Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Geoscience Diversity Programs: What Works and Does Not and Their Evolution Through Time","authors":"Carlene Burton, Ann Marie Garran, Adeline Liem, N. Chloé Nwangwu, Samuel Cornelius Nyarko, Lisa Werkmeister Rozas, Vashan Wright","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-040623-101222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040623-101222","url":null,"abstract":"Geoscience remains one of the least diverse science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines, despite investment in diversity initiatives. Obstacles such as insufficient funding, paucity of geoscience offerings, and lack of information continue to promote a culture of exclusion. This review critically examines the evolution of belonging, accessibility, justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion (BAJEDI) programs in the geosciences, focusing on efforts to increase participation and retention of minoritized people of color. We explore the philosophical foundations that have shaped BAJEDI efforts and the challenges they face despite realistic gains. This review identifies institutional and political limitations and offers recommendations to support positive, long-term institutional and systemic change. We underscore the need to move beyond symbolic gestures and argue for ethic of care practices that center authentic, relational interactions and systemic accountability. Understanding what truly works and the conditions under which it works for minoritized people of color is critical to building a more inclusive and innovative geoscience community. <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Increasing racial diversity in geoscience requires sustained, resilient, and evidence-based strategies rather than short-term or ad hoc efforts. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Efforts to increase racial diversity and improve the experiences of people of color in geoscience must attend to relational dynamics within the field. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Learning from past missteps and evaluating what works are essential to strengthening existing efforts and advancing racial diversity in geoscience. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Including an ethic of care, rather than relying primarily on deontological or utilitarian frameworks, within diversity programs and policies is key to meaningful, lasting transformation in geoscience. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146196471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Black Sea as an Extreme Habitat of Earth's Ocean: Biogeochemical Functioning, Unique Ecosystems, and Astrobiological Relevance","authors":"Mustafa Yücel, Betül Bitir Soylu, Esra Ermiş, Nimet Alımlı, Zeray Ayral Gülmez","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-032524-011942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-032524-011942","url":null,"abstract":"The Black Sea, characterized by its unique oceanographic and biogeochemical gradients and oxygen-depleted (anoxic) waters, serves as a natural analogue of past planetary-scale geological events as well as more recent human-induced changes. In this review, based on a synthesis of the most recent research, we demonstrate how the extreme ecosystems of the Black Sea provide valuable insights into ecological resilience and adaptation in a changing global ocean. We also elaborate on how the Black Sea's biogeochemical oceanographic extremities parallel conditions found in some of the most extreme environments of our planet as well as newly discovered oceans of the Solar System, offering a crucial analogue for astrobiological and extreme environment research. As such, the Black Sea holds significant relevance not only for understanding Earth's past oceans and present ecological dynamics but also for advancing the exploration of life's potential beyond our planet. <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> The Black Sea is shaped by oceanographic gradients with Earth's largest volume of oxygen-depleted and sulfide-rich waters. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> The habitats of the Black Sea host not only unique bacterial and archaeal lineages but also eukaryotic organisms adapted to extreme conditions. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> It is also an excellent laboratory environment to study the geological past of Earth's ocean and for future studies of the Solar System's ocean worlds. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Managing the Black Sea's environmental challenges should be a priority as well to keep this unique natural laboratory stable and accessible for future generations. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146196627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the Bio-Inorganic Bridge 25 Years Later","authors":"Leslie J. Robbins, Sanaa Mughal, Nagissa Mahmoudi, Daniel B. Mills, Holly R. Rucker, Eva E. Stüeken, Ariel D. Anbar, Andrew H. Knoll, Betül Kaçar, Kurt O. Konhauser","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-040523-125151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040523-125151","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of the bio-inorganic bridge links the evolution of Earth's biosphere to the broad-scale changes in trace metal availability driven by shifts in ocean redox conditions. This framework connects the acquisition of metal enzyme cofactors to evolving environmental conditions over geological time. Various approaches have been taken to building this bridge, integrating insights from microbiology, phylogenomics, ecophysiology, and geochemistry. Much of this work has been framed around a model of Earth's oceans evolving from an Archean