Trees最新文献

{"title":"Non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in contrasting dry and wet years in early- and late-successional boreal forest trees","authors":"Choimaa Dulamsuren,&nbsp;Gurbazar Byamba-Yondon,&nbsp;Shagjjav Oyungerel,&nbsp;Renate Nitschke,&nbsp;Tobias Gebauer","doi":"10.1007/s00468-023-02420-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-023-02420-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>Patterns of non-structural carbohydrate allocation in dry and wet differ between birch and larch in southern boreal forest.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>An increasing area of boreal forests is currently switching from temperature to drought limitation. It is not sufficiently known how the trees’ non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) pools are affected by alternating dry and wet phases in drought-prone boreal forests and how NSC concentrations are related to growth responses. In the southern boreal forests of Mongolia, NSC concentrations (including soluble sugars and starch) were determined enzymatically in the stemwood of two tree species during a drought year (2017) that was preceded by another drought in 2015 and two subsequent wet years (2018/19). <i>Betula platyphylla</i> as a broadleaved pioneer tree showed reduced radial stem increment in the drought year and rapidly increasing growth in the following wet years. It had low concentrations of NSC and of soluble sugars in particular, suggesting that most assimilate were invested into growth in this early successional tree. <i>Larix sibirica</i> as a late-successional conifer also showed reduced growth in the drought year, but lagged reductions in NSC concentrations and less pronounced growth releases than birch in 2018/19, suggesting a longer aftereffect of the drought than in birch. Larch maintained much higher NSC concentrations throughout the three studied growing seasons, including the drought episode in 2017. The NSC pool in larch was primarily formed by soluble sugars in sapwood and heartwood. In contrast to birch, larch showed a high allocation priority for assimilates in soluble sugars before investment in biomass, which explains the aftereffect of the drought on both growth and NSC. We conclude that the high soluble sugar concentrations in larch are a key determinant of the extreme drought and cold tolerance of <i>L. sibirica</i> and, therefore, growth has lower allocation priority for carbon compared to birch.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"37 5","pages":"1315 - 1332"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-023-02420-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6551741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different rootstocks can change the photosynthetic performance of the ‘Uba’ mango scion after recurrent drought events","authors":"Leonardo Faria-Silva,&nbsp;Diolina Moura Silva","doi":"10.1007/s00468-023-02429-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-023-02429-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>PI_TOTAL, PI_ABS, DI₀/RC, and δ<i>R</i>₀ are good markers of water stress in mango trees, demonstrating that consecutive drought cycles can develop differential acclimatization, depending on the rootstock used.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Drought stress is one of the premier limitations to global agricultural production due to the complexity of the water-limiting environment and changing climate. In addition to indicating plant drought stress, photosynthetic performance is also determined by the scion/rootstock combination. The chlorophyll <i>a</i> fluorescence analysis is a reliable method to identify the most promising rootstock in the production of ‘Uba’ mango seedlings. We tested the hypothesis that different rootstocks can change the physiological responses related to chlorophyll <i>a</i> fluorescence, gas exchange, and proline content of different combinations of mango scion/rootstocks after three consecutive drought cycles, identifying the most vigorous rootstock with the ability to generate ‘Uba’ mango trees with greater differential resistance to drought. The Oleo rootstock (UC2/Oleo combination) has the greatest ability to imprint differential drought resistance in ‘Uba’ mango scions, generating plants with more vigor and better resistance to water deficit. The results suggest that the plant’s consecutive cycles of drought have been “learned” as a resistance mechanism to cope with severe water shortages in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"37 5","pages":"1385 - 1399"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6551575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relevance of organic vs. inorganic nitrogen in intra- and interspecific competition of seven central European tree species","authors":"Judy Simon","doi":"10.1007/s00468-023-02418-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-023-02418-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>\u0000 <b>When competing for nitrogen with other tree species, organic N is more important than inorganic N for most species</b>\u0000 </p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Competition for nitrogen (N) in the rhizosphere is a key process regulating a seedling´s chances for growth and survival. However, only few studies have investigated this at the individual species´ level when using a community approach. In this study, ¹⁵N incubation experiments were conducted to quantify inorganic (i.e. ammonium and nitrate) and organic (i.e. glutamine-N and arginine-N) net N-uptake capacity of seven temperate woody species co-occurring on calcareous substrate and to investigate the consequences of intra- vs. interspecific competition in a woody seedling community. The results showed that short-term net inorganic and organic N uptake capacity was unrelated to a seedling´s fast or slow growth. Furthermore, competition with other tree species did not change a seedlings´ overall capacity to take up inorganic and organic N sources. Organic N was preferred over inorganic N