{"title":"SPSS and SAS programs for addressing interdependence and basic levels-of-analysis issues in psychological data.","authors":"Brian P O'Connor","doi":"10.3758/bf03195546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195546","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Levels-of-analysis issues arise whenever individual-level data are collected from more than one person from the same dyad, family, classroom, work group, or other interaction unit. Interdependence in data from individuals in the same interaction units also violates the independence-of-observations assumption that underlies commonly used statistical tests. This article describes the data analysis challenges that are presented by these issues and presents SPSS and SAS programs for conducting appropriate analyses. The programs conduct the within-and-between-analyses described by Dansereau, Alutto, and Yammarino (1984) and the dyad-level analyses described by Gonzalez and Griffin (1999) and Griffin and Gonzalez (1995). Contrasts with general multilevel modeling procedures are then discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":79800,"journal":{"name":"Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc","volume":"36 1","pages":"17-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3758/bf03195546","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24559306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Collecting responses through Web page drag and drop.","authors":"M Anne Britt, Gareth Gabrys","doi":"10.3758/bf03195549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195549","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article describes how to collect responses from experimental participants using drag and drop on a Web page. In particular, we describe how drag and drop can be used in a text search task in which participants read a text and then locate and categorize certain elements of the text (e.g., to identify the main claim of a persuasive paragraph). Using this technique, participants respond by clicking on a text segment and dragging it to a screen field or icon. We have successfully used this technique in both the argument element identification experiment that we describe here and a tutoring system that we created to teach students to identify source characteristics while reading historical texts (Britt, Perfetti, Van Dyke, & Gabrys, 2000). The implementation described here exploits the capability of recent versions of Microsoft's Internet Explorer Web browser to handle embedded XML documents and drag and drop events.</p>","PeriodicalId":79800,"journal":{"name":"Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc","volume":"36 1","pages":"52-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3758/bf03195549","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24559309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Automatic parsing of parental verbal input.","authors":"Kenji Sagae, Brian MacWhinney, Alon Lavie","doi":"10.3758/bf03195557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195557","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To evaluate theoretical proposals regarding the course of child language acquisition, researchers often need to rely on the processing of large numbers of syntactically parsed utterances, both from children and from their parents. Because it is so difficult to do this by hand, there are currently no parsed corpora of child language input data. To automate this process, we developed a system that combined the MOR tagger, a rule-based parser, and statistical disambiguation techniques. The resultant system obtained nearly 80% correct parses for the sentences spoken to children. To achieve this level, we had to construct a particular processing sequence that minimizes problems caused by the coverage/ambiguity tradeoff in parser design. These procedures are particularly appropriate for use with the CHILDES database, an international corpus of transcripts. The data and programs are now freely available over the Internet.</p>","PeriodicalId":79800,"journal":{"name":"Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc","volume":"36 1","pages":"113-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3758/bf03195557","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24560482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A computer program for Spearman-Kärber and probit analysis of psychometric function data.","authors":"Jeff Miller, Rolf Ulrich","doi":"10.3758/bf03195545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195545","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>PMETRIC is a computer program for the analysis of observed psychometric functions. It can estimate the parameters of these functions, using either probit analysis (a parametric technique) or the Spearman-Kärber method (a nonparametric one). For probit analysis, either a maximum likelihood or a minimum chi 2 criterion may be used for parameter estimation. In addition, standard errors of parameter estimates can be estimated via bootstrapping. The program can be used to analyze data obtained from either yes-no or m-alternative forced-choice tasks. To facilitate the use of PMETRIC in simulation work, an associated program, PMETGEN, is provided for the generation of simulated psychometric function data. Use of PMETRIC is illustrated with data from a duration discrimination task.</p>","PeriodicalId":79800,"journal":{"name":"Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc","volume":"36 1","pages":"11-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3758/bf03195545","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24558866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A computerized simulation for investigating gambling behavior during roulette play.","authors":"Otto H MacLin, Mark R Dixon","doi":"10.3758/bf03195554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present paper describes a computerized roulette program for the conducting of psychological research on gambling behavior. The program was designed to simulate an actual roulette game found in casinos and gambling riverboats throughout North America. The roulette program collects detailed trial-by-trial data on player/participant behavior that can easily be transferred into data analysis and graphics programs. This multimedia simulation was designed in the Visual Basic programming language, and it is capable of running on any IBM-compatible personal computer running the Windows 2000 or higher operating system.</p>","PeriodicalId":79800,"journal":{"name":"Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc","volume":"36 1","pages":"96-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3758/bf03195554","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24560479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A computer program for measuring body size distortion and body dissatisfaction.","authors":"Rick M Gardner, Russel Boice","doi":"10.3758/bf03195553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A computer program is described that measures body size distortion and body dissatisfaction. The program is written using Visual Basic development tools and will run on any Windows 98 or more current system. The width of a static digital image of the participant can be manipulated using three separate psychophysical methods. In the method of adjustment, the participant adjusts the image wider or thinner to match his or her perceived size. The participants may also be required to adjust the image to their ideal size, with the discrepancy between perceived and ideal size being used as a measure of body dissatisfaction. In the staircase method, participants see an image that is continuously expanding or contracting. The participants change the direction of the distortion when the image matches their perceived size. In the adaptive probit estimation procedure, participants judge whether a static image is distorted too wide or too thin. Analysis of the responses permits a determination of the point of subjective equality (PSE) and the difference limen (DL) values. The DL reflects the amount of body size distortion necessary for the participant to detect the distortion 50% of the time. The PSE reflects the participant's subjective judgment of his or her body size. These two values are reflective of the sensory and nonsensory components, respectively, that contribute to body size judgments.