Trees最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating salinity tolerance in Xylella fastidiosa-resistant olive cultivars: implications for future orchards","authors":"Mirko Sodini,&nbsp;Francesco Giovanelli,&nbsp;Lorenza Tuccio,&nbsp;Sonia Cacini,&nbsp;Maurizio Polemio,&nbsp;Alessandro Pichierri,&nbsp;Daniele Massa,&nbsp;Irene Rosellini,&nbsp;Silvia Traversari","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02769-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02769-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Soil salinization and <i>Xylella fastidiosa</i> outbreak constitute the main problems related to olive cultivation in Mediterranean area. In the last years, many efforts have been made to identify cultivars resistant to <i>X. fastidiosa</i>. However, the response of resistant cultivars to salt stress should be thoroughly investigated to avoid replanting cultivars susceptible to the expected level of soil salinization. In Salento peninsula, one of the more important Italians regions for olive cultivation, soil salinization in orchards is expected to increase at values even higher than 60 mM NaCl, concurrently with increased drought periods. Therefore, the aim of this work was to test the two <i>X. fastidiosa</i> resistant cultivars currently replanted in Salento peninsula, ‘Leccino’ and ‘FS-17’, under a predicted salinity average level and duration (i.e., 60 mM NaCl for 90 days). This treatment was sufficient to lead to a Na⁺ translocation in both cultivars even if important differences in Na⁺ accumulation and cation balances were found, suggesting a different sensitivity of the two tested cultivars. ‘Leccino’ plants showed lower leaf biomass and higher Na⁺ concentration in roots. However, these negative effects caused by salt stress matched with Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Mg²⁺ increases in leaves and an increase in Water Use Efficiency, suggesting a lower cation imbalance and photosynthesis damages in this cultivar that might lead to an improved osmotic stress response at leaf level. This behaviour suggests a higher sensitivity of ‘Leccino’ to salt stress but also the ability of this cultivar to activate the cation mobilization strategy to balance nutrient uptake and sustain photosynthesis.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147642997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A resilience-based bionic interpretation of the conifer branch–stem junction integrating form, function and environmental stimulus","authors":"Ian Vulcanescu,&nbsp;Magnus Wålinder,&nbsp;Roberto Crocetti,&nbsp;Ulrich Müller","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02774-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02774-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Branches make the tree resilient to natural hazards by building a robust, fault-tolerant structure. In conifers, branches are formed annually at the internodes, giving rise to the crown. Branches that receive sufficient sunlight contribute to photosynthesis and are maintained, whereas shaded branches under competitive conditions lose their photosynthetic function and are shed. The cellular arrangement at the branch–stem junction reflects the biological principles of growth, function, and survival strategy. The relevant literature, however, has so far tended to describe this junction as an optimised load-bearing structure designed for maximum mechanical performance, with the aim of deriving bio-inspired engineering solutions from this understanding. The authors conclude that in the observed structure, and perhaps more generally in nature, the principle at work is not optimisation but rather resilience to the environment and survival. This hypothesis is supported by the analysis of microtome images of the junction’s morphology, which has enabled an improved representation and biological understanding of the fibre arrangement of Norway spruce. This improved understanding primarily concerns the orientation and organisation of the fibres on the upper side of the branch. Through the formation of a collar and a sacrificial tissue, nature creates a structure that is mechanically below optimal performance. From this we derive that the underlying principle is not mechanical performance, but resilience and survival.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-026-02774-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147642994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing mixed-effects mortality model using stand characteristics and environmental data for Moso bamboo in southern China","authors":"Xiao Zhou,&nbsp;Ram P. Sharma,&nbsp;Fengying Guan","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02767-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02767-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Stand mortality models are commonly used as input in forest simulators, which are fundamental tools for forest management. Mortality models for Moso bamboo (<i>Phyllostachys pubescens</i>) forests are rarely developed even though bamboo forests are considered important in maintaining forest ecosystem functions and reducing atmospheric carbon concentration. This study developed a mixed-effects stand-level bamboo mortality model using data from 398 sample plots that were distributed across the Moso bamboo forests of the eight provinces (Jiangsu, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Sichuan, Guangxi) in China. Four