Trees最新文献

{"title":"Rapid nutrient transfer reduces negative effects of post‐emergence seed predation in Quercus variabilis","authors":"Yixin Chen,&nbsp;Xiaoxu Jiang,&nbsp;Qinsong Yang,&nbsp;Guolei Li","doi":"10.1007/s00468-024-02588-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-024-02588-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Seeds of some tree species are often consumed by vertebrates after germination, resulting in the loss of cotyledons that still contain nutrients, affecting early seedling formation. However, little attention has been given to strategies employed by seeds to address post-emergence predation. Seed nutrient transfer of <i>Quercus variabilis</i> was quantified after removing cotyledons at 11 times, with intervals of 5 or 10 days between them. Seedling performance in the field was evaluated at the end of the first- and second-growing seasons. Cotyledon removal on the 10th day had no significant impact on seedling survival. However, removal of cotyledon on the fifth day substantially reduced seedling survival rates, with effects lasting until the end of the second growing season. Seedling growth was not influenced by cotyledon removal after 20 days, but removal of cotyledon on day 15 resulted in a significant decrease in seedling height and ground diameter at the end of the second growing season. The percentage of residual nutrients in the cotyledons was always less than the residual biomass as nutrient transfer was rapid during the critical stages of seedling establishment. Nutrient transfer was asynchronous; transfer rate of starch was the highest, followed by K, P, and N. Rapid nutrient transfer and its asynchrony might be the regeneration strategy of <i>Quercus</i> seeds under predation pressure. Therefore, seeds of <i>Quercus</i> should be protected in the early stages of seedling establishment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142826126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactive compounds and fatty acids in hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) changes with increasing root age","authors":"Levent Kirca","doi":"10.1007/s00468-024-02583-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-024-02583-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>As the age of hazelnut orchards increases, the amount of fatty acid composition and bioactive compounds beneficial for health significantly decreases, therefore renewal of old hazelnut orchards is recommended. </p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>This study was carried out to determine how ocak planting age affected bioactive compounds and fatty acid composition in the Tombul hazelnut cultivar. Ocak planting age (20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 years) significantly affected bioactive compounds and fatty acid composition. As ocak planting age increased, total fat, free fatty acids, oleic acid, stearic acid, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and dry matter content decreased. On the other hand, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and palmitic acid content increased in parallel with the increase in planting age. In addition, the increase in the age of ocak affected the oleic/linoleic acid ratio and caused a decrease in this ratio in 50 and 60 years old ocaks. Correlation analysis showed a high correlation between bioactive compounds and fatty acid composition. According to the results of heatmap clustering analysis, 20, 30, 40, and 50 age groups were clustered together (A), while 60 age groups were clustered in a separate branch (B). Similarly, oil ratio, stearic acid, oleic acid, dry matter content, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content were categorized as the first group and other components as the second group. As a result, ocak planting age significantly affected the bioactive compounds and fatty acid composition of hazelnut, which are beneficial for human health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142826125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree height–diameter allometry of Populus euphratica across riparian Tugay forests along a gradient of groundwater table depths","authors":"Dong He,&nbsp;Lu Han,&nbsp;Ümüt Halik,&nbsp;Tayierjiang Aishan,&nbsp;Frank M. Thomas","doi":"10.1007/s00468-024-02586-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-024-02586-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>Deeper groundwater tables restrict taller, slenderer tree forms, pinpointing the importance of hydraulic path length presumably dictated by groundwater depth in regulating tree growth and architecture.