The European Physical Journal Plus最新文献

{"title":"Investigating the impact of various radio-sensitizers for pencil beam scanning proton therapy","authors":"Mohammad E. Alsulimane","doi":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06890-0","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06890-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Radiotherapy aims to deliver a concentrated radiation dose to the tumour, and several researchers have suggested using nanoparticles (NPs) as radiosensitizers to enhance dose distribution within the tumour volume. NPs function in radiation therapy by doping specific materials inside the tumour, which increases the therapeutic radiation dose within the tumour by enhancing the secondary electrons from the NPs. Specific materials such as Bismuth, Gold, Platinum, Gadolinium, Iron, and Silver can be used as radiosensitizers owing to their unique characteristics, such as higher mass-energy absorption coefficients compared with that of soft tissues, biocompatibility, and low toxicity. These can be used to improve the dose to the target without affecting the healthy tissues. This study investigated the effect of radio-sensitizing materials on proton therapy applications using the Geant4 toolkit. The simulation model involves a water phantom incorporating a sensitive target mixed with various radiosensitizers of different materials and concentrations. Twenty-four simulation models were constructed, and each model was irradiated with a pencil proton beam with kinetic energy of 70 MeV. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of radiosensitizers as radiation dose enhancers for pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":792,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal Plus","volume":"140 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green reduction approach for the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using ginger extract and evaluation of their free radical scavenging activity","authors":"Ehab M. Ali,&nbsp;Nisreen kh. Abdalameer,&nbsp;Kawther A. Khalaph,&nbsp;F. W. Hadi,&nbsp;Aya Othman Ramadhan","doi":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06873-1","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06873-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using a biological method. These particles have received increasing attention compared to other metal oxides due to their unique properties and multiple applications. Plant-based nanoparticle synthesis has gained widespread interest from researchers due to its simplicity and environmentally friendly approach. The biosynthesis of CuO NPs involved the use of <i>ginger root</i> extract, which acts as both a reducing agent and stabilizer. The use of plant extract in the formation of nanomaterials is a non-toxic, low-cost, and environmentally friendly method. The prepared particles were analyzed using several analytical techniques, including UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and XRD. SEM examination results, which provide morphological information, showed that the prepared particles were spherical with an average size ranging from 15 to 30 nm. In this study, CuO particles were studied to evaluate their antioxidant activity by testing their ability to inhibit DPPH free radicals. The results were monitored using UV–Vis spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that the bio-prepared CuO particles possessed significant antioxidant activity.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":792,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal Plus","volume":"140 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of high uniform magnetic field composite coils with Young’s double-slit experiment algorithm","authors":"Xuehua Zhu,&nbsp;Ziruo Ren,&nbsp;Juntao Ye,&nbsp;Xinyu Liu","doi":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06871-3","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06871-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Uniform magnetic fields play a crucial role in fields such as quantum precision measurement and magnetic navigation. The Helmholtz coil has emerged as a common choice in experimental research due to its effective magnetic field characteristics. However, conventional coil systems struggle to meet the demands of generating highly uniform magnetic fields under various application scenarios. To address this issue, this paper proposes an improved Helmholtz coil design that employs a pair of auxiliary coils to mitigate the rapid decrease in magnetic field strength at the edge regions in conventional systems, thereby expanding the effective region of uniform magnetic field. Furthermore, a mathematical model of the proposed composite coil system is established, and a novel intelligent optimization algorithm—based on the Young’s double-slit experiment (YDSE)—is employed to optimize key structural parameters of the coils. This algorithm exhibits a favorable convergence rate and a strong ability to escape local optima, making it particularly suitable for multi-parameter, nonlinear magnetic field optimization problems. In the optimized four-coil system, the effective coverage area of the uniform magnetic field reached 66.4259%, representing an approximate 24% improvement over the Maclaurin expansion method and exceeding the traditional Helmholtz coil configuration by more than sixfold. Subsequently, the results are validated through finite element simulations. The findings suggest that the improved four-coil structure markedly enhances the effective coverage of a uniform magnetic field compared to traditional methods, offering valuable insights for applications in low-field magnetic measurements such as quantum sensor design and geomagnetic navigation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":792,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal Plus","volume":"140 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An assessment of the Eurocode provisions for the wind loading on low-rise buildings","authors":"Taofiq Omoniyi Amoloye,&nbsp;Olalekan Adebayo Olayemi,&nbsp;Kamoru O. Oladosu,&nbsp;Kabiru Mustapha","doi":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06861-5","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06861-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Eurocode provisions are cheaper alternatives to wind tunnel studies in the consideration of wind loading on a structure. Very tall buildings and large structures have enough economic justification for