candidate functions were evaluated, and the Logistic function was selected to construct a two-level mixed-effects mortality model incorporating forest development (quadratic mean diameter), soil and climate factors, competition intensity (relative spacing index; stand density), with province- and elevation-level random effects. The results show that stand mortality increased with increasing quadratic mean diameter, stand density, dominant height, Hargreaves reference evaporation, and de Martonne aridity index, and mortality decreased with increasing amount of soil silt particles and RSI. Random effects included in the model significantly improved the performance. Descending order of the impact of predictor variables on the mortality model is relative spacing index, stand density, quadratic mean diameter, Hargreaves reference evaporation, de Martonne aridity index, silt, dominant height. Our model will be useful for formulating bamboo forest management strategies, which should be in line with the environmental changes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147643170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of LEAF GUI: an automated tool for quantifying leaf vein density in Magnoliaceae","authors":"Xuchen Guo,&nbsp;Qinyue Miao,&nbsp;YuanMiao Chen,&nbsp;Jianhui Xue","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02771-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02771-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Leaf vein density (LVD), defined as the total vein length per unit leaf area, is a key functional trait that critically influences leaf hydraulic efficiency and photosynthetic capacity. Accurate quantification of LVD is therefore essential for elucidating plant ecological strategies and evolutionary adaptations. LEAF GUI is a software tool that utilizes a pixel-based algorithm to facilitate automated LVD measurement; however, its accuracy has been questioned, particularly for species with hierarchical venation patterns. In this study, we evaluate the reliability of LEAF GUI relative to manual tracing (using ImageJ) for estimating LVD in nine Magnoliaceae species. Our comparison demonstrates that LEAF GUI performs comparably to manual tracing, yielding statistically equivalent LVD values (paired <i>t</i>-test, <i>p</i> = 0.534) under standardized sample preparation. Regression analysis shows consistent accurary across a wide range of leaf area, which further confirms the robustness of LEAF GUI.  These findings validate LEAF GUI as a reliable tool for large-scale LVD measurement and suggest its potential to advance studies of leaf hydraulic traits in Magnoliaceae and other taxa with more complex venation networks.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative tissue level uptake of Lithium and Potassium across four urban tree species","authors":"Sahar AbdulHaq,&nbsp;Rida-Tuz- Zohra,&nbsp;Zafar Siddiq,&nbsp;Muhammad Umar Hayyat,&nbsp;Bushra Bilal","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02755-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02755-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lithium (Li⁺) has become a global environmental concern because of its rapidly increasing demand in Li⁺ based batteries, essential for electric vehicles and renewable energy sources. This study examined the growth and ion absorption (Li⁺ and K⁺) in four urban tree species i.e., <i>Conocarpus erectus</i>,<i> Cassia fistula</i>,<i> Eucalyptus citriodora</i> and <i>Putranjiva roxburghii</i> exposed to five varying concentrations of LiCl. The objective was to assess the capacity of four urban tree species to tolerate and absorb Li⁺ in above and below-ground parts and its impacts on growth, anatomy and physiology of trees. For which parameters such as growth (height, leaf number, dry mass of leaf, stem, and root), physiology (relative water content and chlorophyll content), foliar anatomy (number of stomata and leaf area), and tissue level Li⁺ and K⁺ uptake in the above and below ground parts were analyzed. After LiCl treatments, plants were monitored and harvested after 12 weeks. We found that all the four species experienced toxicity at high Li⁺ levels, although it varied across them. <i>C. fistula</i> and <i>P. roxburghii</i> exhibited decreased growth suggesting lower Li⁺ tolerance, whereas <i>C. erectus</i> and <i>E. citriodora</i> showed significant increase in growth and number of stomata at Li⁺ concentrations of 25–50 mg kg^− 1, indicating better tolerance. The maximum lithium accumulation was found in the root of <i>C. erectu</i>s (128.5 mg kg^− 1) and in the stem of <i>E. citriodora</i> (298.6 mg kg^− 1), indicating the potential of these species to be used in lithium contaminated soils. Our study reports the novel behavior regarding the response of urban trees towards the lithium treatments and concludes that lithium can reduce and promote the trees growth, depending upon the species. Such findings can be helpful for managing the lithium wastes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147642657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-assisted rhizotron phenotyping and metabolomics reveal avocado responses to prolonged water deficit","authors":"Clemens P. Beyer,&nbsp;Excequel Ponce,&nbsp;Sebastian Veas,&nbsp;Italo F. Cuneo,&nbsp;Miguel Urrestarazu,&nbsp;Romina Pedreschi,&nbsp;Juan E. Alvaro","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02763-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02763-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p> Prolonged hydric deficit significantly reduces the transpiration and growth of adult avocado trees, while also accumulating soluble sugars in the leaves and reducing root volume and diameter.