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Annual review of medicine最新文献

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Pulmonary Aspects of COVID-19. COVID-19的肺部方面。
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042220-014817
Kevin C Doerschug, Gregory A Schmidt
{"title":"Pulmonary Aspects of COVID-19.","authors":"Kevin C Doerschug,&nbsp;Gregory A Schmidt","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-042220-014817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042220-014817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a respiratory virus that gains entry via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) within airway epithelium. Patients exhibit a spectrum of respiratory symptoms from asymptomatic to respiratory failure. Patient factors including obesity, tobacco use, and black race are all associated with increased ACE2 expression and may contribute to increased complications. Consolidation and ground-glass opacities on chest imaging are typical but not specific for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Venous thromboembolism occurs infrequently when prophylactic anticoagulation is provided. However, capillary microthrombosis is nearly ubiquitous, suggesting that it contributes to hypoxemia. Remdesivir and glucocorticoids may benefit some hospitalized patients. Many of those afflicted remain symptomatic two weeks following diagnosis and continue to require health care. Total lung capacity, diffusion capacity, and maximal oxygen consumption may be reduced for months in some survivors. Lung transplant offers chronically critically ill patients new hope, and this option may have increasing potential for outpatients with COVID-19-associated fibrosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39725731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies. 保留射血分数的心力衰竭:机制和治疗策略。
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042220-022745
Kazunori Omote, Frederik H Verbrugge, Barry A Borlaug
{"title":"Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies.","authors":"Kazunori Omote,&nbsp;Frederik H Verbrugge,&nbsp;Barry A Borlaug","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-042220-022745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042220-022745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Approximately half of all patients with heart failure (HF) have a preserved ejection fraction, and the prevalence is growing rapidly given the aging population in many countries and the rising prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. Functional capacity and quality of life are severely impaired in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and morbidity and mortality are high. In striking contrast to HF with reduced ejection fraction, there are few effective treatments currently identified for HFpEF, and these are limited to decongestion by diuretics, promotion of a healthy active lifestyle, and management of comorbidities. Improved phenotyping of subgroups within the overall HFpEF population might enhance individualization of treatment. This review focuses on the current understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying HFpEF and treatment strategies for this complex syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9002335/pdf/nihms-1795479.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9180064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 30
What Has the Undiagnosed Diseases Network Taught Us About the Clinical Applications of Genomic Testing? 未确诊疾病网络在基因组检测的临床应用方面给了我们哪些启示？
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042120-014904
David R Murdock, Jill A Rosenfeld, Brendan Lee
{"title":"What Has the Undiagnosed Diseases Network Taught Us About the Clinical Applications of Genomic Testing?","authors":"David R Murdock, Jill A Rosenfeld, Brendan Lee","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-042120-014904","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-med-042120-014904","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genetic testing has undergone a revolution in the last decade, particularly with the advent of next-generation sequencing and its associated reductions in costs and increases in efficiencies. The Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) has been a leader in the application of such genomic testing for rare disease diagnosis. This review discusses the current state of genomic testing performed within the UDN, with a focus on the strengths and limitations of whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing in clinical diagnostics and the importance of ongoing data reanalysis. The role of emerging technologies such as RNA and long-read sequencing to further improve diagnostic rates in the UDN is also described. This review concludes with a discussion of the challenges faced in insurance coverage of comprehensive genomic testing as well as the opportunities for a larger role of testing in clinical medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10874501/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9830671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Whole Inactivated Virus and Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccines. 全灭活病毒和基于蛋白质的COVID-19疫苗。
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 Epub Date: 2021-10-12 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042420-113212
Peter J Hotez, Maria Elena Bottazzi
{"title":"Whole Inactivated Virus and Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccines.","authors":"Peter J Hotez,&nbsp;Maria Elena Bottazzi","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-042420-113212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042420-113212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid development and deployment of mRNA and adenovirus-vectored vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continue to astound the global scientific community, but these vaccine platforms and production approaches have still not achieved global COVID-19 vaccine equity. Immunizing the billions of people at risk for COVID-19 in the world's low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) still relies on the availability of vaccines produced and scaled through traditional technology approaches. Vaccines based on whole inactivated virus (WIV) and protein-based platforms, as well as protein particle-based vaccines, are the most produced by LMIC vaccine manufacturing strategies. Three major WIV vaccines are beginning to be distributed widely. Several protein-based and protein particle-based vaccines are advancing with promising results. Overall, these vaccines are exhibiting excellent safety profiles and in some instances have shown their potential to induce high levels of virus neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses (and protection) both in nonhuman primates and in early studies in humans. There is an urgent need to continue accelerating these vaccines for LMICs in time to fully vaccinate these populations by the end of 2022 at the latest. Achieving these goals would also serve as an important reminder that we must continue to maintain expertise in producing multiple vaccine technologies, rather than relying on any individual platform.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39509272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 51
Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation: A Silent Threat with Uncertain Implications. 亚临床心房颤动:具有不确定含义的无声威胁。
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 Epub Date: 2021-11-17 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042420-105906
Anthony H Kashou, Demilade A Adedinsewo, Peter A Noseworthy
{"title":"Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation: A Silent Threat with Uncertain Implications.","authors":"Anthony H Kashou,&nbsp;Demilade A Adedinsewo,&nbsp;Peter A Noseworthy","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-042420-105906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042420-105906","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias. Implantable and wearable cardiac devices have enabled the detection of asymptomatic AF episodes-termed subclinical AF (SCAF). SCAF, the prevalence of which is likely significantly underestimated, is associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality and a significant stroke risk. Recent advances in machine learning, namely artificial intelligence-enabled ECG (AI-ECG), have enabled identification of patients at higher likelihood of SCAF. Leveraging the capabilities of AI-ECG algorithms to drive screening protocols could eventually allow for earlier detection and treatment and help reduce the burden associated with AF.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39741347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Organoid Models for Infectious Disease. 传染病的类器官模型。
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042320-023055
Sarah E Blutt, Mary K Estes
{"title":"Organoid Models for Infectious Disease.","authors":"Sarah E Blutt,&nbsp;Mary K Estes","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-042320-023055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042320-023055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infectious diseases affect individual health and have widespread societal impacts. New ex vivo models are critical to understand pathogenesis, host response, and features necessary to develop preventive and therapeutic treatments. Pluripotent and tissue stem cell-derived organoids provide new tools for the study of human infections. Organoid models recapitulate many characteristics of in vivo disease and are providing new insights into human respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neuronal host-microbe interactions. Increasing culture complexity by adding the stroma, interorgan communication, and the microbiome will improve the use of organoids as models for infection. Organoid cultures provide a platform with the capability to improve human health related to infectious diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8887824/pdf/nihms-1779067.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9566656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
Exercise in Octogenarians: How Much Is Too Little? 八十多岁老人的运动:多少算少?
