Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1. Abt. Originale A, Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Infektionskrankheiten und Parasitologie = International journal of microbiology and hygiene. A, Medical microbiology, infectious...最新文献

{"title":"High Prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in Tropical and Subtropical Regions","authors":"K.J. Kwon-Chung,&nbsp;J.E. Bennett","doi":"10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80074-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80074-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The global distribution of 96 clinical isolates of <em>Cryptococcus neoformans</em> var. <em>gattii</em> among a total of 725 <em>C. neoformans</em> isolates was investigated. While <em>C. neoformans</em> var. <em>gattii</em> was not found among isolates obtained from Europe (excluding the United Kingdom) and Japan; and it was found only infrequently in North America (excluding Southern California), the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Argentina; the variety was prevalent in regions with tropical to subtropical climates such as South East Asia, Southern California, Brazil, Mid to South Pacific, and the central part of Africa. Among the isolates of <em>C. neoformans</em> var. <em>gattii</em> in our collection, serotype B predominanted (77 of 96), and the serotype C isolates were almost exclusively from North America.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79282,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1. Abt. Originale A, Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Infektionskrankheiten und Parasitologie = International journal of microbiology and hygiene. A, Medical microbiology, infectious...","volume":"257 2","pages":"Pages 213-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80074-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73765220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology and Ecology of Sporotrichosis in Japan","authors":"R. Fukushiro","doi":"10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80076-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80076-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Some characteristics in epidemiology and ecology of sporotrichosis in Japan are summarized as follows: 1) In some areas of Japan, sporotrichosis shows relatively high incidence. 2) Frequent onset of the infection in the cold season. 3) Preponderance of the infection in females. 4) Preponderance of the infection in children and aged persons. 5) Predilection of lesions on the face of children as well as on the upper extremity in the case of adolescent and adult patients. 6) Familial occurrence. 7) High frequency of demonstration of the parasite in tissue.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79282,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1. Abt. Originale A, Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Infektionskrankheiten und Parasitologie = International journal of microbiology and hygiene. A, Medical microbiology, infectious...","volume":"257 2","pages":"Pages 228-233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80076-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72225148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Variety of Candida Proteinases and their Possible Targets of Proteolytic Attack in the Host","authors":"R. Rüchel","doi":"10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80081-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80081-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Acid proteinases are secreted by the majority of strains of <em>Candida albicans, C. tropicalis</em> and <em>C. parapsilosis</em>, reflecting the sequence of virulence of <em>Candida</em> spp. for man. As revealed by exposure to various substrates and inhibitors, Candida proteinases are strainspecific, although close relationships exist between enzymes from strains of the same species. Possible targets of hydrolytic attack by <em>Candida</em> proteinases in the host are immunoglobulins, the proteinase scavenger alpha-2-macroglobulin, zymogens of regulatory serine proteinases such as coagulation factor X, and angiotensinogen. The involvement of <em>Candida</em> proteinase in the pathogenesis of acronecrosis is discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79282,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1. Abt. Originale A, Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Infektionskrankheiten und Parasitologie = International journal of microbiology and hygiene. A, Medical microbiology, infectious...","volume":"257 2","pages":"Pages 266-274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80081-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72225143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecology and Epidemiology of Candida Species","authors":"F.C. Odds","doi":"10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80073-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80073-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Exogenous and endogenous sources of pathogenic <em>Candida</em> species and the likely routes of their intra- and inter-human transmission are reviewed. Study of <em>C. albicans</em> strain types from clinical isolates of the fungus has shown that, for each person who harbours <em>C. albicans</em>, the strain type or types at different anatomical sites and at different times is likely to be the same, although exceptions to this rule are not uncommon. Moreover, the population of strain types associated with infection is statistically the same as that isolated in the absence of infection, which emphasises the importance of host debilitation in the aetiology of <em>Candida</em> infections. There are variations among <em>C. albicans</em> strain types in different geographical areas, and differences in phenotypic properties such as serotype and resistance to 5-fluorocytosine correlate also with other phenotypic properties of the fungi.