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>How tree dimensions are interrelated (i.e., allometry) is a key question in biomechanics and forest ecology. Yet, the functional significance of tree allometry in coping with groundwater availability in drylands has been rarely explored. This gap of knowledge is particularly acute for riparian forests in Central Asia (known as Tugay forests), where groundwater table depth (GWD) is one of the most limiting factors. Based on the rationale of the hydraulic constraint hypothesis in explaining tree height growth, we posited that GWD should dictate hydraulic path length and eventually limit height (<i>H</i>) more than diameter (<i>D</i>) growth. Therefore, we predicted that there would be a lower increment in <i>H</i> with a unit increment in <i>D</i> (i.e., a small scaling exponent), or lower <i>H</i> at a given <i>D,</i> above deeper groundwater tables. Here we gathered a dataset of paired <i>H</i>–<i>D</i> measures for &gt; 6500 trees of <i>Populus euphratica</i>, a keystone phreatophyte species of riparian Tugay forests, along a gradient of GWD from 1.5 m to 10 m across 16 sites in the Tarim River corridor (NW China). We quantified the <i>H</i>–<i>D</i> allometries at individual sites using standardized major axis regression, and tested for any significant shift in scaling exponents or expected <i>H</i> at a given <i>D</i> in relation to GWD. Results showed that the <i>H</i>–<i>D</i> scaling exponents in <i>P. euphratica</i> varied widely across sites, with an average of 0.65 (i.e., <i>H</i> ∝ <i>D</i>^0.65) close to the “canonical” value of 2/3 as posited by theory. With increasing GWD, the scaling exponents did not vary predictably, but the expected <i>H</i> at the grand mean of <i>D</i> decreased as anticipated. This study highlights the functional importance of shorter, stouter tree architectures in persisting above deeper groundwater tables within and perhaps beyond riparian forests in Central Asia’s drylands.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142826127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal variation of canopy vertical structural profiles measured at two temperate forests: intercomparison of tower, mast, crane, and UAV measurements","authors":"Hongliang Fang,&nbsp;Yunjia Wu,&nbsp;Yinghui Zhang,&nbsp;Yao Wang,&nbsp;Sijia Li,&nbsp;Tian Ma,&nbsp;Yu Li,&nbsp;Keruo Guo","doi":"10.1007/s00468-024-02589-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-024-02589-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>Evaluated tower, mast, crane, and UAV methods for forest vertical gap fraction, LAI, and CI measurements in different seasons. UAV is promising for forest vertical structural profiling.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>The vertical distribution of canopy structural parameters, such as canopy gap fraction, leaf area index (LAI) and clumping index (CI), is important for understanding the forest structural and functional properties. However, vertically distributed canopy structural data are rare, and current methods are either inefficient or costly for obtaining sufficient amounts of such data. This study conducted a series of field campaigns to obtain forest vertical structural measurements at two temperate forest sites in northern China from 2020 to 2023. Four different measurement systems were compared: (1) flux towers with accessible platforms at different heights, (2) a portable and extensible sampling mast with a digital hemispherical photography (DHP) camera attached on top, (3) a tower crane with a DHP camera fixed on the crane hook, and (4) an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) with a DHP camera attached on top. The measured effective plant area index (PAI_eff) shows clearly seasonal variations at different heights. The CI remains relatively consistent at different heights, and the leaf-off value is approximately 0.1−0.2 higher than the leaf-on one. The flux tower method can be used for vertical profile measurement at a fixed location, whereas the portable mast is suitable for lower-level (&lt; 15 m) measurement. Crane measurement requires an established facility and is useful for local measurement around the crane. UAV with an attached DHP provides a promising method for monitoring vertical structural parameters. The vertical structural profiles obtained in this study can be used in various modeling and validation studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-024-02589-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142821359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical study of resin duct development in the bark of the lacquer tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. A. Barkley) in relation to tree growth","authors":"Katsushi Kuroda,&nbsp;Kenichi Yamane,&nbsp;Masanobu Tabata","doi":"10.1007/s00468-024-02582-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-024-02582-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>The formation of resin ducts of <i>Toxicodendron vernicifluum</i> bark is controlled by adjusting the number and size of resin ducts with increasing age.