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Climate change and exploitation is expected to drastically reduce water availability in central Chile by placing avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> Mill.) production at severe risk owing to the crop´s high water footprint. Current research on avocado hydric stress remains limited in scope and has typically focused exclusively on aerial plant parts of avocado, with little attention paid to belowground responses. Root phenotyping, defined as the systematic evaluation of root system architecture (RSA), offers a powerful tool for investigating stress adaptation, particularly when combined with aerial phenotyping and metabolomics. In the present study, 28-month-old avocado trees (cv. Hass) grafted onto Mexicola rootstock were grown in 55-L rhizotrons under drip fertigation and subjected to four months of water deficit (“drought stress”). Aerial phenotyping included tree height, trunk area, leaf water potential (LWP) and stomatal conductance (g_s). Root phenotyping was conducted using an artificial intelligence-based deep learning convolutional neural network with RootPainter coupled with RhizoVision Explorer for quantitative trait extraction, including root volume, length, branching, diameter, and luminance (bright vs. dark roots). Polar metabolites from the roots and leaves were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Hydric stress caused a significant reduction in g_s and LWP, which, in turn, led to decreased aerial growth and an accumulation of soluble sugars in the leaves. Root system analysis revealed contrasting trends in root volume, diameter and other related traits. In conclusion, the integration of AI-based root phenotyping with aerial phenotyping and metabolomics has proved to be an effective approach to demonstrate the effects of water deficit in a scarcely investigated species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in hydraulic vulnerability among tree species in a bottomland hardwood forest","authors":"Ayomide O. Oyefara,&nbsp;Brett T. Wolfe","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02766-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02766-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tree hydraulic traits offer useful insights into species- and ecosystem-level responses to droughts, which threaten forests globally. However, hydraulic traits are poorly described in floodplain ecosystems like bottomland hardwood (BLH) forests in the southeastern U.S.A. A tradeoff between flood tolerance and drought tolerance suggests that BLH tree species may have hydraulic traits that make them vulnerable to droughts. To assess this, we measured 20 tree species in a BLH forest in Louisiana for their water potential at 50% loss of maximum stem hydraulic conductivity (P₅₀), minimum leaf water potential (Ѱ_min), and hydraulic safety margin based on Ѱ_min (HSM_Ѱmin). We tested whether BLH species exhibit: (1) less-negative P₅₀ values than upland-temperate species; (2) HSM_Ѱmin values similar to those in upland-forests globally; and (3) associations between P₅₀, HSM_Ѱmin, drought-tolerance scores, and growth rates. BLH species had wide interspecific trait variation (P₅₀: -4.21 to -1.09 MPa, Ѱ_min: -3.60 to -1.23 MPa, HSM_Ѱmin: -1.4 to 1.89 MPa). Contrary to expectations, BLH species had similar P₅₀ values to upland-temperate species. While the species-level average HSM_Ѱmin was low (0.03 MPa), it was consistent with other ecosystems, indicating potential vulnerability to drought. However, high community-level hydraulic variability (i.e., the community-weighted standard deviation of HSM_Ѱmin = 0.78 MPa) suggests that the forest is potentially buffered against drought. We found no significant relationships between hydraulic traits and drought tolerance scores or growth rates. Overall, BLH forest trees exhibit hydraulic traits comparable to those of upland systems, which may confer similar capacity to buffer against droughts.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-026-02766-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flower dimorphism and flower mechanisms in the andromonoecious tree Crateva tapia L. (Capparaceae)","authors":"Lucía Melisa Zini,&nbsp;Griselda Rita Romina Bobeda","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02768-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02768-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Neotropical Capparaceae include key tree and shrub species that are vital components of arid and semi-arid ecosystems. However, various reproductive traits remain underexplored, limiting our understanding of their pollination mechanisms. This study provides the first anatomical analysis of floral development in the andromonoecious tree <i>Crateva tapia</i> L. We documented inflorescence composition, measured flowers across developmental stages, and statistically compared floral traits between mature perfect and staminate flowers. Reproductive anatomy was analyzed using light and fluorescence microscopy. We established an acropetal sequence of eight stages within a corymbose raceme. Perfect flowers are located at basal nodes and mature first, while staminate and immature