Trees最新文献

{"title":"Photosynthetic induction and sunfleck responses of three understory tree species in forests of the Mid-Atlantic U.S","authors":"Jessica L. Schedlbauer,&nbsp;Sarah Paynter","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02611-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02611-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>Photosynthetic induction was rapid in three shade-tolerant understory saplings, and surprisingly, native and non-native <i>Acer</i> species gained induction more quickly when exposed to sequential lightflecks, relative to constant saturating light.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Growing regeneration mismatch between forest canopy and understory environments is evident in broadleaf forests of the eastern U.S., leading to novel understory forest composition. Three co-occurring shade-tolerant tree species in forest understories of southeastern Pennsylvania are the natives <i>Acer rubrum</i> and <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> and the non-native <i>Acer platanoides</i>. Physiological attributes contributing to these species’ relative success in the understory’s dynamic light environment are poorly characterized. Three saplings per species from three sites were sampled to examine photosynthetic induction and lightfleck responses. Predictors of photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (g_s) during lightflecks were also examined. The rate and magnitude of photosynthetic induction were similar among species, with all gaining induction rapidly, as expected for shade-tolerant species. However, physiological strategies supporting induction responses varied by species, as <i>A. rubrum</i> had more responsive stomata and significantly lower stomatal limitation during induction, as well as significantly higher A/g_s when fully induced. Surprisingly, lightfleck responses differed from induction responses for the two <i>Acer</i> species, both of which exhibited significantly greater cumulative carbon assimilation than when exposed to constant saturating light, particularly during short-duration lightflecks. Leaf nitrogen and g_s were significant predictors of lightfleck responses, while species identity was not. Although induction gain under saturating light was rapid for all species, variable lightfleck responses favoring the <i>Acer</i> species provide an advantage given the intermittent nature of understory light availability. As eastern broadleaf forest composition continues to change in response to diverse pressures, the <i>Acer</i> species are well-positioned to persist.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143489421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moso bamboo sucrose synthase gene SUS3 promotes earlier germination of tiller buds in Dendrocalamus brandisii ‘Manxie Tianzhu’","authors":"Weijie Sun,&nbsp;Muthusamy Ramakrishnan,&nbsp;Long-Hai Zou,&nbsp;Kai-Li Wang,&nbsp;Xiaohong Zhou,&nbsp;Mingbing Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02612-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02612-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p><b>Transient overexpression of </b><b><i>PeSUS3</i></b> <b>using a</b> <b><i>BaMV</i></b> <b>vector in</b><b><i> D. brandisii</i></b> <b>‘Manxie Tianzhu’ enhanced tillering bud germination and growth, suggesting a crucial role for sucrose metabolism in bamboo development.</b></p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Bamboo shoots are highly sought after in China for their nutritional value. <i>Dendrocalamus brandisii</i> ‘Manxie Tianzhu’ (Manxie Sweet Dragon Bamboo) faces supply challenges due to limited distribution, necessitating faster growing, higher yielding varieties. The sucrose synthase gene, particularly <i>PeSUS3</i>, is vital for sucrose metabolism, nutrient transport, and regulating dormancy release and bud germination, yet its role in bamboo shoot production is not well understood. This study used a bamboo mosaic virus vector (BaMV) to overexpress <i>PeSUS3</i> in <i>D. brandisii</i> ‘Manxie Tianzhu’ seedlings. <i>PeSUS3</i> was cloned into the BaMV-P19-EGFP-2 vector, introduced into <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i>, and used to infect tobacco leaves. The resulting virus was mechanically inoculated into the bamboo seedlings. Analysis revealed that <i>PeSUS3</i> overexpression increased the number of tiller buds and accelerated germination by 1–2 days compared to controls. Despite the transient overexpression of <i>PeSUS3</i>, the increased sucrose content in the overexpressing plants suggests a role for sucrose metabolism in these processes. These findings emphasize the importance of the transient overexpression of <i>PeSUS3</i> in promoting tillering bud germination and growth in <i>D. brandisii</i> ‘Manxie Tianzhu’, providing a foundation for future research on its function and mechanisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143489581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Restoration implications of the germination ecology of six dry-forest woody Fabaceae species in Mexico","authors":"Citlali Aguirre-Salcedo,&nbsp;Susana Adriana Montaño-Arias,&nbsp;Roland Jansson","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02606-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02606-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p><b>Seed germination responses to variation in temperature and light differed among six dry forest species, results that will inform ecological restoration and climate change adaptation projects.