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p><i>Toxicodendron vernicifluum</i> is a valuable tree species for harvesting lacquer fluid (urushi). Although resin ducts are crucial for increasing urushi production, the development of resin ducts with tree age in <i>T. vernicifluum</i> remains unclear. This study analyzed the characteristics of normal resin ducts in the bark using stereomicroscopy and cryo-scanning electron microscopy. The current year’s trunk already possessed numerous resin ducts beneath the sclereid cell groups. These structures were approximately connected to the outer periphery of the inner bark, suggesting that they may serve an essential defensive function in young trunks with thin outer bark. Observations of the distribution pattern of resin ducts revealed that the total area per unit length, calculated by multiplying the number of resin ducts and each area, tended to increase with tree growth in all parts of the inner bark. However, the number, and the total area per unit length in the current year-formed inner bark (assumed 200 µm from the cambium) were high in the 1–3-year-old trunks, decreased significantly in one to 4–6-year-old trunks, and then remained approximately constant as the trunks aged, although the area of each resin duct showed a slight increase. The findings suggest that <i>T. vernicifluum</i> bark forms a large number of resin ducts to increase the total area of resin ducts during early stage of bark development. Once the bark has developed, the formation of resin ducts is controlled by adjusting the number and size of resin ducts. Furthermore, the size of resin ducts in the outer part of the inner bark became larger than the newly formed one, likely preventing tangential rupturing as the tangential bark size increased toward the outer. These results suggest that the physical and compositional protective functions provided by resin ducts are modified and regulated as the tree grows, offering insight into the highly sophisticated survival strategies of tree species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RNA-Seq-based WGCNA reveals the physiological and molecular responses of poplar leaves to NaHCO3 stress","authors":"Song Jiaqi,&nbsp;Wang Jiechen,&nbsp;Qin Rui,&nbsp;Ji Guangxin,&nbsp;Cui Congcong,&nbsp;Sun Nan,&nbsp;Qi Siyue,&nbsp;Ding Changjun,&nbsp;Zhang Huihui","doi":"10.1007/s00468-024-02577-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-024-02577-8","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Key message&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;ABA and ET signal transduction play key roles in Populus simonii × Populus nigra response to NaHCO3 stress.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Abstract&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Populus simonii&lt;/i&gt; × &lt;i&gt;Populus nigra&lt;/i&gt; is a fast-growing and resilient poplar variety widely promoted in northern China. However, its proliferation is significantly hindered in the Songnen Plain region of northern China due to the prevalence of soda saline-alkali lands primarily composed of NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;. Current research on the response and adaptation of &lt;i&gt;Populus simonii&lt;/i&gt; × &lt;i&gt;Populus nigra&lt;/i&gt; to saline-alkali stress primarily focuses on neutral salts, with limited exploration into the physiological and molecular mechanisms in response to alkaline salt NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;. This study utilized physiological and transcriptomic techniques to investigate the effects of different concentrations (0, 100, 200, and 300 mM) of NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; stress on the photosynthetic function and antioxidant mechanism of &lt;i&gt;Populus simonii&lt;/i&gt; × &lt;i&gt;Populus nigra&lt;/i&gt;. Additionally, the key molecular mechanisms underlying its salt-alkali tolerance were explored using WGCNA. The results indicate that, compared to non-stress conditions, under NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; stress, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in &lt;i&gt;Populus simonii&lt;/i&gt; × &lt;i&gt;Populus nigra&lt;/i&gt; leaves are significantly enriched in KEGG pathways such as Photosynthesis and Plant hormone signal transduction. At 100 mM NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, there is no significant impact on the photosynthetic function of &lt;i&gt;Populus simonii&lt;/i&gt; × &lt;i&gt;Populus nigra&lt;/i&gt;, with a notable upregulation of numerous DEGs associated with photosynthetic electron transport, suggesting strong resistance of &lt;i&gt;Populus simonii&lt;/i&gt; × &lt;i&gt;Populus nigra&lt;/i&gt; to NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; stress, with hormone signal transduction activation playing a crucial role in its adaptation to NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; stress. At high concentration (300 mM) NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, although it inhibits the photosynthetic function of &lt;i&gt;Populus