{"title":"Community Aspects of HIV Biomedical Prevention.","authors":"Bruno Spire, Marion di Ciaccio","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062124-044855","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062124-044855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although HIV treatment and prevention efforts in recent decades have significantly reduced new infections and mortality worldwide, progress has been uneven. Regions with the highest prevalence are those where HIV control programs fail to reach key populations, such as people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, transgender people, and certain ethnic minorities. More specifically, the rollout of proven HIV prevention tools in these populations, such as antiretroviral therapy and pre-exposure prophylaxis, still presents a challenge. Community-based organizations play a key role in facilitating access to testing and treatment, particularly through rapid testing programs and peer support. These initiatives are crucial for overcoming social and cultural barriers, reducing stigma, and ensuring treatment adherence, especially among key populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"113-127"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144758997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raffaele Marfella, Francesco Prattichizzo, Michelangela Barbieri, Pasquale Paolisso, Lucia Scisciola, Manuela Giovanna Basilicata, Ludovica Vittoria Marfella, Ada Pesapane, Angelo Fenti, Rosalba La Grotta, Francesca Carreras, Pasquale Iovino, Emanuele Barbato, Antonio Ceriello, Philip J Landrigan, Giuseppe Paolisso
{"title":"Microplastics and Atherosclerosis: Mechanisms.","authors":"Raffaele Marfella, Francesco Prattichizzo, Michelangela Barbieri, Pasquale Paolisso, Lucia Scisciola, Manuela Giovanna Basilicata, Ludovica Vittoria Marfella, Ada Pesapane, Angelo Fenti, Rosalba La Grotta, Francesca Carreras, Pasquale Iovino, Emanuele Barbato, Antonio Ceriello, Philip J Landrigan, Giuseppe Paolisso","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062124-113011","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062124-113011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics are emerging as mediators in the interaction between environmental pollutants and cardiovascular health. Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) can enter the human body through ingestion, inhalation, or skin exposure, disrupting biological processes such as autophagy, inflammation, oxidative stress, immune activation, and vascular dysfunction. Therefore, MNPs might promote the development of cardiovascular diseases. The link between MNPs and cardiovascular diseases remains unclear, with no consistent data confirming a correlation between their concentration in tissues and disease onset. Continuously evolving analytical techniques to detect MNPs within human organs and tissues will help the design of prospective studies detailing the possible harm provided by different microplastics as well as their effects according to their physical properties and associated chemicals. In this review, we provide an update on the existing techniques for MNP detection and characterization to summarize the mechanisms linking these pollutants to human health, focusing on their effects on the cardiovascular system.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"66 1","pages":"369-390"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146040357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiao Liu, Yanyan Chen, Wei Han, Yan Chen, Wenbo Feng, Qingtong Zhou, Ming-Wei Wang
{"title":"Structural Insights into the Development of Inhibitors Against Cancer-Specific Mutations of PI3Kα.","authors":"Xiao Liu, Yanyan Chen, Wei Han, Yan Chen, Wenbo Feng, Qingtong Zhou, Ming-Wei Wang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-082924-022724","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-082924-022724","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα) is a pivotal regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, driven predominantly by <i>PIK3CA</i> mutations (e.g., H1047R, E542K, and E545K), is a hallmark of many cancers. Advances in structural, biochemical, and computational studies have elucidated mutation-specific conformational changes of PI3Kα. While early pan- and isoform-selective PI3K inhibitors (alpelisib) show clinical utility, their intrinsic toxicity and resistance to treatment persist. Recent breakthroughs include the emergence of allosteric inhibitors (RLY-2608 and STX-478) that exploit mutation-induced cryptic pockets to achieve mutant selectivity as well as covalent inhibitors and degraders (inavolisib) that enhance specificity, aiming at decoupling antitumor activity from metabolic dysfunction. This review synthesizes current progress in PI3Kα inhibitor development, emphasizing structural characteristics, clinical challenges, and emerging strategies. Addressing challenges to increase mutant selectivity, exploring conformational modulation, uncovering new mechanisms of action, and implementing personalized therapies are key future directions for PI3Kα-targeted drug discovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"465-485"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144881926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ben Katz, Rita Gutorov, Channa Maayan, Rachel Zaguri, Baruch Minke
