Trees最新文献

{"title":"Climatic and biotic determinants of Dalbergia latifolia survival and adaptability beyond its native range: GLMM model evaluation and validation","authors":"Tushal Srivastava,&nbsp;Pankaj Kumar,&nbsp;Lekhendra Sahu,&nbsp;Rama Kant,&nbsp;Rajendra K. Meena,&nbsp;Shailesh Pandey,&nbsp;Maneesh S. Bhandari","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02817-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02817-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Range expansion and assisted establishment of tropical hardwoods under a changing climate require an understanding of early-stage mortality mechanisms. Evaluation of replicated half-sib families (HSFs) of <i>Dalbergia latifolia</i> across three climatically distinct locations in northern India revealed that biotic factors were the dominant mortality driver. Climatic variables did not exhibit significant independent effects after accounting for biotic stressors, suggesting that environmental conditions may influence mortality indirectly through their effects on disease and insect-pest pressure. Mortality responses varied markedly among HSFs, populations (provenances), years and locations, revealing pronounced genotype-by-environment (G×E) interactions. Notably, the Eastern India population was found to be most susceptible to disease and insect-pests severity, although populations Pop02, Pop03 (Central India), and Pop05, Pop07 (South India) exhibited higher mortality risk under biotic stress. However, populations such as Pop01 (Central India), and Pop04 and Pop06 (South India) consistently exhibited lower susceptibility and mortality across locations, suggesting underlying differences in tolerance, plasticity, and local adaptation due to their geographical proximity to the field gene banks. The locations Central University of Punjab (CUP), Bathinda (L2), and Indian Council of Forestry Research &amp; Education-Forest Research Institute (ICFRE-FRI), Dehradun (L3) amplified stress <i>via.</i> location-specific pressures. Collectively, these findings suggest that early establishment success in <i>D. latifolia</i> is shaped largely by interactions between genetic background, biotic stressors, and spatially heterogeneous environments, highlighting the importance of selecting resilient genetic material for future plantation and restoration programmes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of key structural carbohydrates to cold stress and its transcriptional regulations in Cyclocarya paliurus seedlings","authors":"Zanpei Zhang,&nbsp;Yueying Gu,&nbsp;Qianxing Mao,&nbsp;Xulan Shang,&nbsp;Shengzuo Fang","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02819-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02819-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Cyclocarya paliurus</i>, a multifunctional economic tree species, is sensitive to the cold stress. However, limited information is available regarding the relationship between structural carbohydrate and cold tolerance as well as the expression patterns of their biosynthetic genes under cold stress. In this study, we investigated the responses of cellulose and hemicellulose contents to cold stress in diploid and tetraploid <i>C. paliurus</i> seedlings, and generated a gene co-expression network to explore genes potentially linked to hemicellulose biosynthesis under simulated cold conditions. A superior cold tolerance in the diploids to the tetraploids was attributed to a higher content of cellulose and hemicellulose and less degradation under the cold stress, while the hemicellulose may play a more important role than cellulose in improving cold tolerance. Based on transcriptome analysis and sequence alignment, a total of 45 genes involved in hemicellulose biosynthesis were identified in <i>C. paliurus</i>, and the predominant hemicellulose compositions were glucomannan, xyloglucan and glucuronoxylan. Furthermore, 12 transcription factors potentially involved in the regulation of hemicellulose synthesis were identified through weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Three transcription factors (<i>CpaM1st04929</i>, <i>CpaM1st40702</i> and <i>CpaM1st20568</i>) from diploids, and one transcription factor (<i>CpaM1st40508</i>) from tetraploids, exhibited significant correlations with freezing injury index. These genes serve as candidate transcription factors potentially linked to the regulation of cold tolerance. Our results not only provide the molecular basis for hemicellulose biosynthesis in <i>C. paliurus</i> under the cold stress but also a reference for selecting and improving the cold-resistant genotypes in other woody plant species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photosynthetic responses of Trinitario cacao genotypes under four light levels","authors":"Vernessa R. Lewis,&nbsp;Aidan D. Farrell,&nbsp;Pathmanathan Umaharan,&nbsp;Adrian M. Lennon","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02818-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02818-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>\u0000 <i>Key message</i>\u0000 </h3><p><b>Under high light, Trinitario and Forastero genotypes were susceptible to photoinhibition with Forastero genotypes exhibiting lower photosynthetic activity. Under very low light, the photosynthetic capacity of these genotypes is suboptimal.