simonii&lt;/i&gt; × &lt;i&gt;Populus nigra&lt;/i&gt; and leads to severe oxidative damage, KEGG pathways related to antioxidant mechanisms such as Glutathione metabolism and Flavonoid biosynthesis are also significantly enriched. &lt;i&gt;Populus simonii&lt;/i&gt; × &lt;i&gt;Populus nigra&lt;/i&gt; can mitigate excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as Catalase (CAT) and Peroxidase (POD), and the accumulation of the osmotic regulator substance Proline (Pro) also plays a positive role in &lt;i&gt;Populus simonii&lt;/i&gt; × &lt;i&gt;Populus nigra&lt;/i&gt;'s adaptation to NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; stress. Utilizing WGCNA, a module highly correlated with salt tolerance physiological indicators, represented by the \"Mediumorchid\" module, was identified. The KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs in this module significantly enriched pathways closely associated with Plant hormone signal transduction, particularly the MAPK signaling pathway–plant pathway. Numerous genes in this pathway are involved in the sy","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Root morphological and mechanical properties of Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. on slopes at different altitudes","authors":"Meng Qi,&nbsp;Miaohan Li,&nbsp;Xiaowen Wang,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Song,&nbsp;Hailong Sun","doi":"10.1007/s00468-024-02579-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-024-02579-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>Root morphology and tensile strength were affected by elevation, with changes in the \u0000former showing adaptation to the environment, and changes in the latter mainly influenced by root \u0000chemical composition.\u0000</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Plant roots have absorption and anchorage functions and play important roles in plant growth and slope stability. Root morphology and mechanics are closely related to root function and are influenced by various factors. However, the impact of elevation, which encompasses a range of environmental changes, has not been fully studied. This study aimed to investigate the responses of root morphology and root mechanics to environmental changes associated with elevation and to explore the possible effects of these responses on root reinforcement. We measured the morphological properties (length, diameter, and number), tensile strength, and chemical composition (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents) of the taproots and first- and second-order roots of <i>Lespedeza bicolor</i> Turcz<i>.</i> grown at three different elevations (986, 1839, and 2716 m). The lengths of both taproots and lateral roots decreased, while the diameter of lateral roots increased with increasing elevation. Additionally, there was a significant increase in root tensile strength as elevation increased, accompanied by an increase in cellulose content and a decrease in lignin content. Root tensile strength correlated positively with cellulose content and negatively with lignin content. The morphological and mechanical properties of <i>L. bicolor</i> roots are significantly influenced by elevation. Roots exhibit adaptive strategies in response to environmental factors such as hydrothermal conditions and soil nutrient availability. Cellulose and lignin have a significant impact on the biomechanical properties of roots. Regarding soil reinforcement, roots at lower elevations exhibit a more advantageous morphology. Conversely, roots at higher elevations possess greater biomass and tensile strength, making them more resistant to soil erosion under extreme environmental conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging drought sensitivity for large Norway spruce trees at high elevation in the High Tatras, Slovakia","authors":"Frederik Märker,&nbsp;Mario Trouillier,&nbsp;Saroj Basnet,&nbsp;Andreas Burger,&nbsp;Zuzana Homolová,&nbsp;Michal Gazovic,&nbsp;Martin Wilmking","doi":"10.1007/s00468-024-02576-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-024-02576-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>Climate-growth correlations are non-stationary among all size classes, and large trees are becoming sensitive to August and September drought conditions in the year preceding growth during the last decades.