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Annual review of medicine最新文献

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COVID-19 Critical Illness: A Data-Driven Review. COVID-19 危重病：数据驱动的回顾。
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 Epub Date: 2021-09-14 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042420-110629
Jennifer C Ginestra, Oscar J L Mitchell, George L Anesi, Jason D Christie
{"title":"COVID-19 Critical Illness: A Data-Driven Review.","authors":"Jennifer C Ginestra, Oscar J L Mitchell, George L Anesi, Jason D Christie","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-042420-110629","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-med-042420-110629","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges in critical care medicine, including extreme demand for intensive care unit (ICU) resources and rapidly evolving understanding of a novel disease. Up to one-third of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 experience critical illness. The most common form of organ failure in COVID-19 critical illness is acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, which clinically presents as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in three-quarters of ICU patients. Noninvasive respiratory support modalities are being used with increasing frequency given their potential to reduce the need for intubation. Determining optimal patient selection for and timing of intubation remains a challenge. Management of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 largely mirrors that of non-COVID-19 ARDS. Organ failure is common and portends a poor prognosis. Mortality rates have improved over the course of the pandemic, likely owing to increasing disease familiarity, data-driven pharmacologics, and improved adherence to evidence-based critical care.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8795486/pdf/nihms-1764938.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39417337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Progress in the Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. 胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的治疗进展。
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 Epub Date: 2021-10-20 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042320-011248
Amy Chang, Scott K Sherman, James R Howe, Vaibhav Sahai
{"title":"Progress in the Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.","authors":"Amy Chang,&nbsp;Scott K Sherman,&nbsp;James R Howe,&nbsp;Vaibhav Sahai","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-042320-011248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042320-011248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are a heterogeneous and orphan group of neoplasms that vary in their histology, clinical features, prognosis, and management. The treatment of PNETs is highly dependent on the stage at presentation, tumor grade and differentiation, presence of symptoms from hormonal overproduction or from local growth, tumor burden, and rate of progression. The US Food and Drug Administration has recently approved many novel treatments, which have altered decision making and positively impacted the care and prognosis of these patients. In this review, we focus on the significant progress made in the management of PNETs over the past decade, as well as the active areas of research.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39533950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
COVID-19 and Diabetes. COVID-19和糖尿病。
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 Epub Date: 2021-08-11 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042220-011857
Awadhesh Kumar Singh, Kamlesh Khunti
{"title":"COVID-19 and Diabetes.","authors":"Awadhesh Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Kamlesh Khunti","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-042220-011857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042220-011857","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prevalence of diabetes in people with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has varied worldwide. Most of the available evidence suggests a significant increase in severity and mortality of COVID-19 in people with either type 1 (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially in association with poor glycemic control. While new-onset hyperglycemia and new-onset diabetes (both T1DM and T2DM) have been increasingly recognized in the context of COVID-19 and have been associated with worse outcome, no conclusive evidence yet suggests direct tropism of SARS-CoV-2 on the β cells of pancreatic islets. While all approved oral antidiabetic agents appear to be safe in people with T2DM having COVID-19, no conclusive data are yet available to indicate a mortality benefit with any class of these drugs, in the absence of large randomized controlled trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39303149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 33
Spectrum of Phenotypes and Causes of Type 2 Diabetes in Children. 儿童2型糖尿病的表型和病因谱。
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042120-012033
Amy S Shah, Kristen J Nadeau, Dana Dabelea, Maria J Redondo