</b></p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Cacao (<i>Theobroma cacao</i> L.) is progressively being grown using a full sun or orchard system with no shade or restricted shade. Trinitario cacao genotypes are valued for their flavour profile, however, limited work has been published on the performance of Trinitario genotypes under high light conditions. Our study examined the light response of six Trinitario genotypes (along with Upper and Lower Amazon Forastero controls) under four light conditions (20, 400, 700 and 1500 µmol m^− 2 s^− 1) in a greenhouse experiment. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were used to assess the capability of the photosystems to respond to increasing light levels. The impact of increased exposure to light on photosynthetic pigment content and the reactive oxygen species scavenging system (for SOD, CAT and APX) was also determined. Electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation assays were used to assess cell damage due to photoinhibition. Our findings reveal that genotypic variation was observed mostly under moderate to high light and this study suggests that the optimal light level for high photosynthetic rates in Trinitario genotypes is approximately 300–400 µmol m^− 2 s^− 1.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural disturbances of primary spruce forests in the center of the East European Plain","authors":"Tatiana Chernenkova,&nbsp;Ivan Kotlov,&nbsp;Alexander Maslov,&nbsp;Nadezhda Belyaeva,&nbsp;Maria Arkhipova,&nbsp;Alexander Novikov,&nbsp;Anastasia Titovets,&nbsp;Mikhail Popchenko","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02815-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02815-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent decades, forest natural disturbances, such as windfall, pest outbreaks, and windthrows, became more frequent, directly or indirectly linked to climate change. These disturbances had a significant impact on the biodiversity of old-growth spruce forests in the central part of the Russian Plain, as quantitative indicators of vegetation response to environmental changes and endogenous dynamics within natural systems demonstrate. We conducted a comprehensive study at 71 permanent sample plots, which revealed that natural disturbance processes consistently and significantly altered the composition and structure of forest communities over the past 40 years. The decline of Norway spruce (<i>Picea abies</i> (L.) Karst.) in the main canopy layer appears to be driven by increasing winter and summer temperatures, together with a rising frequency of extreme events and biotic stresses. The primary trend we observed during this period was the growing complexity of spatial structure and the heightened heterogeneity of plant communities. While modern communities became more diverse in terms of species composition their structure became less uniform, with increased differences between dominant and rare species, heightened competition, and more pronounced dominance of individual species<b>.</b> These changes also affected the ecological characteristics of the communities, leading to an increase in thermal regime and a decrease in soil acidity, consistent with the overall nemoralization of the flora. Furthermore, the study established a close relationship between the morphological features of the terrain and the type of regeneration succession in structurally disturbed spruce forests.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting stem NSC dynamics in evergreen and deciduous conifers of a Siberian mixed forest","authors":"Alberto Arzac,&nbsp;Tatiana A. Stepina,&nbsp;Oksana V. Sergeeva,&nbsp;Maria A. Tabakova,&nbsp;Marina V. Fonti,&nbsp;Anastasia А. Knorre,&nbsp;Patrick Fonti","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02816-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02816-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>\u0000 <i>Key message</i>\u0000 </h3><p><b>Siberian evergreen conifers maintain stable starch reserves, while deciduous larch adopts a dynamic carbon strategy with autumn NSC accumulation to fuel spring growth, enhancing boreal forest resilience.