anoxic state, through an intermediate sulfidic phase, to the well-oxygenated conditions of the modern world. This perspective predicts corresponding changes in the abundance of key trace elements and highlights their roles in governing primary productivity and the emergence of eukaryotes. That said, geological proxy studies in the intervening years revealed much more complexity to ocean redox evolution, while novel phylogenomic analyses reveal a deeper evolutionary antiquity for several redox-sensitive metalloenzymes. These discoveries require that geobiologists pay close attention to environmental variations in space as well as time. Moreover, increasing awareness that Precambrian trace metal abundances reflect large changes in sources and sinks, as well as in redox conditions, urges closer attention to tectonically influenced fluxes of major nutrients, especially phosphorus, as well as changing weathering fluxes through time. A new understanding of the relationships between Earth's physical history and metalloenzymes awaits. <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> The bio-inorganic bridge connects biological and geological evolution through changes in trace metal availability over Earth's history. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Combining sedimentary geochemistry and phylogenetics has revealed novel insights into metal utilization by the biosphere. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Interdisciplinary approaches are increasingly used to link biosphere evolution with Earth's surface environments. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vertical Land Motion and Coastal Cities: Bridging Global Science and Policy for Resilient Communities","authors":"Manoochehr Shirzaei, Leonard Ohenhen, Carmen Atkins, Shubham Awasthi, Grace Carlson, Oluwaseyi Dasho, Ntambila Daud, Guangcai Feng, Hongbo Jiang, Mohammad Khorrami, Jonathan Lucy, Mahmoud Reshadati, Nitheshnirmal Sadhasivam, Sonam F. Sherpa, Guang Zhai, Wen Zhong, Claire Becker, Clayton Wise, William Etzler, Ibrahim O. Isiaka, Nivedita P. Kamaraj, Florence Onyike, Esther O. Oyedele, Sarah Wilson, Amir AghaKouchak, Anamaria Bukvic, Roland Bürgmann, Jeffrey Freymueller, Nadine Heck, Robert J. Nicholls, Julius Oelsmann, Siddharth Narayan, Pietro Teatini, Farshid Vahedifard, Michelle Jaramillo, Susanna Werth","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-032524-120845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-032524-120845","url":null,"abstract":"Vertical land motion (VLM) is an underrecognized hazard in susceptible coastal cities, especially those experiencing rapid urbanization. Human-induced VLM often causes elevation loss (subsidence) at rates that exceed, sometimes by an order of magnitude or more, those of climate-driven sea-level rise. Local land subsidence (LLS) also damages infrastructure, disrupts drainage, and alters flood dynamics, yet its broader impacts remain poorly quantified and systematically assessed. This review synthesizes the scientific, technical, and policy dimensions of VLM, with particular focus on LLS, highlighting how natural processes and human activities interact to amplify coastal hazards. We examine the geophysical drivers of VLM, advances in monitoring and modeling, and their integration into hazard assessment frameworks. We consider socioeconomic and infrastructural vulnerabilities of city residents, especially where limited observational capacity and governance gaps intensify risk. VLM acts as both a physical amplifier and a socio-institutional blind spot within coastal adaptation planning, requiring real-time data integration, scenario testing, and inclusive policy development. Finally, we identify key research frontiers—including subsidence mitigation strategies, dynamic VLM projections, and equitable, high-resolution risk assessment—to support more resilient, adaptive, and just coastal futures. <jats:list list-type=\"order\"> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Tectonics, sediment compaction, groundwater extraction, and urban loading combine to produce complex, nonlinear patterns of vertical land motion that shape local hazard dynamics. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Local land subsidence, often exceeding the rate of global sea-level rise, is the dominant and least understood driver of coastal flooding and infrastructure risk in many urban regions worldwide. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Subsidence disproportionately affects marginalized communities, exacerbating social inequities, driving displacement, and eroding cultural heritage, underscoring the need for inclusive, justice-centered adaptation frameworks. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Closing critical data and policy gaps through coordinated vertical land motion observation, open-access standards, and equitable governance is essential to safeguard coastal populations and sustain long-term urban resilience. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"276 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146110133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphodynamics of Bedrock Rivers","authors":"Jeremy G. Venditti","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-040523-023051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040523-023051","url":null,"abstract":"Landscapes are shaped by the interaction of tectonics, climate, and rock erosion dynamics. Active incision in bedrock rivers sets the pace of landscape evolution because river incision cuts deep valleys and canyons into bedrock, transporting that material to the sea. This unburdens Earth's surface, allowing uplift of majestic mountain peaks in tectonically active settings. Bedrock-bound rivers, where the banks and bed are mostly bedrock, are hard points in the landscape that set the upstream base level of drainage basins and that must be vertically incised to lower landscape elevation and balance erosion against tectonic uplift. There are four distinct bedrock-bound channel morphologies that do not occur in alluvial channels—constriction-pool-widenings, rapids, overfalls, and waterfalls—each of which has a distinct flow structure. Our ability to predict bedrock-bound channel morphodynamics is nascent, but the discovery of mechanistic lateral bedrock erosion models, coupled with existing vertical incision models, allow prediction of bedrock river geometry and adjustments due to changes in water flux, sediment supply, and regional uplift. <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Coupled lateral and vertical erosion models reveal that the geometry of bedrock rivers is dominantly controlled by sediment supply, not discharge. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Coupling observations of nonuniform flow structures and erosion models confirm that bedrock-bound channels are loci of intense erosion along a river's profile. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Prediction of the 3D shape of bedrock-bound rivers is possible by combining models for flow, sediment transport, and bedrock erosion. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Morphodynamic predictions are limited by poor understanding of nonuniform flow structures, flow resistance, and sediment transport in bedrock-bound channels. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mechanics of Multiphase Magmas: A Perspective from the Scale of Crystals and Bubbles to Magma Reservoirs","authors":"Christian Huber, Olivier Bachmann, Darien Florez, E.M. Parmentier, Matěj Peč, Jonas Latt, Maxime Rambosson, Uthkarsh Das","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-032524-124419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-032524-124419","url":null,"abstract":"The interplay between melt, crystals, andvolatile bubbles controls the physical properties of magmas in Earth's crust, the rate of phase separation, and, by extension, chemical differentiation. The mechanical processes that couple crystals, bubbles, and melt are nonlinear, and their expression in magmatic systems can vary greatly with the relative phase proportions in the magma. In this review we propose a multiscale perspective on multiphase magmas under crustal storage conditions, with a specific focus on phase separation mechanisms. We start with an inventory of forces acting on a single crystal or volatile bubble in a silicate melt. We follow with a discussion of different upscaling strategies to simplify the description of the dynamics at greater scales, relevant to the evolution of magma reservoirs.We discuss recent progress in the development of models to study the internal dynamics of magma reservoirs, highlight current challenges, and propose possible paths for further progress. <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> The mechanical interaction between the constituents (melt, crystals, and bubbles) at the scale of crystals controls the properties of magmas. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> The choice of upscaling strategy is controlled by the processes that are considered. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Melt-crystal separation processes and their efficiency vary with the relative proportion of the phases involved. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Melt extraction by repacking is fast compared to compaction but stalls as the mush reaches the maximum packing. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145609824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Practical Guide to Phylogenetic Paleoecology","authors":"James C. Lamsdell, Sarah L. Sheffield, Amanda R. Falk","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-032524-011040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-032524-011040","url":null,"abstract":"The burgeoning field of phylogenetic paleoecology combines paleoecological data with hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships to tease apart the roles that ecology and relatedness both play in the evolution and function of an organism. The purpose of this review is to make phylogenetic paleontology more accessible to a wider array of scientists and attract new researchers to the discipline. Herein, we use recently published analyses of a diverse array of fossil animals (e.g., arthropods, echinoderms, and carnivorans) to better illustrate the breadth of research questions that can be studied using phylogenetic paleoecology. Phylogenetic paleoecology has been used to discern drivers of morphological change and variations in evolutionary rates, along with the relationship between phylogeny, biogeography, and ecology. Additional avenues of research could focus on modularity and mosaicism in evolution, as well as the impact of mass extinctions and adaptive radiations. By encouraging a greater diversity of scientific backgrounds and plurality of thought, and by incorporating new perspectives from different areas of both geology and biology, the field of phylogenetic paleoecology will lead to the consideration of new questions, avenues, and possibilities that would otherwise go unexplored.","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145599563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Science and Society's Views of the Anthropocene","authors":"Melissa Charenko","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-032524-010346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-032524-010346","url":null,"abstract":"Stratigraphers’ recent vote to reject the Anthropocene as a geological epoch could have