</b></p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>In dry forests, where opportunities for plant establishment occur in a narrow window of opportunity, seeds must respond to cues to germinate when conditions for growth are suitable. Knowledge of the strategies and adaptations of seeds to the seasonal dry-forest ecosystems, being under constant threat, is needed to guide restoration and management actions in the face of climate change. We investigated the effects of scarification, temperature and light in germination percentage, germination time and synchrony of six woody Fabaceae species. The species have ecological potential for restoration and are of cultural or economic importance for the local people in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Mexico. We carried out a multifactorial germination experiment with five temperatures, two light regimes and two scarification conditions for <i>Mimosa luisana</i>, <i>M. polyantha</i>, <i>M. adenantheroides</i>, <i>M. lactiflua</i>, <i>Acaciella angustissima</i> and <i>Vachellia constricta</i>. All germinated in a wide range of temperatures (10–40 °C), and mechanical scarification highly increased the germination percentage. Higher temperature increased and speeded up germination in dark conditions for most of the species, but they exist heterogeneous responses in their germination synchrony. Studied species had high germination percentages in warm temperatures, but their recruitment in nature might be negatively affected by warmer and drier conditions, and by the loss of shade and seed dispersers due to deforestation and changes in land use. It is crucial to study not just germination percentage and time but also other aspects of the germination process such as the germination synchrony, since it might reveal useful information for management actions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-025-02606-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143481028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Resistance of Pinus pinea to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus explained by the dynamic response of phytohormones, antioxidant activity, and stress-related gene expression","authors":"Marta Nunes da Silva,&nbsp;Carla S. Santos,&nbsp;Alejandro Solla,&nbsp;Jordi Gamir,&nbsp;Victor Flors,&nbsp;Luis Sampedro,&nbsp;Rafael Zas,&nbsp;Marta W. Vasconcelos","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02613-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02613-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-025-02613-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143475227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wood mechanical properties scale with distance to tree tip in the outermost growth ring of a Scots pine","authors":"Marta Górska,&nbsp;Alma Piermattei,&nbsp;Flavio Ruffinatto,&nbsp;Alan Crivellaro","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02608-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02608-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p><b>Distance from the tree tip strongly influences axial variations in the elasticity (MOE) and strength (MOR) of fresh Scots pine wood, with both properties increasing towards the base of the stem.</b></p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Scots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.), one of Europe's most used timber species, is valued in the construction, furniture, and paper industries. The anatomical structure of Scots pine wood follows the universal conduit widening model, where tracheid lumen size increases in each tree ring from the tip to the base of the stem, enhancing hydraulic efficiency. However, whether the physical and mechanical properties of the wood mirror its axial anatomical pattern remains unclear. For this study, we sampled an 8.6 m tall Scots pine and analysed its fresh wood mechanical, physical and anatomical properties of the outermost growth ring along the stem. In addition to the expected axial increase in tracheid size towards the base, we observed axial variations in latewood percentage and the density of rays and resin ducts. These anatomical differences correspond to axial trends in physical and mechanical properties, which show predictable patterns described by power law scaling. All three measured physical and mechanical traits, namely basic wood density, modulus of elasticity (MOE), and modulus of rupture (MOR), decrease from the stem base towards the tip. Mechanical properties correlate more strongly with distance from the tree tip than basic density or latewood proportion. These findings have practical implications for optimising timber selection in load-bearing applications and inspire new avenues for research and innovation in wood material science.