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 Epub Date: 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-070119-115343
Graeme Carrick-Ranson, Erin J Howden, Benjamin D Levine
{"title":"Exercise in Octogenarians: How Much Is Too Little?","authors":"Graeme Carrick-Ranson,&nbsp;Erin J Howden,&nbsp;Benjamin D Levine","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-070119-115343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-070119-115343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global population is rapidly aging, with predictions of many more people living beyond 85 years. Age-related physiological adaptations predispose to decrements in physical function and functional capacity, the rate of which can be accelerated by chronic disease and prolonged physical inactivity. Decrements in physical function exacerbate the risk of chronic disease, disability, dependency, and frailty with advancing age. Regular exercise positively influences health status, physical function, and disease risk in adults of all ages. Herein, we review the role of structured exercise training in the oldest old on cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength and power, attributes critical for physical function, mobility, and independent living.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39636714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
New Approaches to Glioblastoma. 胶质母细胞瘤的新方法。
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 Epub Date: 2021-10-19 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042420-102102
Mustafa Khasraw, Yoko Fujita, Catalina Lee-Chang, Irina V Balyasnikova, Hinda Najem, Amy B Heimberger
{"title":"New Approaches to Glioblastoma.","authors":"Mustafa Khasraw,&nbsp;Yoko Fujita,&nbsp;Catalina Lee-Chang,&nbsp;Irina V Balyasnikova,&nbsp;Hinda Najem,&nbsp;Amy B Heimberger","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-042420-102102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042420-102102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Faced with unique immunobiology and marked heterogeneity, treatment strategies for glioblastoma require therapeutic approaches that diverge from conventional oncological strategies. The selection and prioritization of targeted and immunotherapeutic strategies will need to carefully consider these features and companion biomarkers developed alongside treatment strategies to identify the appropriate patient populations. Novel clinical trial strategies that interrogate the tumor microenvironment for drug penetration and target engagement will inform go/no-go later-stage clinical studies. Innovative trial designs and analyses are needed to move effective agents toward regulatory approvals more rapidly.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9479165/pdf/nihms-1831896.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39530932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Enteroviruses and Type 1 Diabetes: Multiple Mechanisms and Factors? 肠病毒与1型糖尿病:多重机制和因素?
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042320-015952
Richard E Lloyd, Manasi Tamhankar, Åke Lernmark
{"title":"Enteroviruses and Type 1 Diabetes: Multiple Mechanisms and Factors?","authors":"Richard E Lloyd,&nbsp;Manasi Tamhankar,&nbsp;Åke Lernmark","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-042320-015952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042320-015952","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by insulin deficiency and resultant hyperglycemia. Complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors trigger the onset of autoimmune mechanisms responsible for development of autoimmunity to β cell antigens and subsequent development of T1D. A potential role of virus infections has long been hypothesized, and growing evidence continues to implicate enteroviruses as the most probable triggering viruses. Recent studies have strengthened the association between enteroviruses and development of autoimmunity in T1D patients, potentially through persistent infections. Enterovirus infections may contribute to different stages of disease development. We review data from both human cohort studies and experimental research exploring the potential roles and molecular mechanisms by which enterovirus infections can impact disease outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9242008/pdf/nihms-1816500.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10625993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 23
Phage Therapy for Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Infections. 噬菌体治疗耐抗生素细菌感染。
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 Epub Date: 2021-08-24 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-080219-122208
Graham F Hatfull, Rebekah M Dedrick, Robert T Schooley
{"title":"Phage Therapy for Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Infections.","authors":"Graham F Hatfull,&nbsp;Rebekah M Dedrick,&nbsp;Robert T Schooley","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-080219-122208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-080219-122208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens presents a substantial threat to the control of infectious diseases. Development of new classes of antibiotics has slowed in recent years due to pressures of cost and market profitability, and there is a strong need for new antimicrobial therapies. The therapeutic use of bacteriophages has long been considered, with numerous anecdotal reports of success. Interest in phage therapy has been renewed by recent clinical successes in case studies with personalized phage cocktails, and several clinical trials are in progress. We discuss recent progress in the therapeutic use of phages and contemplate the key factors influencing the opportunities and challenges. With strong safety profiles, the main challenges of phage therapeutics involve strain variation among clinical isolates of many pathogens, battling phage resistance, and the potential limitations of host immune responses. However, the opportunities are considerable, with the potential to enhance current antibiotic efficacy, protect newly developed antibiotics, and provide a last resort in response to complete antibiotic failure.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39339859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 135
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