop cultivars with improved resistance are ongoing, but far from reaching the commercial market due to the long breeding cycles of apple. Thus, short-term strategies to mitigate the disease are essential, and the susceptibility of the scion cultivar may be influenced by the rootstock it is grafted to. Here, we screened 23 rootstocks representing 21 unique rootstock genotypes, including a number of clones of ‘M.9’, for their levels of resistance to European canker over two years. Two rootstocks were received from two or three different nurseries. We found significant differences in resistance among the rootstocks, and related this to their genetic structure, which was estimated with 16 SSR loci. Rootstock ‘G.969’ was found as being significantly more resistant than all other tested rootstocks and had a positive effect on scion resistance. We also investigated rootstock × scion interactions using seven rootstocks and four scion cultivars that are important within Swedish commercial production. We observed a moderate but not significant correlation between rootstock resistance and its effect on scion resistance, but also interaction effects between specific rootstock-scion combinations. Our findings highlight the valuable contribution of modern breeding efforts in tackling one of the major challenges, provide valuable information for commercial cultivation practices, and illustrate the intricate interaction effects influencing disease resistance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-026-02800-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The stressful mechanical environment of cambial growth: balance between turgor pressure and tissue stress applied by bark in lime tree","authors":"Thomas Boursat,&nbsp;Tancrède Alméras,&nbsp;Jonathan Barès,&nbsp;Léonie Molaro-Maqua,&nbsp;Liudmila Kozlova,&nbsp;Yann Boursiac,&nbsp;Bruno Clair","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02797-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02797-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message: </h3><p>A first measurement of the tissue stress applied by bark and turgor pressure in the cambial region indicates that cambial growth is severely mechanically constrained by bark.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>The vascular cambium and expanding tissues are confined between the secondary xylem and the secondary phloem. Plant cell expansion is driven by turgor pressure, which generates tension in the cell wall and leads to its irreversible deformation, resulting in an increase in cell volume. When a cell is confined within surrounding tissues, these tissues exert a mechanical stress on the growing cells, referred to as tissue stress. In this context, cell expansion depends on the balance between the internal turgor pressure of the cell and the external stress applied by the surrounding tissues. Here, we present a first attempt to quantify this mechanical balance in the vascular cambium of young lime trees. The tissue stress exerted by the bark on cambial tissues was estimated from released strains and the mechanical properties of the bark measured in this study. The turgor pressure of cambial cells was directly measured using a cell pressure probe. Our analyses show that the bark applies a radial compressive stress to the vascular cambium, with a mean magnitude of − 0.17 MPa. The turgor pressure measured in actively growing cambial cells averaged 0.23 MPa. The proximity of these values suggests that cambial growth is strongly limited by the confining stress exerted by the bark. We then discuss the consequences of changes in water status (such as diurnal variations or seasonal fluctuations) on this mechanical balance and on the regulation of cambial growth.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-026-02797-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}