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-025-02608-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143404199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vessel anatomy of urban Celtis occidentalis trees varies to favour safety or efficiency depending on site conditions","authors":"Kaisa Rissanen,&nbsp;Valentina Vitali,&nbsp;Daniel Kneeshaw,&nbsp;Alain Paquette","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02603-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02603-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>Urban trees can acclimate to their growth environment through changes in vessel anatomy. Vessel lumen area and vessel frequency following a gradient from park trees to inner-city street trees.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Urban trees stand in potentially stressful growth environments occurring along gradients of urban heat and impermeable surface cover and, to survive, can adjust their function and structure. The consequent tree-to-tree variations in hydraulic xylem traits can shed light on tree hydraulics and capacity to acclimate to diverse conditions, as well as identify limitations to tree growth and survival. Using microscopic analysis of increment cores, we compared early wood vessel traits of the ring-porous angiosperm <i>Celtis occidentalis</i> in three urban site types: central streets, residential streets and parks, within the city of Montreal. We explored differences in vessel traits (mean vessel lumen area, vessel frequency, vessel grouping index and derived variables) between site types, vessel trait intercorrelations and correlations with monthly temperature, precipitation and heat-moisture index over 10 years. The vessel traits significantly differed between site types. Park trees had the largest and central street trees had the smallest vessel lumen area and theoretical hydraulic conductivity; traits supporting efficient water transport. Central street trees had the largest vessel frequency and smallest theoretical vulnerability to cavitation; traits connected to hydraulic safety. Residential street tree traits were in between. Among central and residential street trees, water transport efficiency traits correlated positively with cool springs or arid summers, whereas among park trees, mainly vessel frequency and grouping index responded to climate variations. These results highlight the capacity of <i>C. occidentalis</i> to acclimate to urban environments and the potential of anatomical traits for quantifying the effects of urban environments on tree functioning.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-025-02603-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The differences between clones of witches’ brooms and their seed progeny are determined by the age status of maternal plants","authors":"Sergey Goroshkevich,&nbsp;Evgeniya Zhuk,&nbsp;Galina Ivolina","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02604-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02604-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>Clones originating from the young seed progeny of mutational witches’ broom have a compact crown and no flowering phenotype caused by the combined effect of the mutation and biological age of the source plant material.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Mutational witches’ broom (WB), which is formed on trees, is a bud sport that has a modified crown structure. Phenotypically, it differs from the normal crown part in its high density, abundant branching and usually shorter needles. Grafted WBs have a high ornamental value and are propagated for landscaping purposes. WB seed progeny and their clones have also been successfully used in breeding for a long time. However, it is still unknown how the two types of clones differ from each other. To reveal the differences, a comparative analysis of clones from the original mature 170–200-year-old trees of <i>Pinus sibirica</i> with cone-bearing WBs and clones from the 9-year-old mutant seed progeny was carried out in the uniform environment of a common garden. Unlike the initial WB clones, the derivative clones did not flower, which was the most pronounced influence of the age of the source plant material. The growth of derivative WB clones was also affected by the age of the source plant material, which reduced linear growth in addition to the mutation. They were 1.5 times less than in the initial clones, and their crowns were even more compact due to the decreased branching threshold and apical dominance. Significant variation was observed amongst groups of derivative clones derived from different saplings in the progeny of an original WB. The obvious source of the variation was the effect of recombination in the WB seed progeny, which gave rise to the clones. Thus, the influence of the age of the source plant material is fully manifested in the WB of <i>Pinus sibirica</i>, just as it occurs in normal trees. Together with great variation in morphological traits, this made the WB seed progeny an almost inexhaustible source of material for ornamental breeding.