for most species and the preferences for specific N source shifted with competition regime and tree species. Overall, this study indicates the importance of organic N sources for N uptake in woody seedlings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"37 5","pages":"1583 - 1591"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-023-02418-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6551690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomics analysis reveals Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge leaves’ adaptation strategy to low nitrogen","authors":"Xinlin Li,&nbsp;Jixiang Zou,&nbsp;Chunyi Jin,&nbsp;Chengchao Yang,&nbsp;Hua Jin","doi":"10.1007/s00468-023-02414-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-023-02414-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>This study enriched the understanding of the mechanism of nitrogen tolerance and starvation of yellowhorn and provided a reference for the breeding of low-nitrogen tolerance germplasm in the future.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Yellowhorn is a rare woody oil crop in China, which can survive in barren, drought, cold, and even saline-alkali environments. However, its growth and development can be seriously affected by low-nitrogen stress. A comprehensive understanding of its transcriptional regulation activities under low-nitrogen stress is expected to indicate the key molecular mechanisms of its tolerance to low nitrogen levels. In this study, yellowhorn was divided into control, low-nitrogen, and nitrogen-free groups for treatment. Samples were treated for 15 days before assessing physiological characteristics and transcriptome analysis. Under low-nitrogen and no-nitrogen condition, a total of 10,733 differentially expressed genes were identified, among which 3870 genes were up-regulated and 6,863 genes were down-regulated. Under low-nitrogen stress, the most up-regulated genes were enriched in the phenylpropane synthesis pathway, flavonoid synthesis pathway, and plant hormone signal transduction pathway. Our determination of total flavonoids and proanthocyanidins also verified the upregulation of these three pathways. Brassinosteroid, salicylic, and jasmonic acid (BR, SA and JA, respectively) pathway-related genes were significantly up-regulated in the signal transduction pathway of plant hormones. This study provided a comprehensive review of the transcriptomics changes of yellowhorn under low nitrogen stress and detailed its insights into the relevant mechanism of BR, SA, and JA signaling pathway in resisting low-nitrogen stress, laying a solid foundation to further identify the corresponding molecular mechanism of yellowhorn and other woody oil plants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"37 4","pages":"1153 - 1166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4863877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drops in needle production are early-warning signals of drought-triggered dieback in Scots pine","authors":"Gabriel Sangüesa-Barreda,&nbsp;Antonio Gazol,&nbsp;J. Julio Camarero","doi":"10.1007/s00468-023-02412-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-023-02412-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>Reconstruction of needle dynamics reveals prolonged drought legacy effects on crown condition that represent early warnings of drought-induced dieback in Scots pine.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Understanding the mechanisms of drought-induced forest dieback and tree mortality is a priority for predicting forest responses to climate change. However, long-term information on drought impacts on crown dynamics and how it relates to tree water and carbon economy is still lacking. Comparing declining and non-declining Scots pines at the same site, we quantified primary and secondary growth and intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE_i). Further, we reconstructed the needle production and the annual total number of needles using the Needle Trace Method. Here, we reconstructed the apical needles through the assessment of 2460 longitudinal sections. We fitted partial least squares regression models to assess climate influence on primary and secondary growth and needle dynamics, and then linear mixed models using climate covariates and discerning between health status in the 1975–2016 period. Finally, we analyzed drought legacy effects applying a Bayesian hierarchical framework. We detected the highest differences between health tree classes in the annual total number of needles during the warm-dry 1980s. Declining trees responded more negatively to climate than non-declining conspecifics and showed a higher variability of drought legacy effects. We found significant drought legacy effects in the annual total number of needles up to 3 years after a drought. The warm, dry 1980s, that preceded the dieback, showed the highest δ¹³C values since the 1970s. Declining trees showed higher WUE_i than non-declining trees from the 2000s onwards. Our study sheds light on the major role of needle dynamics in dieback episodes and illustrates how past drops in needle production may be interpreted as early warnings of drought-induced dieback in Scots pine.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"37 4","pages":"1137 - 1151"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-023-02412-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4826534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stomatal area estimation based on stomatal length and width of four Magnoliaceae species: even “kidney”-shaped stomata are not elliptical","authors":"Liuyue Zhang,&nbsp;Karl J. Niklas,&nbsp;Ülo Niinemets,&nbsp;Qiying Li,&nbsp;Kexin Yu,&nbsp;Jiaqinan Li,&nbsp;Lei Chen,&nbsp;Peijian Shi","doi":"10.1007/s00468-023-02425-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-023-02425-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>Stomatal area is proportional to the product of stomatal length and width with a proportionality coefficient exceeding π/4 (indicating a deviation from an elliptical shape) for four Magnoliaceae species.