{"title":"Are veterinary drug maximum residue limits protectionist? International evidence","authors":"Akinbode Okunola, Elliott Dennis, John Beghin","doi":"10.1002/aepp.13516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13516","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We analyze the distribution of maximum residue limits (MRLs) on veterinary drugs used in animal production and aquaculture in a global context of food consumption and trade. We compare MRLs by drug-product pairs for a large set of countries, commodities, and drugs. International standards by Codex cover a small fraction (27%) of existing drug-product pairs. When Codex MRLs exist, deviations from Codex MRLs are minimal. Little protectionism prevails overall, although countries with a larger presence in world markets and with larger net imports in the regulated commodity have stricter standards. Higher variation prevails when Codex standards do not exist. MRLs exhibit an anti-protectionist lower tail that is fatter than that of those MRLs for which Codex has a standard. Increasing the institutional capacity of Codex Alimentarius for establishing a larger set of MRLs is likely to facilitate greater alignment of MRLs across countries. We highlight the leading regulatory roles of Codex, the European Union, and the United States in helping set MRLs for other countries to which 41, 6, and 5 countries fully defer, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":8004,"journal":{"name":"Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy","volume":"47 3","pages":"1209-1231"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aepp.13516","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stringency and dissimilarity of Maximum Residue Levels affect bilateral agri-food trade stability","authors":"Helena Engemann, Yaghoob Jafari, Thomas Heckelei","doi":"10.1002/aepp.13509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13509","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Food standards are rising in both prevalence and stringency. They protect consumers and may enhance demand stability but also pose compliance challenges to producers, with ambiguous effects on the stability of trade relationships. We analyze the impact of importers' Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) along with bilateral MRL dissimilarity between trade partners, on trade duration and volatility. We find that stricter MRLs in importing countries enhance trade stability, whereas MRL dissimilarities reduce it. The results suggest that importers with less strict MRLs than their trade partners can improve trade stability by reducing MRL dissimilarities. However, when importers have stricter MRLs, they might face a trade-off between the benefits of lowering discrepancies for trade stability and the downsides of reduced stringency for food safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":8004,"journal":{"name":"Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy","volume":"47 3","pages":"1162-1190"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aepp.13509","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marup Hossain, Lisa Jäckering, Conner Mullally, Paul Winters
{"title":"Poverty prediction and targeting over time and space: Evidence from Nigeria","authors":"Marup Hossain, Lisa Jäckering, Conner Mullally, Paul Winters","doi":"10.1002/aepp.13515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13515","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding poverty dynamics is crucial to target and tailor economic policies in developing countries like Nigeria—a country at the risk of hosting about a quarter of all people living in poverty worldwide. To facilitate the targeting of poverty-reducing interventions, we build a nationally representative panel dataset spanning 2011–2019 with more than a hundred covariates and apply econometric and machine learning tools to predict and examine factors associated with the static, transient, and persistent poverty status of Nigerian households. Results show that demographic factors, asset holdings, access to infrastructure, and housing indicators can accurately predict poverty in 80% of cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":8004,"journal":{"name":"Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy","volume":"47 3","pages":"1191-1208"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effects of extreme weather on rural transportation infrastructure and crop prices along the Lower Mississippi River","authors":"James L. Mitchell, Hunter D. Biram","doi":"10.1002/aepp.13511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13511","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extreme weather events are worsening the fragile rural infrastructure in the United States, impacting trade flows of agricultural products. The Mississippi River, vital for transporting agricultural commodities, reached historic lows during the 2022 and 2023 fall harvests, increasing transportation costs and lowering crop prices. This paper estimates the cost of these drought events by analyzing Arkansas soybean basis data and Mississippi River stream gauge data. Low river levels significantly weaken soybean prices, with the impact being a function of a grain market's distance to a river port. Findings have implications for public policy investment in rural infrastructure and risk management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8004,"journal":{"name":"Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy","volume":"47 3","pages":"1139-1161"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aepp.13511","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adoption and risk-reducing effects of mixed cropping: Evidence from India","authors":"Hardeep Singh, Poonam Rani","doi":"10.1002/aepp.13514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13514","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article explores two interrelated issues: (i) investigating the socioeconomic factors influencing the adoption of mixed cropping, irrespective of the crop combinations chosen by farmers across different seasons, and (ii) evaluating the role of mixed cropping in adapting to extreme delays in monsoon onset. Utilizing a panel data fixed effects regression framework, the study highlights that household-level factors, including area under cultivation, irrigated land, participation in agricultural organizations, and nonfarm income, significantly drive the adoption of mixed cropping. The Correlated Random Effects model findings reveal that although mixed cropping does not have a substantial impact on average revenue, it is effective in reducing crop losses caused by extreme delays in monsoon onset. Adopting such practices can enhance food security and mitigate the effects of weather shocks.</p>","PeriodicalId":8004,"journal":{"name":"Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy","volume":"47 3","pages":"1119-1138"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diane E. Charlton, Amanda M. Countryman, Dale T. Manning, Sionegael Ikeme