{"title":"Human Mutations in the TRPV1 Channel: Implications for Noxious Cold Sensation.","authors":"Ben Katz, Rita Gutorov, Channa Maayan, Rachel Zaguri, Baruch Minke","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062624-025423","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062624-025423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sensing specific temperature ranges as noxious is crucial for protecting organisms from tissue damage. While the molecular detectors for noxious heat are well-characterized, those responsible for noxious cold detection remain elusive. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a polymodal channel activated by heat, acid, and various animal and plant toxins. Due to its association with inflammatory pain, TRPV1 has become a promising target for analgesic development. A recent study reported on an individual carrying a homozygous TRPV1 mutation (N331K) that led to pronounced functional loss. Examination of the affected individual revealed an expected decrease in sensitivity to noxious heat and an unexpected increase in sensitivity to noxious cold. Furthermore, extensive neurogenic inflammatory, flare, and pain responses were observed following the application of a TRPA1 channel activator. These findings suggest that the combined activity of TRPV1 and TRPA1 is essential for controlling noxious cold sensitivity and should be considered when assessing TRPV1 pharmacology.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"405-417"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Possible Direction of Drug Discovery Based on Single-Molecule Live Imaging.","authors":"Hideaki Yoshimura, Takeaki Ozawa","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062624-025717","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-062624-025717","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In conventional drug discovery, particularly for small molecules, investigating a small compound that matches the structure of the target molecule and alters its activity has been a crucial process. On the other hand, artificially regulating the activity of a target molecule that is inherently present in cells or organisms and involved in a physiological function can cause various side effects. One possible approach to overcoming this side effect problem is to explore molecules that affect the behavior or motility of molecules related to diseases. If a screening method is developed to search for drugs that target only specific motions of the target molecules, a new concept of motility-targeted drug discovery will be created. In this review article, single-molecule live imaging-a core technology for analyzing the motility of molecules in living cells and organisms-is introduced by describing examples of single-molecule imaging, such as membrane receptors and RNAs. The potential of single-molecule imaging to contribute to drug discovery is also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"227-240"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pharmacogenetic Panel Testing: A Review of Current Practice and Potential for Clinical Implementation.","authors":"R Mosch, M van der Lee, H J Guchelaar, J J Swen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061724-080935","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061724-080935","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharmacogenetics (PGx) aims to optimize drug treatment outcomes by using a patient's genetic profile for individualized drug and dose selection. Currently, reactive and pretherapeutic single-gene PGx tests are increasingly applied in clinical practice in several countries and institutions. With over 95% of the population carrying at least one actionable PGx variant, and with drugs impacted by these genetic variants being in common use, pretherapeutic or preemptive PGx panel testing appears to be an attractive option for better-informed drug prescribing. Here, we discuss the current state of PGx panel testing and explore the potential for clinical implementation. We conclude that available evidence supports the implementation of pretherapeutic PGx panel testing for drugs covered in the PGx guidelines, yet identification of specific patient populations that benefit most and cost-effectiveness data are necessary to support large-scale implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"91-109"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142339828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ariana M Chao, Simeon Taylor, Molly Moore, Anastassia Amaro, Thomas A Wadden
{"title":"Evolving Approaches for Pharmacological Therapy of Obesity.","authors":"Ariana M Chao, Simeon Taylor, Molly Moore, Anastassia Amaro, Thomas A Wadden","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-031124-101146","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-031124-101146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity is a global health concern. Progress in understanding the physiology of obesity and weight reduction has provided new drug targets. Development and testing of new antiobesity medications (AOMs) has the potential to quickly expand options for treatment. In this review, we briefly summarize the physiology of obesity and weight reduction, as well as medications currently approved for weight management. We highlight the increasing use of incretin and nutrient-stimulated hormone-based therapies. We conclude with an overview of AOMs progressing through the pipeline and discuss their implications for the rapidly evolving field of obesity management.