</b></p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) play a fundamental role in tree growth, metabolism, and resilience by buffering temporal imbalances between carbon supply and demand. However, comparative studies integrating long-term growth records with stem NSC dynamics remain scarce in Siberian boreal forests. Here, we combine six decades of tree-ring width (TRW; 1960–2022) analyses with radial stem NSC profiling (1993–2022) and seasonal NSC measurements during the 2022 growing season to investigate growth responses and stem carbohydrate storage dynamics in three co-existing Siberian conifers (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L., <i>Abies sibirica</i> Ledeb., and <i>Larix sibirica</i> Ledeb.). Tree-ring chronologies reveal species-specific climate-growth relationships despite the common environment. <i>P. sylvestris</i> responds positively to warm autumn and late winter temperatures, <i>A. sibirica</i> to previous autumn and current summer precipitation, whereas <i>L. sibirica</i> shows greater sensitivity to current-year temperature. Stem NSC dynamics also differ markedly among species. The evergreen <i>P. sylvestris</i> and <i>A. sibirica</i> maintain relatively stable, starch-dominated NSC pools, whereas the deciduous <i>L. sibirica</i> exhibits pronounced seasonal fluctuations and substantially greater autumn reserve accumulation. Across all species, NSC concentrations increased towards the outermost sapwood. These findings demonstrate that co-existing boreal conifers differ in both climate-growth relationships and stem NSC storage dynamics. Contrasting stem storage patterns provide a physiological framework for interpreting species-specific growth responses and may contribute to understanding the resilience of mixed boreal forests under future climate change.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-026-02816-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in apparent wood density of Tachigali vulgaris as affected by tree diameter, height, forking, and soil conditions in Amazonian plantations","authors":"Jonathan Dias Marques,&nbsp;Gabriela Morais Olmedo,&nbsp;Michael Douglas Roque Lima,&nbsp;Gabriel Assis-Pereira,&nbsp;Elvis Vieira dos Santos,&nbsp;Delman de Almeida Gonçalves,&nbsp;Arystides Resende Silva,&nbsp;Lina Bufalino,&nbsp;Marciel José Ferreira,&nbsp;Mario Tomazello‑Filho,&nbsp;Thiago de Paula Protásio","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02814-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02814-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Tachigali vulgaris</i> has potential for energy purposes in the Amazon, but the relationship between several silvicultural factors and wood quality requires further investigation. This study evaluated the variation in the apparent density of <i>T. vulgaris</i> wood in two pure plantations in the Amazon. The tested factors were diameter, height, stem forking, fertilization, and soil texture. Two 11-year-old trial plantations located on yellow oxisols with sandy loam and very clayey textures were evaluated, both with and without phosphorus and potassium fertilization. Discs were sampled along the stem heights, and apparent wood density was determined by X-ray densitometry. The Linear mixed-effects model showed that wood density was significantly associated with quadratic mean diameter and commercial height, unlike stem forking, soil texture, or fertilization. A marginal interaction between fertilization and soil textural class occurred. Despite no significant effect of stem forking on wood density, forked trees were more heterogeneous longitudinally. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the longitudinal variation within trees accounted for 69% of the total density variation, while variation among trees accounted for 31%. X-ray densitometry showed wood density increased over eleven cambial years, with average values ​​ranging from 0.619 g cm⁻³ to 0.729 g cm⁻³. Moreover, it decreased from the base (0.725 g cm⁻³) to approximately 50% of the commercial height (0.539 g cm⁻³), then increased towards the top (0.605 g cm⁻³). The disclosure of a wide variation in the wood density of <i>T. vulgaris</i> will support its sustainable management regarding optimized bioenergy plantations in the Amazon.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-026-02814-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic variability of hydraulic residual conductance and its temperature sensitivity in Abies alba Mill","authors":"Stéphane Herbette,&nbsp;Andanson Stéphane,&nbsp;Gonzalez Alexandre,&nbsp;J. Blackman Chris,&nbsp;Cartailler Julien,&nbsp;Martin Ludovic,&nbsp;Cochard Hervé","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02813-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02813-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key Message</h3><p><b>Residual conductance in </b><b><i>Abies alba</i></b><b> is developmentally dynamic, varies among sites, but is genetically constrained, highlighting its key role in acclimation to drought and heatwave-driven hydraulic failure.