expensive wind tunnel studies in their design stage. Such wind tunnel studies feature simultaneous scanning and acquisition of loading data from hundreds of pressure tappings with subsequent high-speed computer data processing and analysis. This is not the case for low-rise buildings which do not find their way into the wind tunnel except in the case where they are unusual edifices. However, low-rise buildings are the most damaged in wind storms. In addition, their shapes are increasingly different from the traditional and generic forms considered in the Eurocode. Additionally, the current data acquisition techniques are more advanced than were used for the wind tunnel studies in the 80s from which the Eurocode provisions were collated. Pressures are now sampled simultaneously at all taps rather than sequentially, and tubing response is now corrected numerically rather than by optimized tubing methods. Thus, it is of interest to assess the performance of the Eurocode on present building shapes. This defined the aim of the study and its focus on low-rise buildings. In addition, the limit on the required number of pressure tapping to obtain adequate and reliable wind loading information from wind tunnel studies is investigated. The study is based on models of a simple cuboidal building, a quasi-rectangular building with inset faces in its plan, and a building plan featuring a re-entrant corner possessing curved surfaces at the internal and external junctions of its wings. It is concluded that adapting the Eurocode wind loading provisions to irregular building plans characteristic of modern times may give unsafe solutions. The variations of pressure with wind direction on the internal walls of the wings and the curved surface at the internal junction of the re-entrant corner follow coherent wave forms that are mutually similar. These can be further investigated for codification purposes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":792,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal Plus","volume":"140 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneity analysis of mortar from different architectural parts: a case study of the sixth-generation Duanyi King’s Tomb of the Ming Dynasty Jingjiang Mausoleum, China","authors":"Xinyun Huang,&nbsp;Jiarui Zhong,&nbsp;Guofeng Wei,&nbsp;Li Pan","doi":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06862-4","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06862-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Jingjiang Princes’ Mausoleum, a representative Ming dynasty royal tomb, features lime mortars that serve both functional and artistic roles in its aboveground architecture. This study examines three mortar types from the gate of the sixth-generation Prince Mausoleum: wall plaster, brick joint mortar, and roof tile joint mortar. Using a combination of polarized light microscopy (PLM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wet chemical analysis, thermogravimetric–differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the mineral composition, lime type, raw materials, organic additives, and microstructure were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that all the samples are calcium-based lime mortars, but they exhibit certain differences in their compositional formulations. The red wall plaster exhibits a two-layered structure: the outer layer, enriched with ochre powder, imparts a distinctive red lime finish that emphasizes the architectural hierarchy, whereas the inner lime layer, without the addition of iron-bearing minerals, primarily serves to provide structural support and adhesion. The masonry mortar between the wall bricks was made with relatively pure lime, and no evident aggregates or organic additives were identified.Proteinaceous additives found in the tile joint mortar likely enhance water resistance. These findings demonstrate the technical sophistication of Ming dynasty artisans and reflect the cultural symbolism and construction standards of royal funerary architecture. This research provides valuable insights for understanding Ming mortuary construction technologies and supports conservation efforts of related heritage sites.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":792,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal Plus","volume":"140 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum annealing eigensolver as a NISQ era tool for probing strong correlation effects in quantum chemistry","authors":"Aashna Anil Zade,&nbsp;Kenji Sugisaki,&nbsp;Matthias Werner,&nbsp;Ana Palacios,&nbsp;Jordi Riu,&nbsp;Jan Nogué,&nbsp;Artur Garcia-Saez,&nbsp;Arnau Riera,&nbsp;V. S. Prasannaa","doi":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06858-0","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06858-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The quantum–classical hybrid variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) algorithm is arguably the most popular noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era approach to quantum chemistry. We consider the underexplored quantum annealing eigensolver (QAE) algorithm as a worthy alternative. We use a combination of numerical calculations for a system where strong correlation effects dominate, and conclusions drawn from our preliminary scaling analysis for QAE and VQE to make the case for QAE as a NISQ era contender to VQE for quantum chemistry. For the former, we pick the representative example of computing avoided crossings in the H<span>(_4)</span> molecule in a rectangular geometry and demonstrate that we obtain results to within about 1.2% of the full configuration interaction value on the D-Wave Advantage system 4.1 hardware. We carry out analyses on the effect of the number of shots, anneal time, and the choice of Lagrange multiplier on our obtained results. Following our numerical results, we carry out a detailed yet preliminary analysis of the scaling behaviours of both the QAE and the VQE algorithms. We analyse the non-recurring and recurring costs involved in both the algorithms and arrive at their net scaling behaviours.