Annals of Neurosciences最新文献

{"title":"Neuroimaging in Addiction: Principles of Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy and Its Emerging Role in De-addiction: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Medala Kalpana, Maheshkumar K, Madhusudhan Umesh, Vidya Ganji, Archana Gaur, Anish Singhal, Madhuri Taranikanti, Nitin Ashok John, Naveen Ravi, Vidya Singaravelu","doi":"10.1177/09727531261460949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531261460949","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Substance use disorders (SUDs) remain a major global health challenge with high relapse rates. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), a non-invasive, portable modality enabling real-time monitoring of cortical haemodynamic changes, is well suited to studying addiction neurobiology in ecologically valid settings. This review examines fNIRS principles and applications in addiction research and de-addiction therapy.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched (2000-2025) using terms including fNIRS, addiction, substance use disorder, prefrontal cortex, neurofeedback and de-addiction. fNIRS reliably detects altered prefrontal cortex (PFC) haemodynamic responses during cue-reactivity and cognitive tasks in addiction. Findings include reduced dorsolateral PFC activation with prolonged abstinence, differential orbitofrontal cortex activation across substances, and use as a treatment-response biomarker. Emerging applications include neurofeedback and machine-learning-based classification. fNIRS offers portability and ecological validity over conventional neuroimaging. Future research should standardise protocols, validate biomarkers in multicentre trials, and integrate fNIRS with EEG and fMRI.</p><p><strong>Key message: </strong>fNIRS is a portable, non-invasive tool that reliably detects altered prefrontal cortex activation in substance use disorders. Cue-reactivity and cognitive paradigms identify biomarkers of craving, executive dysfunction and relapse risk. fNIRS-based neurofeedback shows early promise for improving self-regulation and reducing relapse. Wearable fNIRS with machine learning and multimodal integration enables personalised addiction monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"09727531261460949"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13473313/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148757611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive Impairment in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Associations with Inflammatory and Vascular Markers.","authors":"Srijan Soni, Subhash Chandra Bj, Shivananda Manohar, Pradeep Kumar P C","doi":"10.1177/09727531261470967","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09727531261470967","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with metabolic, vascular and cognitive complications. Although mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is increasingly recognised in T2DM, its relationship with inflammatory and vascular markers remains underexplored in India.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study investigated the association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and cognitive status in individuals with T2DM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 117 adults aged 40-65 years with T2DM of at least 5 years' duration, recruited from a tertiary care hospital in Mysuru. Cognitive function was assessed using the Saint Louis University Mental Status Scale. Clinical, anthropometric, biochemical and vascular parameters, including hs-CRP and CIMT, were measured. Group comparisons and correlation analyses were conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MCI was present in 47.9% of participants. Education level was significantly associated with cognitive status (<i>p</i> = .001). Participants with MCI exhibited higher hs-CRP levels (<i>p</i> = .007) and greater CIMT (<i>p</i> = .001) compared to those with normal cognition. Correlation analyses demonstrated negative associations between SLUMS scores, hs-CRP and CIMT. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated fair predictive value for hs-CRP (AUC = 0.64) and CIMT (AUC = 0.70).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Lower educational attainment, higher hs-CRP levels and greater CIMT were associated with MCI among individuals with T2DM. These findings suggest that inflammatory and vascular markers may be useful in identifying individuals at greater risk of cognitive impairment. However, longitudinal studies are required to determine temporal and causal relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"09727531261470967"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13457419/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148711137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Locus Coeruleus as a Master Regulator of Diverse Functions in the Central Nervous System: Its Relevance in Ageing and Neurodegenerative Disorders.","authors":"Ahana Bhattacharya, Ravi Manjithaya, Yasha Chickabasaviah, Phalguni Anand Alladi","doi":"10.1177/09727531261462296","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09727531261462296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The brainstem nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) is a rod-shaped, cylindrical, deeply pigmented neuromelanin (NM)-rich cluster of noradrenergic cells placed bilaterally in the dorsolateral tegmentum of the pons. The main neurotransmitter synthesised by these neurons is norepinephrine (NE), which polymerises to NM. Collectively, it regulates a plethora of activities, including vigilance, synaptic plasticity, memory processing, pain, stress responses, selective attention, cognition, sleep, emotion, capillary wall permeability and cerebral blood flow, thereby holding a 'master key' to several processes. Despite being small in dimensions, it is of enormous significance in diverse functions. Degeneration of the LC occurs early and progressively in both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), with diverse impacts, and is linked to neuropsychiatric entities such as depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment, schizophrenia and rapid eye movement sleep disorders, thereby raising considerable interest in normal physiology as well as in disease.