{"title":"US employment exposure to domestic and foreign tariff changes under NAFTA","authors":"Diane E. Charlton, Amanda M. Countryman, Dale T. Manning, Sionegael Ikeme","doi":"10.1002/aepp.13503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13503","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Literature examining the effects of changes in trade agreements and import competition on US employment and wages has focused primarily on non-agricultural industries and changes in US import tariffs. We propose a method for measuring worker exposure to changes in agricultural tariffs using a newly developed county-level dataset of employment shares by crop and livestock type. We apply the method to examine the spatial concentration of US county-level employment-weighted exposure to changes in tariffs caused by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Results reveal noteworthy decreases in average US county-level crop and livestock employment exposure to Mexican import tariffs on US products. Findings also show spatial variation in US employment exposure to changes in Mexican import tariffs on US agricultural and non-agricultural goods. Changes in county-level employment exposure to US and Canadian import tariffs after NAFTA implementation are relatively minor given low initial tariff rates prior to the agreement.</p>","PeriodicalId":8004,"journal":{"name":"Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy","volume":"47 3","pages":"1058-1094"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aepp.13503","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effect of geographical denomination on the uptake of fungus-resistant grapes","authors":"Lucca Zachmann, Chloe McCallum, Robert Finger","doi":"10.1002/aepp.13512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13512","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Grape production for wine making is of great economic and cultural importance in Europe, but is heavily dependent on pesticides. Reducing pesticide use and associated risks is a policy goal in several countries, particularly in Europe. The most effective strategy to substantially reduce pesticide use in grape production is the planting of fungus-resistant varieties, which are less susceptible to common fungal infections and thus allow a massive reduction in pesticide treatments. However, their use remains low. One possible reason may be that planting new varieties may conflict with policies supporting geographical denomination systems, which tend to focus on traditional varieties. We provide the first study of how geographical denomination systems directly affect the adoption of fungus-resistant varieties. Using a novel and uniquely detailed dataset of 54,483 variety-level observations from 381 vineyards in Switzerland, we find that fungus-resistant grape varieties are 2% more likely to be adopted by growers if they can be sold under geographical denominations. Thus, expanding the eligibility of fungus-resistant varieties in geographical denomination lists could be a straightforward policy measure to stimulate their adoption. However, the effects are small, so complementary policies are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8004,"journal":{"name":"Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy","volume":"47 3","pages":"1095-1118"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aepp.13512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Food waste, date labels, and risk preferences: An experimental exploration","authors":"Norbert Lance Weston Wilson, Ruiqing Miao","doi":"10.1002/aepp.13507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13507","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study provides theoretical and experimental evidence that consumers adjust their premeditated food waste by date labels and their risk and loss preferences. The “Use by” date label leads to more premeditated food waste than “Best by” for deli meat and spaghetti sauce. However, changing date labels may not lower premeditated food waste relative to no label at all. Greater loss aversion correlates with higher premeditated food waste regardless of date labels and products. For participants with high loss aversion, they have higher premediated waste with no statistical difference in response for “Best by” and “Use by” labels. These results highlight the heterogeneous response to date labels.</p>","PeriodicalId":8004,"journal":{"name":"Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy","volume":"47 3","pages":"1029-1057"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aepp.13507","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of rural roads on agricultural exports in India: An instrumental variable approach","authors":"Manu Bansal","doi":"10.1002/aepp.13502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13502","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, we estimate the effect of rural roads on agricultural exports in India. We use a novel data set of state-level agricultural exports at a highly disaggregated product level (HS6). We combine it with publicly available data on road construction under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) from 2004 to 2016 to estimate the effect of rural road access on agricultural exports. We use the instrumental variable (IV) approach, whereby we use discontinuity in treatment under the program at the population-based eligibility cut-offs for road construction as a plausible exogenous variation in road placement. This rectifies the endogeneity bias due to the placement of road construction. We find strong evidence of the positive effect of increased access to rural roads on agricultural exports. In search of mechanisms, we also find evidence of an increase in the mechanization of farms due to the construction of rural roads. We also find that the results were primarily driven by states having more initial agricultural productivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":8004,"journal":{"name":"Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy","volume":"47 3","pages":"1003-1028"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Ann Wheeler, Céline Nauges, R. Quentin Grafton
{"title":"Water pricing and markets: Principles, practices and proposals","authors":"Sarah Ann Wheeler, Céline Nauges, R. Quentin Grafton","doi":"10.1002/aepp.13505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13505","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The allocation of water across space and time is a key challenge of water governance, with demand and supply often not well matched over time and place. Best practice water pricing and markets may promote water conservation, yet their application is limited. We highlight the governance principles needed for best practice water pricing and water markets, describe differences across regions, and provide six key water demand governance recommendations for both Global North and Global South countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":8004,"journal":{"name":"Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy","volume":"47 2","pages":"487-514"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aepp.13505","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}