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Stomatal size is an important factor affecting the photosynthetic and transpiration rates of vascular plants. To examine stomatal morphometrics, we measured the length (<i>L</i>), width (<i>W</i>), and area (<i>A</i>) of 960 stomata from four Magnoliaceae species within two genera (<i>Magnolia</i> and <i>Michelia</i>). Four mathematical models were used to estimate <i>A</i>: (i) <i>A</i> scales as a function of <i>LW</i>, which is referred to as the Montgomery equation (denoted as ME), (ii) <i>A</i> scales as a function of some power of <i>LW</i>, (iii) <i>A</i> scales as a function of <i>L</i>², and (iv) <i>A</i> scales as some power of <i>L</i>. The data show that ME is the best among the four models based on the trade-off between the goodness of fit and model structural complexity, i.e., <i>A</i> is proportional to <i>LW</i>. The ME was verified at the species level and for the pooled data. The proportionality coefficient of ME was affected by stomatal geometry and exceeded the proportionality coefficient predicted for an elliptical shape of stomata (π/4). This study provides a simple and relatively accurate method for measuring stomatal area (e.g., it decreases by 40.1% the root-mean-square error when calculating <i>A</i> using π/4 × <i>LW</i>). In addition, the proportionality coefficient of ME also provides a useful quantitative taxonomic parameter and a method to gauge the response of plants to environmental changes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"37 5","pages":"1333 - 1342"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6551681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climatic regulation of the non-structural and structural carbon in the pioneer Senna multijuga and non-pioneer Hymenaea aurea trees of a humid tropical rainforest","authors":"Bernardo Pretti Becacici Macieira,&nbsp;Giuliano Maselli Locosselli,&nbsp;Marcos Silveira Buckeridge,&nbsp;Henrik Hartmann,&nbsp;Geraldo Rogério Faustini Cuzzuol","doi":"10.1007/s00468-023-02427-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-023-02427-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>Structural and non-structural carbon pools of <i>Senna multijuga</i> and <i>Hymenaea aurea</i> provide future projections on carbon dynamics in other pioneer and non-pioneer tree species of tropical rainforests in a scenario of global climate change.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>The knowledge of carbon dynamics in tropical rainforests is still incipient, especially regarding the strategies of carbon allocation and mobilization in species from diverging functional group. Literature shows that rainforest pioneers invest more in soluble sugar to meet their high-energy demand for metabolism and growth than in cell-wall polymers compared to non-pioneers. Recent studies also point to a substantial investment in soluble sugars and starch in pioneer tropical trees during the dry season. Therefore, we hypothesize that the carbon reservoirs of pioneer species are more susceptible to climate variations than those of the non-pioneers. To test this hypothesis, we determined the levels of non-structural (soluble sugars and starch) and structural (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin) carbon on the leaves and stem of the pioneer species <i>Senna multijuga</i> and of the non-pioneer <i>Hymenaea aurea</i>, in an altitudinal contrast of a humid tropical rainforest in southeastern Brazil. The results showed that the energy-rich compounds of the pioneer species accumulated in the winter and declined in the summer. Contrary to expectations, the starch in leaves and stem of the non-pioneer species also followed the same pattern. Another interesting result was the similar pattern of species responses under the altitudinal contrast, where strategies are rather conservative within each functional group regardless the environmental conditions. We conclude that the allocation and usage of non-structural and structural carbon play an important ecological role in pioneer and non-pioneer trees of a humid tropical rainforest in southeastern Brazil.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"37 5","pages":"1355 - 1367"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6551649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precipitation dominates the growth of common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and stinking juniper (Juniperus foetidissima Willd) in Arasbaran forests of northwestern Iran","authors":"Mohammad Emaminasab,&nbsp;Reza Oladi,&nbsp;Kambiz Pourtahmasi,&nbsp;Achim Bräuning,&nbsp;Anoushirvan Shirvany","doi":"10.1007/s00468-023-02426-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-023-02426-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>European hornbeam has a great potential for tree-ring based research when using a combination of conventional dendrochronological techniques and fluorescent microscopy.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Arasbaran forests are among the most important ecological areas in Iran, but they have been studied less extensively in comparison to the famous Hyrcanian forests. For the first time, the potential of two dominant species in these forests, i.e. hornbeam (<i>Carpinus betulus</i>) and stinking juniper (<i>Juniperus foetidissima</i>) to study the climate-growth relations was evaluated using a dendroecological approach. Difficulties in distinguishing ring-width boundaries of hornbeam were overcome using fluorescence microscopy. The statistics used to evaluate the chronologies of both species confirmed their capability to study climate–growth relationships and their potential for developing regional climate reconstruction. Hornbeam and juniper showed similar climate-growth relationships. Across all sampling sites, the growth index displayed a positive correlation with precipitation and SPEI drought index, and a negative correlation with temperature. Precipitation in spring and early autumn played a significant role in