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79282,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1. Abt. Originale A, Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Infektionskrankheiten und Parasitologie = International journal of microbiology and hygiene. A, Medical microbiology, infectious...","volume":"257 2","pages":"Pages 207-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80073-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76319262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbohydrases and their Role in the Biology of Pathogenic Fungi","authors":"N.P. Elinov","doi":"10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80079-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80079-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pathogenic fungi form different carbohydrases belonging to exo- and endo-types mostly. There is a wider range of glycanases of pathogenic and facultatively pathogenic fungi which are capable of living in the free nature. The role of carbohydrases as aggressive factors of the corresponding agents of mycotic processes is increasing under a pronounced disbalance of carbohydrates in macroorganisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79282,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1. Abt. Originale A, Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Infektionskrankheiten und Parasitologie = International journal of microbiology and hygiene. A, Medical microbiology, infectious...","volume":"257 2","pages":"Pages 246-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80079-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72225141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological and Epidemiological Aspects in Dermatophytoses","authors":"Ch. De Vroey","doi":"10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80077-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80077-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dermatophytes may be divided into several groups on the basis of sources of infection, host preference, clinical spectrum and geographic distribution. Other epidemiological factors are more directly host-related.</p><p>This paper emphasizes the role of indirect transmission of infective propagules and the degree of exposure to large inocula in the human and animal environment, as detected by direct sampling methods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79282,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1. Abt. Originale A, Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Infektionskrankheiten und Parasitologie = International journal of microbiology and hygiene. A, Medical microbiology, infectious...","volume":"257 2","pages":"Pages 234-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80077-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72225146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attachment of Candida to Mammalian Tissues — Clinical and Experimental Studies","authors":"E. Segal ,&nbsp;A. Soroka ,&nbsp;N. Lehrer","doi":"10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80080-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80080-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study we investigated whether a correlation between the frequency of candidal vaginitis and <em>in vitro</em> adherence of <em>Candida albicans</em> to human vaginal epithelial cells exists. The <em>in vitro</em> adherence of <em>C. albicans</em> to epithelial cells collected from 347 women of fertility and postmenopausal age, who did not suffer from vaginitis was assessed microscopically. Epithelial cells from women of the groups with known high frequency of vaginitis: diabetic and pregnant women revealed increased ability of <em>in vitro</em> adherence in comparison with a control group. We also investigated whether a correlation between the hormonal status of the women and adherence capacity of the epithelial cells exists.</p><p><em>In vivo</em> attachment of <em>C. albicans</em> to epithelial cells was studied in an experimental murine vaginitis model and assessed histopathologically in tissue sections or microscopically in mounts of exfoliated cells. Attempts were made to block the <em>in vivo</em> attachment and prevent infection by pretreating the animals with substances analogous to the fungal cell walls: substances which were previously found to be inhibitory in the <em>in vitro</em> adherence assay. Chitin, its component — N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and a soluble extract derived from chitin (CSE) inhibited <em>in vivo</em> attachment and prevented infection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79282,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1. Abt. Originale A, Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Infektionskrankheiten und Parasitologie = International journal of microbiology and hygiene. A, Medical microbiology, infectious...","volume":"257 2","pages":"Pages 257-265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80080-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72225144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Epidemiology and Ecology of Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis and Histoplasmosis","authors":"D.H. Howard","doi":"10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80075-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80075-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis are the major pulmonary mycoses of humans. Each is considered to be a primary pulmonary disease acquired by inhalation of infectious spores from the environment. Blastomycosis occurs predominantly in the Mississippi River Valley and Southeastern portions of the U.S.A. Clinical cases have also been noted from a few other areas of the world. The etiologic agent, <em>Blastomyces dermatitidis</em>, is not readily recoverable from nature, but the disease is not contagious and must be acquired from some exogenous source poorly defined at present. Blastomycosis is common in dogs but unusual in other species although a wide variety of animals can be infected experimentally. The disease is more common in middle age, in blacks, and in males.