{"title":"Spectrum of Phenotypes and Causes of Type 2 Diabetes in Children.","authors":"Amy S Shah,&nbsp;Kristen J Nadeau,&nbsp;Dana Dabelea,&nbsp;Maria J Redondo","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-042120-012033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042120-012033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several factors, including genetics, family history, diet, physical activity, obesity, and insulin resistance in puberty, appear to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in youth. Youth-onset type 2 diabetes is often thought of as a single entity but rather exists as a spectrum of disease with differences in presentation, metabolic characteristics, clinical progression, and complication rates. We review what is currently known regarding the risks associated with developing type 2 diabetes in youth. Additionally, we focus on the spectrum of phenotypes of pediatric type 2 diabetes, discuss the pathogenic underpinnings and potential therapeutic relevance of this heterogeneity, and compare youth-onset type 2 diabetes with type 1 diabetes and adult-onset type 2 diabetes. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps in prediction and prevention of youth-onset type 2 diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9022328/pdf/nihms-1795241.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10443657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
COVID-19: Inflammatory Profile. COVID-19:炎症概况
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 Epub Date: 2021-08-26 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042220-012417
Yuhang Wang, Stanley Perlman
{"title":"COVID-19: Inflammatory Profile.","authors":"Yuhang Wang,&nbsp;Stanley Perlman","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-042220-012417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042220-012417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has resulted in a pandemic that has had widespread effects on human activities. The clinical presentation of severe COVID-19 includes a broad spectrum of clinical disease, most notably acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), multiorgan failure, and death. Direct viral damage and uncontrolled inflammation have been suggested as contributory factors in COVID-19 disease severity. The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the critical role of an effective host immune response in controlling a virus infection and demonstrated the devastating effect of immune dysregulation. Understanding the nature of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis is key to developing effective treatments for COVID-19. Here, we describe the nature of the dysregulated host immune response in COVID-19, identify potential mechanisms involved in CRS, and discuss potential strategies that can be used to manage immune dysregulation in COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39347901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 31
mRNA Vaccines in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond. mRNA 疫苗在 COVID-19 大流行及其后的应用。
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 Epub Date: 2021-10-20 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042420-112725
Michael J Hogan, Norbert Pardi
{"title":"mRNA Vaccines in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond.","authors":"Michael J Hogan, Norbert Pardi","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-042420-112725","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-med-042420-112725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in China in December 2019 and quickly spread around the globe, killing more than 4 million people and causing a severe economic crisis. This extraordinary situation prompted entities in government, industry, and academia to work together at unprecedented speed to develop safe and effective vaccines. Indeed, vaccines of multiple types have been generated in record time, and many have been evaluated in clinical trials. Of these, messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have emerged as lead candidates due to their speed of development and high degree of safety and efficacy. To date, two mRNA vaccines have received approval for human use, providing proof of the feasibility of this next-generation vaccine modality. This review gives a detailed overview about the types of mRNA vaccines developed for SARS-CoV-2, discusses and compares preclinical and clinical data, gives a mechanistic overview about immune responses generated by mRNA vaccination, and speculates on the challenges and promising future of this emergent vaccine platform.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39533949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 95
The Gut Microbiome and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 肠道微生物群和炎症性肠病。
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042320-021020
Yue Shan, Mirae Lee, Eugene B Chang
{"title":"The Gut Microbiome and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.","authors":"Yue Shan,&nbsp;Mirae Lee,&nbsp;Eugene B Chang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-042320-021020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042320-021020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) arise from a convergence of genetic risk, environmental factors, and gut microbiota, where each is necessary but not sufficient to cause disease. Emerging evidence supports a bidirectional relationship between disease progression and changes in microbiota membership and function. Thus, the study of the gut microbiome and host-microbe interactions should provide critical insights into disease pathogenesis as well as leads for developing microbiome-based diagnostics and interventions for IBD. In this article, we review the most recent advances in understanding the relationship between the gut microbiota and IBD and highlight the importance of going beyond establishing description and association to gain mechanistic insights into causes and consequences of IBD. The review aims to contextualize recent findings to form conceptional frameworks for understanding the etiopathogenesis of IBD and for the future development of microbiome-based diagnostics and interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10012812/pdf/nihms-1872891.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9115062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 32