stimulating the radial growth of the species. However, topography and microclimate could affect the relationship between growth and regional climate, as the highest elevation site receives abundant moisture input from frequent fog events. Our initial study highlights the potential of hornbeam as a widely spread but neglected species in the Northern Hemisphere for dendroecological studies. Furthermore, we conclude that despite some variance in the microclimate of different sites (ranging from cold, sub-humid to warm, semi-arid) within the Arasbaran region, trees of different species in the entire study area show a common response to climatic change, mainly affected by water availability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"37 5","pages":"1343 - 1354"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6551512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leaf dimorphism in Cupressus nootkatensis D. Don and Cupressus vietnamensis (Farjon & T.H. Nguyên) Silba (Cupressaceae) and its ecological and evolutionary significance","authors":"Veit M. Dörken,&nbsp;Philip G. Ladd,&nbsp;Robert F. Parsons","doi":"10.1007/s00468-023-02424-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-023-02424-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>We examined the leaf structure of two basal <i>Cupressus</i> species with a distinct leaf dimorphism. Some foliar features are regarded as ancestral and it is suggested that drought adaptation was one of the important ecological drivers in the evolution of the <i>Cupressus </i>genus. </p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Leaf morphology and anatomy of two <i>Cupressus</i> species, <i>C</i>. <i>nootkatensis</i> and <i>C</i>. <i>vietnamensis</i>, were investigated with classical paraffin technique and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Like all <i>Cupressus</i> species these two are characterised by a dramatic change in the foliage. Juveniles have needle leaves first before they change abruptly to the mature scale leaf type. In <i>C</i>. <i>vietnamensis</i>, needle-leaved shoots occur next to scale-leaved ones even on mature trees, which is unique among today´s <i>Cupressus</i> species. Adults of <i>C</i>. <i>nootkatensis</i> develop only scale leaves throughout. In both taxa, the scale leaves show a distinct dimorphism between lateral and facial leaves, which are arranged in a flat spray; the foliate shoots are two-dimensionally flattened. These scale leaves show several xeromorphic features; e.g. strongly reduced leaf size, stomata with high, collar-like Florin rings, the presence of a distinct hypodermis as a continuous layer and well-developed transfusion tissue. The needle leaf type is found in <i>Cunninghamia</i> which is the basal member of the Cupressaceae and so is regarded as the ancestral condition and scale leaves as a derived one. Scale leaves are found in all the members of the cupressoid clade even within the basal taxa from mesic habitats. However scale leaves are a preadaptation to survival under xeric conditions and they are likely an evolutionary driver of the radiation of <i>Cupressus</i> into arid environments, as has also been the case in genera such a <i>Callitris.</i></p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"37 4","pages":"1267 - 1279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-023-02424-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4652601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Convergent morphology and anatomy in the microphyllous leaves of selected heathland Myrtaceae and Asteraceae","authors":"Veit M. Dörken,&nbsp;Philip G. Ladd,&nbsp;Robert F. Parsons","doi":"10.1007/s00468-023-02422-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-023-02422-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>\u0000 <b>We examined leaves of a suite of microphyllous woody plants and describe a little-known form of leaf peltation for the first time and also investigate strongly reflexed leaves in two distantly related lineages.</b>\u0000 </p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Plants cope with a range of environmental conditions, especially related to water relations, and have developed an array of physiological and structural solutions to maintain a functional water balance. There has been considerable recent work on physiological solutions to water deficit but little attention paid to leaf characteristics. In many species there is a change in leaf form from seedlings to adults. We examine such changes in several small-leaved species from the distantly related Asteraceae and Myrtaceae, some of which develop micropeltate or reflexed leaves as adults. All are native to dry or seasonally dry sites. Three major morphological groups were recognised as follows: (1) leaves erect, nonpeltate and scale-like (<i>Ozothamnus hookeri</i>), (2) leaves erect and peltate (<i>Phaenocoma prolifera</i>, <i>Regelia inops</i>), (3) Leaves reflexed (<i>Olearia lepidophylla</i>, <i>Ozothamnus scutellifolius</i>, <i>Ozothamnus reflexifolius</i>, <i>Melaleuca diosmifolia</i>). The microphyllous peltation in <i>P. prolifera</i> and <i>R. inops</i> in the absence of a meristematic fusion/bridge differs from typically peltate leaves. These small-leaved taxa occur in open, high light environments which are very different from the mesic, shaded understorey habitats of typical peltate-leaved plants. Many small-leaved species have leaves closely appressed to the stem and often with recurved margins. The erect leaves are functionally similar to reflexed leaves. Environmental filtering leads to superficially similar plant forms that may have somewhat different ontological origins. Such morphological forms are examples of convergent evolution in distantly related species but within each family are likely phylogenetically related.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"37 4","pages":"1225 - 1247"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-023-02422-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4652587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}