</p><p>Coccidioidomycosis is restricted to the Western Hemisphere where most cases occur in the semiarid regions of Southwestern U.S. and contiguous areas of Mexico. Limited endemic foci are found in South and Central American locations. The arthroconidia of <em>Coccidioides immitis</em> occur in the soil of endemic areas from whence they are inhaled by humans and other animals. The disease is not customarily contagious. Handling cultures in the laboratory is a serious biohazard. The basis for an apparent racial predisposition to develop disseminated disease is unknown.</p><p>Two clinical entities distinguishable by their etiologic agents are recognized to comprise histoplasmosis. Histoplasmosis caused by <em>Histoplasma capsulatum</em> var. <em>capsulatum</em> is a cosmopolitan disease with the greatest known concentration of cases located in the eastern half of the U.S. and most of Latin America. The fungus thrives especially well in habitats enriched by the feces of birds, <em>e.g.</em>, chickens, grackles, and starlings, and in a large number of species of bats in whom it causes an infection which may involve the intestinal tract. The disease is not contagious. A large variety of animals, aside from humans, are susceptible to infection.</p><p>Save for one exceptional report all cases of the other form of histoplasmosis caused by <em>Histoplasma capsulatum</em> var. <em>duboisii</em> have occurred in Africa. Prevalence of the disease is unknown. It is presumed that susceptible individuals inhale infectious spores from the soil but the ecology of the fungus is currently unknown. Two species of lower animals are known to sustain infections. Demographic facts are more sparse than with the other pulmonary mycoses discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79282,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1. Abt. Originale A, Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Infektionskrankheiten und Parasitologie = International journal of microbiology and hygiene. A, Medical microbiology, infectious...","volume":"257 2","pages":"Pages 219-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80075-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72225147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leucinostatins, Peptide Mycotoxins Produced by Paecilomyces lilacinus and their Possible Roles in Fungal Infection","authors":"Y. Mikami ,&nbsp;K. Fukushima ,&nbsp;T. Arai ,&nbsp;F. Abe ,&nbsp;H. Shibuya ,&nbsp;Y. Ommura","doi":"10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80082-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80082-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Peptide mycotoxins “leucinostatins” were obtained from the culture strains of <em>Paecilomyces lilacinus</em>, which were isolated both from soil and a case of human oculomycosis. Comparative studies of the symptoms of experimental keratomycosis caused both by the inoculation of <em>P. lilacinus</em> and by direct administration of leucinostatins into the infection model in rabbit suggested the possible role of leucinostatins in the inflammatory response of invaded tissues. Leucinostatin was formerly reported as a single entity. However, in the course of the structural studies, leucinostatin was found to be a complex of two closely related components, and the structures of the both mycotoxins were determined. Both of the mycotoxins possessed high toxicity to experimental animals. The intraperitoneal and oral LD₅₀ values in mice were 1.8 and 5.4 to 6.3 mg/kg by a single administration. Toxicological studies showed that leucinostatins have some potent effects on liver cells after oral administration. It was also found that leucinostatins exhibit strong uncoupling activity on rat liver mitochondrial system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79282,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1. Abt. Originale A, Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Infektionskrankheiten und Parasitologie = International journal of microbiology and hygiene. A, Medical microbiology, infectious...","volume":"257 2","pages":"Pages 275-283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80082-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72257775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyaluronidase Production by Groups A, B, C, and G Streptococci: A Statistical Analysis","authors":"Leslie C. Benchetrit ,&nbsp;Cassia Carneiro Avelino ,&nbsp;Louis Barrucand ,&nbsp;Agnes Marie Sä Figueiredo ,&nbsp;Cesar Martins De Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80040-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80040-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Production of hyaluronidase by 147 strains of beta hemolytic streptococci was studied employing a sensitive dye-binding assay and levels of enzyme activity were evaluated statistically. The analysis of variance showed that group A strains isolated in Rio de Janeiro produced significantly smaller amounts of enzyme than group A strains from a Minneapolis (USA) collection or than groups B and G brazilian isolates. The t test revealed that M not typable nose/throat group A strains produced more hyaluronidase than skin isolates. The analysis of variance did not show a significant difference in the enzyme production between M typable and not typable brazilian strains of group A streptococci. High enzyme — producing strains were not restricted to a few serotypes of group B streptococci.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79282,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1. Abt. Originale A, Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Infektionskrankheiten und Parasitologie = International journal of microbiology and hygiene. A, Medical microbiology, infectious...","volume":"257 1","pages":"Pages 27-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0174-3031(84)80040-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88731659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}