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":792,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal Plus","volume":"140 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vacuum-induced ({mathcal {P}}{mathcal {T}})-symmetry in one- and two-dimensional optical lattices","authors":"Ziauddin,&nbsp;Imed Boukhris,&nbsp;Joffin Jose Ponnore,&nbsp;Riadh Marzouki","doi":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06852-6","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06852-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We investigate a system comprising three-level atoms confined within one- and two-dimensional optical lattices, confined inside the optical cavities. The spatial distribution of atoms follows a Gaussian profile, enabling the realization of parity-time (<span>({mathcal {P}}{mathcal {T}})</span>)-symmetry through controlled vacuum-induced field modulation. Additionally, we introduce a microwave field to couple the atomic ground states, introducing an additional degree of control over the system dynamics. By carefully tuning the probe field detuning in the presence of both vacuum and microwave fields, we derive the precise conditions necessary for achieving <span>({mathcal {P}}{mathcal {T}})</span>-symmetry. Furthermore, we investigate the unique reflection and transmission properties of the system, opening potential applications in advanced optical devices such as non-reciprocal photonic components and quantum light manipulation platforms. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of symmetry-controlled atom-light interactions, paving the way for novel quantum optical technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":792,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal Plus","volume":"140 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stimulated Raman scattering in laser plasma with non-thermal electron distribution","authors":"Yong Liu,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Liu","doi":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06868-y","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06868-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The threshold and growth rate of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in laser plasma with super-Gaussian-Maxwellian (SGM) distributed electrons are investigated based on the nonlinear dispersion relation derived from kinetic theory. The differences in SRS characteristics among electrons following the SGM, Maxwellian, and super-Gaussian distributions under the same effective kinetic temperature are analyzed numerically using experimental parameters. It is found that the SRS threshold increases with electron density. The threshold for Maxwellian-distributed electrons is significantly higher than that for super-Gaussian-distributed electrons and considerably lower than that for SGM-distributed electrons. When the incident laser intensity is weak, the electron density corresponding to the maximum growth rate increases with laser intensity and is highest for SGM-distributed electrons. However, when the incident laser intensity is sufficiently strong, the growth rate of SRS increases with electron density and reaches its maximum at one-fourth of the critical electron density. The growth rate for electrons with an SGM distribution is slightly higher than those for the other two distributions. These results are conducive to the understanding of SRS properties in laser-plasma interactions.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><img></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":792,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal Plus","volume":"140 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A mixed coupled map lattice based on enhanced Chebyshev maps for chaotic image encryption","authors":"Tao Li,&nbsp;Wenxia Xu,&nbsp;Guodong Li,&nbsp;Xiaoming Song","doi":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06853-5","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06853-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study proposes an enhanced Chebyshev map (ECM) and an enhanced sin-type Chebyshev map (ESCM) with simplified structure and near-surjective parameter space. The ECM and ESCM form the foundation for an improved mixed coupled map lattice (IMCML) system. Through systematic theoretical analysis and numerical validation, the IMCML system exhibits significantly expanded parameter domains, demonstrating a 78% wider chaotic regime than conventional MCML. Furthermore, it shows enhanced chaotic characteristics compared to non-enhanced MCML and standard CML systems, including a 400% increase in maximum Lyapunov exponent and complete elimination of period and weak chaos phenomena. Building upon these advancements, we propose a novel image encryption scheme that implements efficient diffusion-confusion mechanisms through pseudo-random matrices generated by IMCML, incorporating dynamic pixel substitution and adaptive block rotation operations. Comprehensive cryptanalysis demonstrates the scheme’s superior resistance to differential attacks (NPCR = 99.6%), statistical attacks (information entropy 7.9988), and chosen-plaintext attacks, while maintaining real-time processing capability (average encryption time &lt; 130 ms for 512 × 512 images). These results substantiate the system’s potential for secure real-time communication applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":792,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal Plus","volume":"140 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anomalous diffusion models to characterize the migration of heavy metals in heterogeneous media","authors":"Shiqian Nie","doi":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06880-2","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06880-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study on the problems of heavy metal pollution is a key focus in current research of soil management. The migration of heavy metals in soil was simulated using the fractional advection–dispersion equation (FADE) and the Hausdorff fractal derivative advection–dispersion equation (HADE) models in the soil column experiment. The results show that the concentrations simulated by the FADE and HADE models have good consistency with the measured concentrations. Compared with the traditional advection–dispersion equation (ADE) and HADE models, the FADE model has good simulation results for the front end (initial part of the outflow concentration curve) and the back end (tail part of the outflow concentration curve) of the breakthrough curves (BTCs), indicating that the FADE model can well simulate the migration characteristics of heavy metal pollutants in heterogeneous media.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":792,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal Plus","volume":"140 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}