Trees最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating dominant tree species as bioindicators for urban air pollution mitigation in Ranchi, Eastern India","authors":"Pawan Ekka,&nbsp;Purabi Saikia","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02670-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02670-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>Effective nature-based solutions for urban air pollution require understanding how season, site, and species affect tree tolerance. The complex interplay of biochemical parameters significantly impacts trees’ sensitivity and tolerance.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Evaluating dominant tree species as bioindicators can provide valuable insights for effective air pollution mitigation strategies in rapidly developing cities like Ranchi, Eastern India. The air pollution tolerance index (APTI), anticipated performance index (API), and dust capturing capacity (DCC) of dominant urban street trees in Ranchi were studied at control, heavy traffic, and industrial sites during pre- and post-monsoon seasons. APTI varied significantly across seasons (F_1,25.43 = 27.24, p &lt; 0.05), sites (F_2,261.87 = 280.50, p &lt; 0.05), and trees (F_9,9.18 = 9.83, p &lt; 0.05). APTI values were highest at industrial, followed by heavy traffic, and lowest at control sites. AA content was the most influential biochemical parameter associated with APTI, showing a statistically significant strong correlation (r = 0.819, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Street trees at industrial sites exhibited the highest APTI values (range: 15.11–19.99), followed by heavy traffic sites (12.79–18.30), and lowest at control sites (11.46–15.72). DCC also varied significantly across seasons (F_1,0.321 = 17.40, p &lt; 0.05), sites (F_2,2.65 = 144.25, p &lt; 0.05), and trees (F_9,2.95 = 160.92, p &lt; 0.05). The highest DCC was recorded in <i>Melia azedarach</i> (2.64 mg cm⁻²), followed by <i>Bauhinia variegata</i> (2.49 mg cm⁻²), and <i>Bridelia retusa</i> (2.13 mg cm⁻²). APTI, API, and DCC were significantly affected by seasons, sites, species, and their interactions with pollutants. These findings highlight the importance of APTI, API, and DCC as important indicators of the pollution mitigation abilities of different urban street trees to recommend for urban greening initiatives in rapidly urbanizing cities like Ranchi.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetic, morphological, and photosynthetic parameters of absorption of nitrogen forms in olive cultivars (Olea europaea L.)","authors":"Ana Luiza Lima Marques,&nbsp;Amanda Veridiana Krug,&nbsp;Gabriel Alberto Sans,&nbsp;Daniéle Gonçalves Papalia,&nbsp;Allan Augusto Kokkonen,&nbsp;Luana Paula Garlet,&nbsp;Betânia Vahl de Paula,&nbsp;Eduardo Maciel Haitzmann dos Santos,&nbsp;Luciane Almeri Tabaldi,&nbsp;William Natale,&nbsp;Vagner Brasil Costa,&nbsp;Gustavo Brunetto","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02668-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02668-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>Knowledge of the efficiency of nitrogen absorption contributes to the selection of olive cultivars that are more efficient in absorbing N even at low concentrations in the environment.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Fertilization of olive trees (<i>Olea europaea</i> L.) generally follows standardized nitrogen (N) doses, without considering the specific efficiency of each cultivar in N absorption. The lack of knowledge about kinetic parameters can result in excessive application, increasing environmental risks and impairing oil quality. The study aimed to characterize the most efficient olive cultivars in the absorption of N, NO₃⁻, and NH₄⁺ forms, and to determine whether kinetic, photosynthetic variables, and root morphological parameters contribute to the selection of cultivars that are more efficient in the use of N. Four olive cultivars were grown hydroponically for 21 days in nutrient solution and transferred to 0.03 mol L⁻¹ CaSO₄ solution for 15 days. Subsequently, the plants received nutrient solution again and periodic collection began during a 61-h kinetic absorption march. The cultivar Coratina was the most efficient in NO₃⁻ absorption, presenting higher <i>V</i>_max (maximum absorption speed) and lower <i>K</i>_m (Michaelis–Menten constant) and <i>C</i>_min (minimum concentration) values, which allows N absorption at low concentrations due to the affinity of root transporters. Its greater length, surface area, and quantity of fine roots favored this efficiency. It also presented better photosynthetic parameters and greater N accumulation in roots. Arbequina and Koroneiki had high <i>K</i>_m and <i>C</i>_min for NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺, while Arbosana presented lower <i>C</i>_min values for NH₄⁺. These results show that different cultivars have distinct nutritional strategies and that physiological and morphological parameters are essential in choosing the best cultivars and optimizing nitrogen fertilization, ensuring greater sustainability and productivity in olive cultivation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144897208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenome, repeatome, and transcriptome analysis to comprehend the structural and functional aspects of polyploid Morus serrata Roxb","authors":"Raju Mondal,&nbsp;Himanshu