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Understanding tree growth and forest dynamics under climate change is paramount to predict changes in carbon cycling, forest development, and ecosystem services. At temperature limited sites, such as alpine treelines, tree growth is often assumed to benefit from rising temperatures, while increased drought may offset potential benefits. Tree size is known to be related to climate sensitivity and drought induced mortality, with large trees generally suffering the most from drought. To assess the relationship of tree size and climate sensitivity for Norway spruce trees at treeline, we collected 158 tree cores at treeline and the adjacent closed canopy forest in the High Tatra Mountains in Slovakia. Size classes were established based on size class isolation of the total sample set, yielding artificial tree ring chronologies with a constant size over time. We ran moving-window correlation analyses to assess the temporal development of climate sensitivity. We found climate-growth correlations to be non-stationary and with similar trends among size classes. In general, trees are temperature limited during the growing season, but correlations have shifted from June to July in recent decades. Additionally, the largest trees show an increased and significant sensitivity to August and September drought conditions in the year preceding growth. These findings emphasize the increasing influence of drought constraints on tree growth, even at supposedly temperature limited treeline sites.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-024-02576-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide investigation of the PtaGRF and PtaGIF families reveals potential targets for cone development and gibberellin signaling in Chinese pine","authors":"Guizhi Feng,&nbsp;Hongmei Liu,&nbsp;Chengyan Deng,&nbsp;Dan Liu,&nbsp;Yingtian Guo","doi":"10.1007/s00468-024-02580-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-024-02580-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>We identified 7 <i>PtaGRF</i> and 3 <i>PtaGIF</i> genes and analyzed the potential functions of PtaGRF02-PtaGIF02 that may mediate cone development and gibberellin signaling in Chinese pine.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Growth-regulating factors (GRFs) and GRF-interacting factors (GIFs) act as transcription cofactors that influence plant growth and development. While these genes have been extensively studied in various plant species, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of <i>GRFs</i> and <i>GIFs</i> in conifers has been lacking. In this study, we identified 7 <i>PtaGRFs</i> and 3 <i>PtaGIFs</i> in Chinese pine (<i>Pinus tabuliformis</i>) and conducted a detailed analysis of their motifs, domains, structures, and regulatory elements. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that GRF proteins grouped into five clades, with PtaGRFs forming a single clade. We further investigated chromosome mapping and collinearity. Through expression profiling and correlation analysis, <i>PtaGRF02</i> and <i>PtaGIF02</i> were excavated, which may play a role in cone development. Protein–protein interaction analysis indicated that these two factors could interact with proteins involved in flower development. Moreover, PtaGRF02 and PtaGIF02 were shown to interact with each other through yeast two-hybrid and BiFC assays, and they were found to interact with PtaDELLAs to modulate gibberellin (GA) signaling. Overall, our findings offer valuable genetic insights into reproductive development in conifers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental drought results in a decline of ectomycorrhizae of Quercus pubescens Willd.","authors":"Tanja Mrak,&nbsp;Tina Unuk Nahberger,&nbsp;Olivera Maksimović,&nbsp;Hojka Kraigher,&nbsp;Mitja Ferlan","doi":"10.1007/s00468-024-02581-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-024-02581-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>Experimental drought decreased the vitality of ectomycorrhiza and reduced the number of unique morphotypes.</p><p><i>Quercus pubescens</i> (Willd.) is an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) tree species that is capable of withstanding occasional drought events, but the response of its ectomycorrhiza to drought is not well known. An experiment with two rain exclusion plots and two natural precipitation regime plots was established in a secondary sub-Mediterranean oak forest. ECM roots were sampled before the experiment and after 11 months of rain exclusion. ECM root tips were divided into vital and non-vital and quantified. Morphoanatomical characterization and molecular identification were performed for vital ectomycorrhizae to obtain diversity indices and perform community analyses. Soil water content (SWC) in rain exclusion plots was reduced by approx. 6 vol.% relative to natural precipitation regime and was devoid of major peaks in SWC after rain events. After 11 months, ECM vitality and species richness were significantly reduced on rain exclusion plots compared to the natural precipitation regime while ECM community was reduced to a small subset of the most frequent morphotypes, with strongly decreased number of the unique morphotypes. The reduction of unique morphotypes as a result of rain exclusion may compromise the functional diversity of ectomycorrhiza in their role of nutrient uptake, while the reduction of ECM vitality may decrease the absorptive surface for water and nutrients.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}