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"169-189"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11770897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142339825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Targeting Neuroplasticity in Substance Use Disorders: Implications for Therapeutics.","authors":"Marina E Wolf","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061724-080548","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061724-080548","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The last two decades have witnessed substantial advances in identifying synaptic plasticity responsible for behavioral changes in animal models of substance use disorder. We have learned the most about cocaine-induced plasticity in the nucleus accumbens and its relationship to cocaine seeking, so that is the focus in this review. Synaptic plasticity pointing to potential therapeutic targets has been identified mainly using two drug self-administration models: extinction-reinstatement and abstinence models. A relationship between cocaine seeking and potentiated AMPAR transmission in nucleus accumbens is indicated by both models. In particular, an atypical subpopulation-Ca2+-permeable or CP-AMPARs-mediates cue-induced seeking that persists even after long periods of abstinence, modeling the persistent vulnerability to relapse that represents a major challenge in treating substance use disorder. We review strategies to reverse CP-AMPAR plasticity; strategies targeting other components of excitatory synapses, including dysregulated glutamate uptake and release; and behavioral interventions that can be augmented by harnessing synaptic plasticity.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"259-280"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11864087/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrew A Shaw, Jeffery D Steketee, Anna N Bukiya, Alex M Dopico
{"title":"Toluene Toxicity in the Brain: From Cellular Targets to Molecular Mechanisms.","authors":"Andrew A Shaw, Jeffery D Steketee, Anna N Bukiya, Alex M Dopico","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-012924-010532","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-012924-010532","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toluene intoxication constitutes a persistent public health problem worldwide. While most organs can be damaged, the brain is a primary target whether exposure is accidental, occupational, or recreational. Interventions to prevent/revert brain damage by toluene are curtailed by the scarce information on the molecular targets and mechanisms mediating toluene's brain toxicity and the common exposure to other neurotoxins and/or coexistence of neurological/psychiatric disorders. We examine (<i>a</i>) the physicochemical properties of toluene that allow this inhalant to primarily target the lipid-rich brain; (<i>b</i>) the cell types targeted by toluene (neurons, different types of glia), while considering a cerebrovascular component; and (<i>c</i>) putative molecular mechanisms by which toluene may modify receptor function while analyzing structural features that allow toluene to directly interact with membrane lipids or specific proteins. This information constitutes a stepping stone to design pharmacotherapies that counteract toluene brain intoxication.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"65 1","pages":"487-506"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12928535/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José María Gutiérrez, Nicholas R Casewell, Andreas H Laustsen
{"title":"Progress and Challenges in the Field of Snakebite Envenoming Therapeutics.","authors":"José María Gutiérrez, Nicholas R Casewell, Andreas H Laustsen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-022024-033544","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-022024-033544","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Snakebite envenoming kills and maims hundreds of thousands of people every year, especially in the rural settings of tropical regions. Envenomings are still treated with animal-derived antivenoms, which have prevented many lives from being lost but which are also medicines in need of innovation. Strides are being made to improve envenoming therapies, with promising efforts made toward optimizing manufacturing and quality aspects of existing antivenoms, accelerating research and development of recombinant antivenoms based on monoclonal antibodies, and repurposing of small-molecule inhibitors that block key toxins. Here, we review the most recent advances in these fields and discuss therapeutic opportunities and limitations for different snakebite treatment modalities. Finally, we discuss challenges related to preclinical and clinical evaluation, regulatory pathways, large-scale manufacture, and distribution and access that need to be addressed to fulfill the goals of the World Health Organization's global strategy to prevent and control snakebite envenoming.</p>","PeriodicalId":8057,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"465-485"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141873984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}