{"title":"Neural Control of Sexually Dimorphic Social Behavior: Connecting Development to Adulthood.","authors":"Margaret M McCarthy","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-121522-110856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-121522-110856","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rapid advances in the neural control of social behavior highlight the role of interconnected nodes engaged in differential information processing to generate behavior. Many innate social behaviors are essential to reproductive fitness and therefore fundamentally different in males and females. Programming these differences occurs early in development in mammals, following gonadal differentiation and copious androgen production by the fetal testis during a critical period. Early-life programming of social behavior and its adult manifestation are separate but yoked processes, yet how they are linked is unknown. This review seeks to highlight that gap by identifying four core mechanisms (epigenetics, cell death, circuit formation, and adult hormonal modulation) that could connect developmental changes to the adult behaviors of mating and aggression. We further propose that a unique social behavior, adolescent play, bridges the preweaning to the postpubertal brain by engaging the same neural networks underpinning adult reproductive and aggressive behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"46 ","pages":"321-339"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9845387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How Flies See Motion.","authors":"Alexander Borst, Lukas N Groschner","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-080422-111929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-080422-111929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>How neurons detect the direction of motion is a prime example of neural computation: Motion vision is found in the visual systems of virtually all sighted animals, it is important for survival, and it requires interesting computations with well-defined linear and nonlinear processing steps-yet the whole process is of moderate complexity. The genetic methods available in the fruit fly <i>Drosophila</i> and the charting of a connectome of its visual system have led to rapid progress and unprecedented detail in our understanding of how neurons compute the direction of motion in this organism. The picture that emerged incorporates not only the identity, morphology, and synaptic connectivity of each neuron involved but also its neurotransmitters, its receptors, and their subcellular localization. Together with the neurons' membrane potential responses to visual stimulation, this information provides the basis for a biophysically realistic model of the circuit that computes the direction of visual motion.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"46 ","pages":"17-37"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9867300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Astrocyte Endfeet in Brain Function and Pathology: Open Questions.","authors":"Blanca Díaz-Castro, Stefanie Robel, Anusha Mishra","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-091922-031205","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-091922-031205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Astrocyte endfeet enwrap the entire vascular tree within the central nervous system, where they perform important functions in regulating the blood-brain barrier (BBB), cerebral blood flow, nutrient uptake, and waste clearance. Accordingly, astrocyte endfeet contain specialized organelles and proteins, including local protein translation machinery and highly organized scaffold proteins, which anchor channels, transporters, receptors, and enzymes critical for astrocyte-vascular interactions. Many neurological diseases are characterized by the loss of polarization of specific endfoot proteins, vascular dysregulation, BBB disruption, altered waste clearance, or, in extreme cases, loss of endfoot coverage. A role for astrocyte endfeet has been demonstrated or postulated in many of these conditions. This review provides an overview of the development, composition, function, and pathological changes of astrocyte endfeet and highlights the gaps in our knowledge that future research should address.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"46 ","pages":"101-121"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10164141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cholesterol Metabolism in Aging and Age-Related Disorders.","authors":"Gesine Saher","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-091922-034237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-091922-034237","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>All mammalian cell membranes contain cholesterol to maintain membrane integrity. The transport of this hydrophobic lipid is mediated by lipoproteins. Cholesterol is especially enriched in the brain, particularly in synaptic and myelin membranes. Aging involves changes in sterol metabolism in peripheral organs and also in the brain. Some of those alterations have the potential to promote or to counteract the development of neurodegenerative diseases during aging. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of general principles of sterol metabolism in humans and mice, the most widely used model organism in biomedical research. We discuss changes in sterol metabolism that occur in the aged brain and highlight recent developments in cell type-specific cholesterol metabolism in the fast-growing research field of aging and age-related diseases, focusing on Alzheimer's disease. We propose that cell type-specific cholesterol handling and the interplay between cell types critically influence age-related disease processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"46 ","pages":"59-78"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9867291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How Instructions, Learning, and Expectations Shape Pain and Neurobiological Responses.","authors":"Lauren Y Atlas","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-101822-122427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-101822-122427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Treatment outcomes are strongly influenced by expectations, as evidenced by the placebo effect. Meta-analyses of clinical trials reveal that placebo effects are strongest in pain, indicating that psychosocial factors directly influence pain. In this review, I focus on the neural and psychological mechanisms by which instructions, learning, and expectations shape subjective pain. I address new experimental designs that help researchers tease apart the impact of these distinct processes and evaluate the evidence regarding the neural mechanisms by which these cognitive factors shape subjective pain. Studies reveal that expectations modulate pain through parallel circuits that include both pain-specific and domain-general circuits such as those involved in affect and learning. I then review how expectations, learning, and verbal instructions impact clinical outcomes, including placebo analgesia and responses to pharmacological treatments, and discuss implications for future work.