Contemporary Management of Thyroid Nodules. 甲状腺结节的当代管理。
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 Epub Date: 2021-08-20 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042220-015032
Kristen Kobaly, Caroline S Kim, Susan J Mandel
{"title":"Contemporary Management of Thyroid Nodules.","authors":"Kristen Kobaly,&nbsp;Caroline S Kim,&nbsp;Susan J Mandel","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-042220-015032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042220-015032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thyroid nodules are common in the general population, with higher prevalence in women and with advancing age. Approximately 5% of thyroid nodules are malignant; the majority of this subset represents papillary thyroid cancer. Ultrasonography is the standard technique to assess the underlying thyroid parenchyma, characterize the features of thyroid nodules, and evaluate for abnormal cervical lymphadenopathy. Various risk stratification systems exist to categorize the risk of malignancy based on the ultrasound appearance of a thyroid nodule. Nodules are selected for fine-needle aspiration biopsy on the basis of ultrasound features, size, and high-risk clinical history. Cytology results are classified by the Bethesda system into six categories ranging from benign to malignant. When cytology is indeterminate, molecular testing can further risk-stratify patients for observation or surgery. Surveillance is indicated for nodules with benign cytology, indeterminate cytology with reassuring molecular testing, or non-biopsied nodules without a benign sonographic appearance.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39329463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 22
A Tale of Two Checkpoints: ATR Inhibition and PD-(L)1 Blockade. 两个检查点的故事:ATR抑制和PD-(L)1阻断。
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 Epub Date: 2021-10-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042320-025136
Natalie Y L Ngoi, Guang Peng, Timothy A Yap
{"title":"A Tale of Two Checkpoints: ATR Inhibition and PD-(L)1 Blockade.","authors":"Natalie Y L Ngoi,&nbsp;Guang Peng,&nbsp;Timothy A Yap","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-042320-025136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042320-025136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Innate immunity and the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway are inextricably linked. Within the DDR, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) is a key kinase responsible for sensing replication stress and facilitating DNA repair through checkpoint activation, cell cycle arrest, and promotion of fork recovery. Recent studies have shed light on the immunomodulatory role of the ATR-CHK1 pathway in the tumor microenvironment and the specific effects of ATR inhibition in stimulating an innate immune response. With several potent and selective ATR inhibitors in developmental pipelines, the combination of dual ATR and PD-(L)1 blockade has attracted increasing interest in cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize the clinical and preclinical data supporting the combined inhibition of ATR and PD-(L)1, discuss the potential challenges surrounding this approach, and highlight biomarkers relevant for selected patients who are most likely to benefit from the blockade of these two checkpoints.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39515288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
The Gut Microbiome: Connecting Diet, Glucose Homeostasis, and Disease. 肠道微生物群:连接饮食、葡萄糖稳态和疾病。
IF 10.5 1区 医学
Annual review of medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-27 Epub Date: 2021-10-22 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042220-012821
Elizabeth J Howard, Tony K T Lam, Frank A Duca
{"title":"The Gut Microbiome: Connecting Diet, Glucose Homeostasis, and Disease.","authors":"Elizabeth J Howard,&nbsp;Tony K T Lam,&nbsp;Frank A Duca","doi":"10.1146/annurev-med-042220-012821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042220-012821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Type 2 diabetes rates continue to rise unabated, underscoring the need to better understand the etiology and potential therapeutic options available for this disease. The gut microbiome plays a role in glucose homeostasis, and diabetes is associated with alterations in the gut microbiome. Given that consumption of a Western diet is associated with increased metabolic disease, and that a Western diet alters the gut microbiome, it is plausible that changes in the gut microbiota mediate the dysregulation in glucose homeostasis. In this review, we highlight a few of the most significant mechanisms by which the gut microbiome can influence glucose regulation, including changes in gut permeability, gut-brain signaling, and production of bacteria-derived metabolites like short-chain fatty acids and bile acids. A better understanding of these pathways could lead to the development of novel therapeutics to target the gut microbiome in order to restore glucose homeostasis in metabolic disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":8056,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39542221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
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