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of seed desiccation sensitivity between Quercus chenii and Q.acutissima","authors":"Haiyan Chen,&nbsp;Jiekun Liu,&nbsp;Yongbao Shen","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02607-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02607-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p><b>Seed morphological traits and antioxidant defense mechanisms determine desiccation sensitivity differences between Quercus species, enabling development of species-specific seed storage protocols.</b></p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Despite extensive research on the desiccation sensitivity of <i>Quercus</i> seeds, the factors and physiological mechanisms driving interspecific variations remain poorly understood. This study investigated the differences in desiccation sensitivity between <i>Q. chenii</i> and <i>Q. acutissima</i> seeds by examining the effects of desiccation on seed moisture content, detecting reactive oxygen species production, antioxidant enzyme activities, soluble sugars and proteins, and exploring the relationships among initial seed traits, water loss rates, and seed viability. Results showed that despite similar initial moisture content (41.9% for <i>Q. chenii</i> and 42.9% for <i>Q. acutissima</i>), <i>Q. acutissima</i> seeds exhibited more rapid water loss under identical desiccation conditions (same seed: silica gel ratio and temperature), primarily due to their larger scar area and seed mass, leading to a decline in germination percentage below 80% within just 7 days, while <i>Q. chenii</i> seeds maintained high germination percentage for up to 27 days. Regarding physiological mechanisms, <i>Q. chenii</i> seeds demonstrated a more efficient antioxidant defense system, characterized by higher superoxide dismutase activity and early increased catalase activity, which effectively reduced hydrogen peroxide accumulation and membrane lipid peroxidation. Additionally, <i>Q. chenii</i> showed significantly increased soluble protein content during early desiccation stages. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of desiccation sensitivity mechanisms and their interspecific variations in recalcitrant seeds, providing physiological bases for optimizing recalcitrant seed conservation strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Autumn phenology of mountain birch at the sub‑arctic treeline in comparison with silver birch in the cold and mild temperate zone","authors":"Paolo Zuccarini,&nbsp;Friederike Gehrmann,&nbsp;Manuela Balzarolo,&nbsp;Omar Flores,&nbsp;Jozica Gricar,&nbsp;Bertold Mariën,&nbsp;Matteo Campioli","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02602-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02602-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A non-native pathogen meets a native host: Austropuccinia psidii infection reduces photosynthesis and alters non-structural carbohydrates in seedlings of Metrosideros excelsa","authors":"Hoa Nguyen,&nbsp;Peter J. Bellingham,&nbsp;Mahajabeen Padamsee,&nbsp;Luitgard Schwendenmann","doi":"10.1007/s00468-024-02593-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-024-02593-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p><i>Austropuccinia psidii</i> infection and increase in diseased leaf area resulted in a reduction of photosynthesis, an upregulation of stomatal conductance, and an increase in leaf starch and sucrose content.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p><i>Austropuccinia psidii</i> is a biotrophic rust pathogen that causes myrtle rust, affecting over 480 species in the Myrtaceae family. The development of chlorotic and necrotic leaf areas following <i>A. psidii</i> infection has been shown to affect leaf gas exchange. In this study, we quantified photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and non-structural carbohydrates in seedlings of a long-lived tree, <i>Metrosideros excelsa</i> (pōhutukawa), following <i>A. psidii</i> infection in a glasshouse experiment (infected and control seedlings) conducted over 20 weeks. The diseased leaf area rose from 8% in week 2 to 95% in week 20 after <i>A. psidii</i> inoculation. The photosynthetic rate declined by over 90% within 6 weeks after inoculation and was associated with biochemical damage in CO₂ fixation. Stomatal conductance decreased over the first 4 weeks after inoculation and then increased. An increase in lesions and necrotic cells may inhibit stomatal regulation. Starch content was threefold higher in infected than control leaves 20 weeks after inoculation. Increased starch accumulation in the infected leaf area could be due to reduced export of newly fixed carbon from the infected leaves. Meanwhile, glucose + fructose content was 31% lower in infected leaves at the experiment’s end, likely because of leaf necrosis. If the pathogen-induced damage and loss of leaves, reduction in photosynthesis and changes in non-structural carbohydrates shown in this study also occur in wild <i>M. excelsa</i> seedlings and reduces their biomass, this may in turn reduce their competitive ability in the primary successions that they currently often dominate.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-024-02593-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143109244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}