perfect flowers are interspersed in upper rachis positions. Sexual dimorphism becomes visually evident at stage 4, coinciding with microspore tetrad formation. In perfect flowers, the gynophore and gynoecium continue to enlarge, containing ovules at the archesporial stage; conversely, female structures arrest development in staminate flowers. At anthesis, staminate flowers exhibit significantly longer anthers and a higher percentage of viable pollen grains than perfect flowers. Perfect flowers show intrafloral protogyny and approach herkogamy, with the stigma positioned above the anthers. This study establishes a baseline for understanding the floral adaptations of <i>C. tapia</i>, pinpointing the precise timing of developmental divergence in Capparaceae flowers, marked by pistil abortion from pre-meiotic stages and differential progression of functional organs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147607359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From fruits to seeds: an integrated approach for the sustainable exploitation of Euterpe edulis Martius grown at different altitudes, with bibliometric, genotypic, morphophysiological and physicochemical analyses","authors":"Tamyris de Mello,&nbsp;Rachel Garcia Medeiros,&nbsp;Ingridh Medeiros Simões,&nbsp;Caroline Palacio de Araujo,&nbsp;Julcinara Oliveira Baptista,&nbsp;Thuanny Lins Monteiro,&nbsp;Breno Benvindo do Anjos,&nbsp;Clovis Eduardo Nunes Hegedus,&nbsp;Tércio da Silva,&nbsp;Edilson Romais Schmildt,&nbsp;Adésio Ferreira,&nbsp;Márcio Paulo Czepak,&nbsp;João Paulo Bestete de Oliveira,&nbsp;Wagner Campos Otoni,&nbsp;José Carlos Lopes,&nbsp;Rodrigo Sobreira Alexandre","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02764-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02764-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The predatory exploitation of the juçara palm (<i>Euterpe edulis</i> Martius) for the extraction of hearts of palm has caused its inclusion on the list of endangered species, which reduces the seed bank with incalculable ecological losses. This study aimed to analyze genotypes of <i>E. edulis</i> from the Brazilian states of Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais grown at different altitudes and select the best individuals regarding the physical and chemical quality of fruits and morphophysiological quality of seeds. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 20 treatments and four replicates of 25 seeds. The genotypes were georeferenced and analyzed regarding morphology, production, physical and chemical analyses of fruits, and physiological quality of seeds and seedlings. The genotypes located in Lagoa Seca (Alegre-ES) and Pedra Menina (Dores do Rio Preto-ES/Espera Feliz-MG) were found at altitudes of 704.3–742.7 m and 916–1210 m, respectively. The Pedra Menina genotypes have fruits with anthocyanin levels 146% higher than those from Lagoa Seca, with flavonoids in most genotypes, but lower pulp yield. The highest seedling emergence rates among the genotypes were from Lagoa Seca (87%) and Pedra Menina (85%), with no significant difference between them. However, greater vigor was observed in the seeds of the Pedra Menina genotypes due to the higher germination speed (1.5 times faster).</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-026-02764-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147607360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought adaptability and growth differences of trees along an altitudinal gradient in Tianshan Mountains, China","authors":"Kailong Guo,&nbsp;Tongwen Zhang,&nbsp;Shulong Yu,&nbsp;Liulan Tian,&nbsp;Dong Guo,&nbsp;Kexiang Liu","doi":"10.1007/s00468-026-02752-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-026-02752-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To identify the key climatic factors influencing the radial growth of <i>Picea schrenkiana</i> across altitudinal gradients in the Tianshan Mountains, and to assess the species’ ecological resilience and growth decline in response to extreme drought events, this study selected eight sampling sites at different elevations. Tree-ring width chronologies were developed for each site to examine the relationships between growth patterns and climatic variables. Growth decline was evaluated based on the percentage change in radial growth, while ecological resilience was quantified using resistance and resilience indices. The results indicate that drought is the primary factor limiting the growth of <i>P. schrenkiana</i>. Tree growth responses to temperature and precipitation are strongly elevation-dependent, with high-elevation populations being temperature-sensitive and low-elevation growth limited by water availability. Growth decline was widespread across the region, particularly in low-altitude areas, during 1982–1984 and 2001–2007. Ecological resilience to extreme drought varies with altitude: resistance is greatest at mid-altitudes, followed by high altitudes and then low altitudes, while recovery is greatest at low altitudes, followed by high altitudes and mid-altitudes. This study enhances our understanding of the response mechanisms of <i>P. schrenkiana</i> to climate change across diverse habitats, providing a scientific basis for predicting the impacts of future extreme climate events and informing regional forest management.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147560423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}