</b></p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Residual water losses after stomatal closure are key determinants of drought-induced hydraulic failure, especially during heatwaves. However, intraspecific variability of residual conductance (<i>g</i>_res) and its thermal sensitivity remains poorly documented. Here, we investigated genetic and environmental sources of variation in <i>g</i>_res and its associated thermal parameters (phase transition temperature <i>T</i>ₚ, and temperature sensitivities <i>Q</i>_10a and <i>Q</i>_10b) in silver fir (<i>Abies alba</i> Mill.), and compared them with other hydraulic traits, including vulnerability to xylem embolism (<i>P</i>₅₀). We combined three complementary approaches: (i) seasonal monitoring to characterize temporal dynamics and biochemical determinants, (ii) a common garden experiment including seven French provenances to assess genetic variability, and (iii) comparisons across contrasting forest sites and canopy positions to quantify environmental effects. Measurements were performed using the Drought-Box, an automated chamber used to dehydrate organ under controlled temperature. Residual conductance exhibited a seasonal decline, with high values in newly formed needles followed by stabilization from late summer to the following spring, consistent with cuticular wax accumulation. Differences among provenances were weak for all traits, suggesting constraints on hydraulic safety. In contrast, <i>g</i>_res showed substantial site-related variations, with lower values at climatically constrained sites. No significant canopy position effects were detected, and thermal parameters of <i>g</i>_<i>res</i> and <i>P</i>₅₀ remained relatively conserved across both provenances and environmental gradients. These results identify <i>g</i>_res as a developmentally dynamic trait showing site-related variation in silver fir, potentially contributing to acclimation to drought. Accounting for this variability should improve predictions of tree vulnerability under future climates combining intensified droughts and heatwaves.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148750548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yearly variation in carbon and nitrogen allocation to fine roots in a beech (Fagus crenata) forest","authors":"Kyotaro Noguchi,&nbsp;Qingmin Han,&nbsp;Daisuke Kabeya,&nbsp;Yoshiyuki Inagaki,&nbsp;Kazumichi Fujii","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02811-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02811-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p><i>Enhanced seed production in a mast year suppressed nitrogen allocation to fine roots and leaves of beech trees by decreasing dry matter production and nitrogen concentration, respectively.</i></p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>It is well known that masting influences the productivity of aboveground vegetative organs, potentially altering carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in forests. To examine whether masting affects C and N allocation to belowground organs, we investigated the production and concentrations of C and N of fine roots, along with those of leaves and seeds, in a Japanese beech stand during the period 2015–2017, with 2015 being a masting year. The results showed that C and N allocations to fine roots were comparable to or greater than those to leaves, reflecting the productivity of fine roots and leaves (ca. 260–490 vs. 310–340 g m^− 2 year^− 1), while C and N allocations to reproductive organs were about 40–50% of those to fine roots and leaves in the masting year. Although C allocation to leaves did not change significantly across the three years, both C and N allocation to fine roots and N allocation to leaves were greater in 2016 compared to the other two years. Yearly variation in fine roots was attributed to fluctuation in fine-root production (FRP), whereas variation in leaves was explained by changing N concentrations. The higher leaf N concentration in 2016 might be a result of enhanced N uptake supported by increased FRP in this post-masting year. These results suggest that resource allocation to fine roots and leaves is negatively affected by masting, but is likely to recover in the post-masting year, although the data were obtained from only a 3-year observation under effects of yearly variations of environmental conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-026-02811-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148750544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative phylogenetic approach on the evolution of mangroves’ wood traits","authors":"Sreya Roy Parbat,&nbsp;Nadir Sepay,&nbsp;Dipak Kumar Parua,&nbsp;Subir Bera","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02809-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02809-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mangroves, arising from multiple independent evolutionary lineages, show convergent morpho-anatomical adaptations for survival in coastal environments. This study investigates how ecological pressures and phylogenetic inheritance jointly influenced secondary xylem diversification across true mangroves and associate taxa. We develop a regional wood anatomical database for 49 true mangrove and associate taxa from the Indian Sundarbans and integrate wood anatomical