Dubey,&nbsp;A. Ramesha,&nbsp;Kunjupillai Vijayan,&nbsp;V. Nishitha Naik,&nbsp;S. Manthira Moorthy","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02665-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02665-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Repeat elements contribute significantly to genome expansions, gene regulation, and expression of functional traits at the increased cost of genome maintenance, especially in polyploids. <i>Morus serrata</i> Roxb. (Moraceae) is a wild tree species having polyploid genome of Himalayan origin. Upon phenotypic analysis, <i>M. serrata</i> exhibited distinct polyploid-associated traits within the <i>Morus</i> species complex, which are impacted by cell size, cell division rate, and stoichiometry balance. Genomic analysis suggests that genome-wide repeated DNA landscape (repeatome), especially DNA transposons played a substantial role in the genome expansions of <i>M. serrata</i>. Furthermore, <i>M. serrata</i> transcriptome yielded overrepresented genes associated with the transposition of transposable elements (TEs) and nucleic acid metabolism. Overall phenome, repeatome, and transcriptome study reveals that <i>M. serrata</i> devotes a significant portion of its transcriptional budget to maintaining a large genome expended by TEs and loses growth superiority compared to studied species of the genus <i>Morus</i> L. The study provided new insights into the structural and functional aspects of natural polyploidization and loss of growth superiority.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radial growth of alpine shrubs at wet sites can benefit from climate warming on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Jiahui Song,&nbsp;Yafeng Wang,&nbsp;J. Julio Camarero","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02666-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02666-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key Messages</h3><p>Radial growth of alpine willow shrubs showed contrasting sensitivity to climate warming depending on local soil moisture availability, being enhanced in wet sites.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Secondary growth of alpine shrubs such as willow species (<i>Salix</i> spp.) may be enhanced by climate warming, but there could be also negative impacts due to warming-related drought stress. Willow shrubs appear from alpine treelines to mountain glaciers on the southeast Tibetan Plateau, thus proving an ideal setting to test whether their growth is improved by climate warming along wide elevational gradients. We tested this idea by sampling seven willow shrub (<i>Salix gyamdaensis</i>) sites spanning 4400–4800 m in southeast Tibet. A total of 171 ring-width samples were collected and measured. Detrended basal area increment (BAI) series were built for each site. The resulting BAI indices were correlated with NDVI and monthly climate variables. Shrub growth indices were positively associated with summer NDVI, suggesting the regional greening is associated with increased shrub growth. Willow growth also showed positive responses to summer temperatures at five out of the seven study sites. However, shrub growth in the other two sites showed either a positive response to the minimum temperature of the previous December or a negative response to August temperature. In the last site, climate warming may reduce willow growth because of a decrease in soil moisture availability. Climate warming favors the growth of alpine shrubs and subsequent regional greening in sites where soil moisture availability is not limiting, but this growth enhancement is contingent on site aridity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144892426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Higher competition intensified tree mortality in natural Larix gmelinii and Betula platyphylla forests in Northeast China","authors":"Xuehan Zhao,&nbsp;Fengri Li,&nbsp;Yuanshuo Hao,&nbsp;Qianbei Li,&nbsp;Zheng Miao,&nbsp;Lihu Dong","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02663-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02663-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tree mortality is a crucial ecological process that is strongly linked to dynamic changes in vegetation and ecosystem function. Given that global climate change increases the risk of mortality, understanding the specific causes that lead to tree mortality at the local level is crucial. However, the contributions of factors explaining tree mortality patterns of Dahurian larch (<i>Larix gmelinii</i>) and White birch (<i>Betula platyphylla</i>) need exploration. Based on comprehensive tree census data (2010–2015) from a fully mapped 0.06-hectare permanent forest dynamics plot in the Da Xing’an Mountains, Northeast China, encompassing 32,565 individual trees, we classified forest stands into three distinct forest types according to species composition: mixed birch and larch forest, pure larch forest, and pure birch forest. A generalized linear mixed model was used to analyze the effects of the factors influencing the mortality of birch and larch in mixed and pure forests. Our research indicates that (1) competition is typically the primary cause of tree mortality. For the two main tree species, birch mortality shows greater sensitivity to increased conspecific competition, whereas larch mortality is more affected by higher hetero-specific competition. (2) For different stand types, species diversity had a more negative effect on the mortality of the two tree species in the mixed forest than in the pure forest. (3) Larch and birch mortality with varying tree diameter classes are found in different stands, and the significance of the factors influencing tree mortality patterns varies significantly. Our research demonstrated significant differences in the relative importance of variables driving tree mortality between pure and mixed forests and emphasized the role of both conspecific and hetero-specific competition in tree mortality. These results offer crucial insights for future studies on forest management in this area and improve our comprehension of the factors leading to individual tree mortality in natural secondary forests in cold temperate zones.