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"46 ","pages":"167-189"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10146991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spinal Interneurons: Diversity and Connectivity in Motor Control.","authors":"Mohini Sengupta, Martha W Bagnall","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-083122-025325","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-083122-025325","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The spinal cord is home to the intrinsic networks for locomotion. An animal in which the spinal cord has been fully severed from the brain can still produce rhythmic, patterned locomotor movements as long as some excitatory drive is provided, such as physical, pharmacological, or electrical stimuli. Yet it remains a challenge to define the underlying circuitry that produces these movements because the spinal cord contains a wide variety of neuron classes whose patterns of interconnectivity are still poorly understood. Computational models of locomotion accordingly rely on untested assumptions about spinal neuron network element identity and connectivity. In this review, we consider the classes of spinal neurons, their interconnectivity, and the significance of their circuit connections along the long axis of the spinal cord. We suggest several lines of analysis to move toward a definitive understanding of the spinal network.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"46 ","pages":"79-99"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11580138/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10146438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chunyang Dong, Yu Zheng, Kiran Long-Iyer, Emily C Wright, Yulong Li, Lin Tian
{"title":"Fluorescence Imaging of Neural Activity, Neurochemical Dynamics, and Drug-Specific Receptor Conformation with Genetically Encoded Sensors.","authors":"Chunyang Dong, Yu Zheng, Kiran Long-Iyer, Emily C Wright, Yulong Li, Lin Tian","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-110520-031137","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-110520-031137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent advances in fluorescence imaging permit large-scale recording of neural activity and dynamics of neurochemical release with unprecedented resolution in behaving animals. Calcium imaging with highly optimized genetically encoded indicators provides a mesoscopic view of neural activity from genetically defined populations at cellular and subcellular resolutions. Rigorously improved voltage sensors and microscopy allow for robust spike imaging of populational neurons in various brain regions. In addition, recent protein engineering efforts in the past few years have led to the development of sensors for neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Here, we discuss the development and applications of these genetically encoded fluorescent indicators in reporting neural activity in response to various behaviors in different biological systems as well as in drug discovery. We also report a simple model to guide sensor selection and optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"45 ","pages":"273-294"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9940643/pdf/nihms-1874004.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10740843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Cerebellar Cortex.","authors":"Court Hull, Wade G Regehr","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-091421-125115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-091421-125115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cerebellar cortex is an important system for relating neural circuits and learning. Its promise reflects the longstanding idea that it contains simple, repeated circuit modules with only a few cell types and a single plasticity mechanism that mediates learning according to classical Marr-Albus models. However, emerging data have revealed surprising diversity in neuron types, synaptic connections, and plasticity mechanisms, both locally and regionally within the cerebellar cortex. In light of these findings, it is not surprising that attempts to generate a holistic model of cerebellar learning across different behaviors have not been successful. While the cerebellum remains an ideal system for linking neuronal function with behavior, it is necessary to update the cerebellar circuit framework to achieve its great promise. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of cerebellar-cortical cell types, synaptic connections, signaling mechanisms, and forms of plasticity that enrich cerebellar processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"45 ","pages":"151-175"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10268027/pdf/nihms-1907068.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9817513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neural Signaling in Cancer.","authors":"Michael B Keough, Michelle Monje","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-111020-092702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-111020-092702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nervous system activity regulates development, homeostasis, and plasticity of the brain as well as other organs in the body. These mechanisms are subverted in cancer to propel malignant growth. In turn, cancers modulate neural structure and function to augment growth-promoting neural signaling in the tumor microenvironment. Approaching cancer biology from a neuroscience perspective will elucidate new therapeutic strategies for presently lethal forms of cancer. In this review, we highlight the neural signaling mechanisms recapitulated in primary brain tumors, brain metastases, and solid tumors throughout the body that regulate cancer progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"45 ","pages":"199-221"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10234771/pdf/nihms-1900752.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9935036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gregg A Castellucci, Frank H Guenther, Michael A Long
{"title":"A Theoretical Framework for Human and Nonhuman Vocal Interaction.","authors":"Gregg A Castellucci, Frank H Guenther, Michael A Long","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-111020-094807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-111020-094807","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vocal communication is a critical feature of social interaction across species; however, the relation between such behavior in humans and nonhumans remains unclear. To enable comparative investigation of this topic, we review the literature pertinent to interactive language use and identify the superset of cognitive operations involved in generating communicative action. We posit these functions comprise three intersecting multistep pathways: (<i>a</i>) the Content Pathway, which selects the movements constituting a response; (<i>b</i>) the Timing Pathway, which temporally structures responses; and (<i>c</i>) the Affect Pathway, which modulates response parameters according to internal state. These processing streams form the basis of the Convergent Pathways for Interaction framework, which provides a conceptual model for investigating the cognitive and neural computations underlying vocal communication across species.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"45 ","pages":"295-316"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9909589/pdf/nihms-1868272.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10671054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}