</p>","PeriodicalId":79800,"journal":{"name":"Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc","volume":"36 1","pages":"89-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3758/bf03195553","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24559313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert G Cook, Alfred I Geller, Guo-Rong Zhang, Ram Gowda
{"title":"Touchscreen-enhanced visual learning in rats.","authors":"Robert G Cook, Alfred I Geller, Guo-Rong Zhang, Ram Gowda","doi":"10.3758/bf03195555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195555","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The efficiency of traditional levers and of modern touchscreen technology for training rats on a computerized visual discrimination was studied in a series of observations. When compared with a lever-based discrimination procedure, the use of touchscreens supported the faster development of signal tracking behavior and acquisition of a two-stimulus simultaneous visual discrimination. It did not affect the final level of accuracy. Factors related to spatial proximity of the responses with the stimuli, sign-tracking, and increased ease of touchscreen motor responses were suggested as possible reasons for the touchscreen training advantage. This increased efficiency allows large numbers of animals to be tested quickly, a necessary requirement for studies involving genetic and physiological interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":79800,"journal":{"name":"Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc","volume":"36 1","pages":"101-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3758/bf03195555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24560480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Matlab function to estimate choice model parameters from paired-comparison data.","authors":"Florian Wickelmaier, Christian Schmid","doi":"10.3758/bf03195547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195547","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tversky (1972) has proposed a family of models for paired-comparison data that generalize the Bradley-Terry-Luce (BTL) model and can, therefore, apply to a diversity of situations in which the BTL model is doomed to fail. In this article, we present a Matlab function that makes it easy to specify any of these general models (EBA, Pretree, or BTL) and to estimate their parameters. The program eliminates the time-consuming task of constructing the likelihood function by hand for every single model. The usage of the program is illustrated by several examples. Features of the algorithm are outlined. The purpose of this article is to facilitate the use of probabilistic choice models in the analysis of data resulting from paired comparisons.</p>","PeriodicalId":79800,"journal":{"name":"Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc","volume":"36 1","pages":"29-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3758/bf03195547","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24559307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Escher in color space: individual-differences multidimensional scaling of color dissimilarities collected with a gestalt formation task.","authors":"David Bimler, John Kirkland, Shaun Pichler","doi":"10.3758/bf03195550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The structure of color perception can be examined by collecting judgments about color dissimilarities. In the procedure used here, stimuli are presented three at a time on a computer monitor and the spontaneous grouping of most-similar stimuli into gestalts provides the dissimilarity comparisons. Analysis with multidimensional scaling allows such judgments to be pooled from a number of observers without obscuring the variations among them. The anomalous perceptions of color-deficient observers produce comparisons that are represented well by a geometric model of compressed individual color spaces, with different forms of deficiency distinguished by different directions of compression. The geometrical model is also capable of accommodating the normal spectrum of variation, so that there is greater variation in compression parameters between tests on normal subjects than in those between repeated tests on individual subjects. The method is sufficiently sensitive and the variations sufficiently large that they are not obscured by the use of a range of monitors, even under somewhat loosely controlled conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":79800,"journal":{"name":"Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc","volume":"36 1","pages":"69-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3758/bf03195550","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24559310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A vision research apparatus for broad luminance range displays.","authors":"Frederick Bonato, Joseph Cataliotti","doi":"10.3758/bf03195551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195551","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lightness, the perceived gray shade of a surface, and the perception of self-luminous surfaces--that is, surfaces that appear to glow--have most often been studied with paper displays and computer-generated stimuli presented on CRT monitors. Although both methods are often effective, experiments that require a wide range of luminance values in the same display are often difficult to conduct with paper and computer displays alone. Also, color mode appearance is often an issue when surface color perception is the topic of research; CRT monitors are essentially light sources themselves and often appear in the luminous mode of color appearance. Here, we describe an apparatus in which the target is an undetected aperture whose luminance is adjustable. Whereas a typical CRT monitor offers a luminance range of about 100:1, much broader luminance ranges are possible with the described apparatus. Unlike a CRT monitor, the stimulus background will always appear in the surface mode of color perception, and the target(s) can appear as either surface colors or luminous colors. Apparatus modifications are possible, including the addition of a stereoscope or an embedded CRT for creating an adjustable region that is computer controlled.</p>","PeriodicalId":79800,"journal":{"name":"Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc","volume":"36 1","pages":"77-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3758/bf03195551","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24559311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}