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Processed-kaolin particle film can mitigate solar radiation damage in young Atlantic Forest species","authors":"Amanda Lúcia Pereira Machado da Silva,&nbsp;Guilherme Augusto Rodrigues de Souza,&nbsp;Rosana Maria dos Santos Nani de Miranda,&nbsp;Diesily de Andrade Neves,&nbsp;Larissa Crisostomo de Souza Barcellos,&nbsp;Silas Magno Medeiros Garonce,&nbsp;Moises de Souza Marcelino,&nbsp;Newton de Matos Roda,&nbsp;Paulo Ricardo dos Santos,&nbsp;Cláudia Franca Barros,&nbsp;Eliemar Campostrini","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02662-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02662-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>The application of PKPF mitigates stress from excess solar radiation in the species studied during the planting phase by reducing photochemical damage and increasing photosynthetic assimilation.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Global warming represents a significant threat to biodiversity, with rising global temperatures severely impacting ecosystems, including forests. The Atlantic Forest, one of the most diverse and threatened biomes in the world, faces critical challenges in restoring its degraded areas, especially due to high solar radiation that compromises the initial establishment of seedlings. This study explores the use of processed-kaolin particle film (PKPF) technology as a solution to mitigate the harmful effects of excessive solar radiation, promoting seedling development and offering an innovative and promising strategy for Atlantic Forest restoration. PKPF was applied to the leaf surfaces of two native species, <i>Cordia superba</i> and <i>Citharexylum myrianthum</i>, during the intense summer of 2022. Through eco-physiological and anatomical assessments, the study found that PKPF significantly improved plant performance by increasing photosynthetic efficiency and net CO₂ assimilation, reducing stress during radiation peaks, and preserving the mesophyll structure via a protective layer that reflects excess solar radiation. These results highlight PKPF as a viable and innovative tool to support the restoration of Atlantic Forest ecosystems amid increasing pressures from climate change, making it a crucial step to address the early stage challenges of environmental restoration projects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of climatic factors on radial growth of selected Fabaceae woody species from West African dry savannas","authors":"Larba Hubert Balima,&nbsp;Kapoury Sanogo,&nbsp;Aster Gebrekirstos,&nbsp;Blandine Marie Ivette Nacoulma,&nbsp;Adjima Thiombiano,&nbsp;Achim Bräuning","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02664-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02664-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p><b>Rainfall-related variables control tree radial growth of </b><b><i>Detarium microcarpum</i></b><b> and </b><b><i>Tamarindus indica</i></b><b> in West Africa's semi-arid savannas.</b></p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>West Africa constitutes a hotspot region for both land use change and climate change. Land use change, and high climate variability in this region negatively affect tree growth dynamics, ecosystem functioning and services. In the present study, we assessed the impacts of climate variability on tree growth of <i>Detarium microcarpum</i> Guill. &amp; Perr. and <i>Tamarindus indica</i> L., two Fabaceae woody species with high socio-economic significance in West Africa. In total, we collected 18 stem discs from dead trees of the two species in the South-Sudanian phytogeographic zone in Burkina Faso. The studied species showed well-defined growth ring-boundaries demarcated by marginal parenchyma bands. Cross-dating was successful within disc and within species, and enabled the construction of statistically robust tree-ring index chronologies. The chronologies spanned 45 years (1974 − 2019) and 30 years (1990 − 2019) for <i>D. microcarpum</i> and <i>T. indica</i>, respectively. We found a significant variation in tree growth rates (p-value &lt; 0.05) between <i>D. microcarpum</i> (1.711 ± 0.491 mm year⁻¹) and <i>T. indica</i> (2.613 ± 0.473 mm year⁻¹). Pearson correlation analyses showed that the standard ring-width index for both species positively correlated with total annual precipitation amounts (p-value &lt; 0.05) and major seasonal precipitation (p-value = 0.05). However, no significant correlation was found between ring-width index and temperature related variables. These findings support that precipitation controls tree growth of <i>D. microcarpum</i> and <i>T. indica</i> in the semi-arid savannas of West Africa. Consequently, a decrease in mean annual rainfall in West African region may negatively affect tree growth rate and stand dynamics of the studied species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145163731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Water-use efficiency is higher in green stems than in leaves of a tropical tree species","authors":"Eleinis Ávila-Lovera","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02654-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02654-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145162668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal patterns of Vouacapoua americana in the Amazon: influence of climatic variables on phenological cycles","authors":"Brenda Tayná Sousa da Silva,&nbsp;Raírys Cravo Herrera,&nbsp;Magali Gonçalves Garcia,&nbsp;Tainá Teixeira Rocha,&nbsp;Hairon Antonio Friedrich Rodrigues,&nbsp;Gabriel Alves de Souza da Silva,&nbsp;Claudineia Regina Pelacani Cruz","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02653-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02653-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p><b>Phenological studies are essential for understanding the structure and dynamics of forests, as well as the influence of climate on plants. The phenology of</b> <b><i>Vouacapoua americana</i></b> <b>revealed a clear distinction between reproductive and vegetative phases.</b></p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Understanding the phenological patterns of endangered species is essential for managing and conserving tropical forests, particularly in the biodiversity-rich Amazon. This study examined the phenological behavior of <i>Vouacapoua americana</i> Aubl. (Acapu), an endangered hardwood species with economic potential, over a period of 7 years (2016–2022). We used canopy observation to monitor 35 individuals for reproductive phenophases (floral bud, anthesis, immature and mature fruits, and dispersal) and vegetative phenophases (leaf abscission and sprouting). Analyses were conducted using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), circular analysis, and the Rayleigh test in R software. Results indicated that reproductive phenophases correlated positively with rainfall and relative humidity, peaking from January to April, the period with the highest precipitation. In contrast, leaf phenophases were most intense in the dry season and showed a positive correlation with solar radiation and temperature. <i>Vouacapoua americana</i> displayed clear seasonal and annual behavior, reflecting its adaptation to local climatic variations. These findings are critical for developing conservation strategies, both ex situ and in situ, and for supporting the sustainable use of this species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest restoration in Southern Amazonia by direct seeding: linking functional traits and carbon accumulation","authors":"Fernando Elias,&nbsp;Grazielle Sales Teodoro,&nbsp;Janecleia Soares Aragão,&nbsp;Frederico Augusto Guimarães Guilherme","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02659-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02659-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p><b>Sown species dominate aboveground carbon stocks in restored forests, exhibiting traits associated with an acquisitive strategy (higher SLA and lower WD), distinct from those of primary forests.</b></p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Tropical forest restoration is crucial for enhancing carbon sequestration and mitigating climate change. To optimize large-scale restoration, it is essential to develop methods, such as direct seeding. Despite its ecological and socio-economic benefits, as well as its cost-effectiveness, direct seeding remains underutilized in Amazonian restoration initiatives. Thus, we evaluate the functional and taxonomic aspects of carbon recovery in 23 riparian forest permanent plots restored by direct seeding in southern Amazonia, approximately 12 years after restoration. We assessed aboveground carbon (AGC) stocks and four functional traits—specific leaf area (SLA), wood density (WD), seed size, and plant height—to analyse the effects of trait variation and species abundance on AGC stocks. We compared these parameters at the plot level between restored and primary forests, and at the species level between sown and naturally regenerating species. We found that restored forests after 12 years have AGC stocks 79% lower than regional primary forests. Five species account for up to 50% of the AGC, with sown species accumulating up to seven times more AGC than regenerated species. Restored forests showed a more acquisitive strategy, with higher SLA and lower WD than primary forests. Carbon stocks positively correlated with species abundance and functional trait variation. In conclusion, our results highlight that after 12 years, restored forests have not yet matched the AGC stocks or functional composition of primary forests, remaining dominated by a few species and functional groups. The dominance of AGC stocks by sown species underscores the effectiveness of direct seeding in facilitating revegetation and the positive relationships between carbon stocks and functional trait variation emphasize their importance as indicators of forest recovery.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}