and molecular data from 61 phylogenetically proximate non-mangrove relatives for broad evolutionary comparison. Divergence-time analyses trace lineage diversification, while discrete traits are analysed using Markov models and stochastic character mapping. Six quantitative wood traits are examined for phylogenetic signal (Blomberg’s K, Pagel’s λ), evolutionary rates and model parameters (β, OU α, κ, δ). Abouheif’s Cmean and Moran’s I are tested for phylogenetic autocorrelation. The time-calibrated phylogeny indicates multiple independent origins of mangrove genera (Late Cretaceous–Neogene), showing asynchronous diversification from non-mangrove ancestors. Ancestral state reconstructions reveal directional evolution in vessel perforations and fibre traits toward simplified, hydraulically efficient and mechanically specialized xylem, with few reversals. Axial parenchyma, ray, secretory inclusion traits exhibit high lability with frequent independent gains and losses. δ and β parameters most effectively detect phylogenetic dependence under increasing Brownian motion strength, while α, Moran’s I and Abouheif’s Cmean remain conservative. Comparative phylogenetic analyses reveal weak–moderate phylogenetic signal across quantitative wood traits, despite Pagel’s λ values being consistent with strong phylogenetic covariance. Elevated β values are consistent with accelerated trait divergence, whereas low α estimates reflect relatively weak stabilizing selection. Model comparisons indicate different traits evolved under distinct evolutionary scaling patterns, including Brownian-like covariance, proportional branch-length divergence and accelerated recent diversification. Together, these patterns indicate that mangrove secondary xylem evolution was shaped by both phylogenetic conservatism and ecological convergence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) gene family in Aquilaria agallocha tree: genome-wide identification and expression analysis under stress conditions","authors":"Khaleda Begum,&nbsp;Ankur Das,&nbsp;Raja Ahmed,&nbsp;Suraiya Akhtar,&nbsp;Sofia Banu","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02803-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02803-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>This research is the first comprehensive, genome-wide study of the calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) gene family in the <i>Aquilaria agallocha</i> tree. A total of 24 <i>CDPK genes</i> were identified in the study. Protein–protein interaction, gene ontology, promoter composition, RNA sequencing, and RT-qPCR are studied in detail. The results suggest that AaCDPK proteins act as signaling molecules that are involved in defense responses of <i>A</i>. <i>agallocha</i>.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Calcium (Ca²⁺) ions function as a ubiquitous secondary messenger in plant signal transduction. Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPKs) are key sensors that translate fluctuations of calcium ion concentration into biochemical responses by phosphorylating downstream proteins. These phosphorylating events influence physiological processes, including phytohormone signaling and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. <i>Aquilaria agallocha</i> is the tree known for its commercially valuable agarwood in Northeast India. The tree produces this valuable resin as a defense response to abiotic and biotic stresses, particularly those caused by fungal infections<i>.</i> However, molecular pathways underlying the biosynthesis of agarwood resin, particularly the role of <i>CDPK</i> genes, remain unexplored. In this study, 24 <i>AaCDPK</i> genes were identified through a genome-wide analysis, and they were classified into four distinct phylogenetic groups. Promoter analysis revealed the presence of stress and hormone-responsive cis-regulatory elements. Evolutionary analysis revealed that dispersed duplication—rather than whole-genome or segmental events drove the expansion of the AaCDPK family, highlighting a unique evolutionary pattern in this resin-producing tree species. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed their upregulation of key candidates’ genes such as <i>AaCDPK10</i>, <i>32</i>, <i>1.1</i>,<i>17.2</i>, <i>21</i> and <i>20</i> in response to MeJA, H₂O₂, and CaCl₂ treatments. Integration of PPI, GO<b>,</b> RNA-seq, and qRT-PCR analyses links AaCDPKs to ROS-mediated resin initiation, providing new insight into agarwood formation biology. These findings highlight the association of <i>AaCDPK</i> in calcium-mediated signal-transduction mechanisms associated with <i>A</i>. <i>agallocha</i> defense responses and secondary metabolism. This study offers foundational insights into the regulatory landscape of AaCDPKs, opening avenues for future research as candidate regulators in the initiation of agarwood formation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148613722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}