consequences beyond geology, as many other disciplines have adopted the term. This review focuses on the potential effects of this negative vote on the humanities and social sciences by drawing on perspectives from science and society. It argues that stratigraphers’ negative vote is likely to have little effect on other disciplines because most humanists and social scientists are not using the stratigraphic term. Instead, they understand the Anthropocene as shorthand for human-caused environmental change, which is clearly occurring. Humanists and social scientists also remain interested in the Anthropocene because the collapsing distinction between the human and the geological continues to present challenges worth engaging with. While the diverse interpretations and engagements with the Anthropocene may result in incoherence, this review summarizes literature that suggests that this plurality of meanings is what gives the Anthropocene concept its strength.The Anthropocene is likely to remain a key concept in the humanities and social sciences, despite stratigraphers’ rejection of the epoch. <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> The Anthropocene means different things to different disciplines. These multiple meanings are likely to persist. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> A plurality of meanings and usages of the Anthropocene captures how knowledge is produced and may spur environmental solutions. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145567771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrological Constraints on the Thermal History of Magma Storage in the Crust","authors":"Kari M. Cooper, Adam J.R. Kent","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-032524-113641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-032524-113641","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the links between magmatic evolution and volcanic eruptions requires knowledge of the physical behavior of magmas stored and transported within Earth's crust. The mobility of magmas is fundamentally tied to their rheology and therefore the temperatures they experience during residence—their thermal history. We review petrological and other constraints on magma thermal histories that silicic magmas experience during crustal storage. We also focus on the recent debate between cold and warm magma storage models, using a common conceptual framework that allows a more coherent synthesis of magma storage conditions. Evidence suggests that although most silicic crustal magmatic systems spend most of their time in a rheologically immobile state, variations exist in space and time. The recognition of dominantly immobile but variable storage conditions allows us to move beyond a simple dichotomy and to ask more interesting questions about how these variations in magma storage occur and evolve. <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Understanding the thermal conditions of crustal magma storage is critical to assessing magma mobility and the ability to erupt. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> We synthesize available information about thermal histories that magmas experience within a common conceptual framework. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Most silicic magmas spend most of their time in a rheologically immobile state, but variability exists over time and space within and between magma systems. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> We can advance our understanding most effectively by focusing on the controls on these variations and implications for magma evolution and eruption. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145491820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molten Salts: Fluid Inclusion Record and Role in Forming Mineral Deposits","authors":"Matthew Steele-MacInnis","doi":"10.1146/annurev-earth-040523-023602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040523-023602","url":null,"abstract":"Fluid inclusions provide a wealth of information on the compositions, temperatures, and other properties of fluids that form mineral deposits. Fluid inclusions representative of aqueous-hydrothermal ore-forming fluids have been studied extensively over many years, and our understanding of their properties is comprehensive. But in recent years, evidence has been mounting for widespread occurrence of novel and unexpected types of fluid inclusions. These fluids are composed of molten alkali-calcic chloride, sulfate, and carbonate components, and they contain little to no H <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> O. Their physical and chemical properties are only starting to be explored, but evidence for their capacity to mobilize certain metals, and their participation in crustal ore-forming processes, is growing. The objectives of this review are to showcase these novel solutions and to discuss their origins and roles in forming mineral deposits. <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Fluid inclusions in minerals reveal widespread occurrence of natural molten salts. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Evidence for molten salts, composed of chloride, sulfate, and carbonate components, is reported in numerous ore deposits. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Molten salts are low-viscosity fluids, highly chemically reactive, and capable of transporting high concentrations of critical metals. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> <jats:label>▪</jats:label> Molten salts represent a novel and unexpected type of crustal ore-forming fluid. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":8034,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145454739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}