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This review is to better understand the neuroanatomical connections of human LC (master regulator of the central nervous system), pigmentation, cellular types, neurotransmitters/co-transmitters, and its role in ageing and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent and relevant classical research and review articles were referred to from PubMed to prepare a short review of the structure of LC, its projections, NM pigment and neuroprotection. We further examined the details of its cell types, neurotransmitters, co-transmitter functions and its effects in ageing, AD and PD, with emphasis on human studies.</p><p><strong>Key message: </strong>LC is a vital region that offers neuroprotection, assists in the maintenance of cognitive reserve and enhances resilience and neuronal survival, despite the presence of AD and PD pathology for several decades. Further, it synthesises NE and co-transmitters that regulate attention, sleep-wake cycle, mood, cognition and so on. Maintaining its integrity and function promises potential scope to promote its health with normal ageing and improve clinical strategies in patients with neurodegeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"09727531261462296"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13437911/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148677001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unleashing the Cognitive Potential of Chess: A View of the Contribution of Neurofeedback Training to the Enrichment of High-level Cognitive Abilities.","authors":"Saranya Ts, Elayaraja Masilamani, Nafih Cherappurath","doi":"10.1177/09727531261424983","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09727531261424983","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chess is a cognitively demanding activity requiring sustained attention, working memory, rapid decision-making, and higher-order reasoning. Conventional chess training enhances knowledge but does not directly strengthen the neural mechanisms underlying cognition. Neurofeedback training (NFT) has emerged as a promising neuroscience-based approach for cognitive enhancement.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This narrative review synthesizes evidence from approximately 50 peer-reviewed studies examining the effects of NFT on cognitive domains relevant to chess performance, including attention, memory, reaction time, decision-making, and reasoning. Literature was identified from PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and related databases. Findings indicate that NFT improves attentional control, working memory, executive functioning, cognitive flexibility, and reasoning, although direct empirical studies involving chess players remain limited.</p><p><strong>Key message: </strong>NFT represents a promising adjunct to conventional chess training by enhancing the neural mechanisms underlying expert performance. While current evidence supports its potential for improving chess-related cognitive abilities, well-designed chess-specific experimental studies are needed to establish standardized protocols and confirm long-term effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"09727531261424983"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13433561/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148672815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive and Affective Correlates of Handedness: Interactions with Gender Dysphoria and Rumination.","authors":"Madhavan H Varadarajan, Durga Rangaswamy Pandian, Jooshika D K, Darshini Madanagopal","doi":"10.1177/09727531261459785","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09727531261459785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The adversities and inheritance patterns of left-handedness have been associated with gender-related distress. Such driving factors predispose individuals to multiple mental health outcomes, shifting attention to the role of ruminative thinking.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The study seeks to examine the effects of handedness patterns on gender dysphoria and rumination among young adults, observing the intricate relationships among these variables and postulating a substantial influence of handedness on both gender-related distress and rumination in this population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional design with purposive sampling was used to recruit 180 young adults aged 18-25 years. Study parameters were quantified using three self-report measures: the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory-Short Form, the Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale-Gender Spectrum, and the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire. Data were analysed through moderation tests, correlation tests, and descriptive statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results reveal that the links between rumination and gender dysphoria appear to be stronger in left-handed than in right-handed participants. Furthermore, variations in rumination and handedness patterns in the sample contributed to a significant interaction effect (19.1%) in gender dysphoria, moderated by rumination.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study presents a comprehensive perspective for considering and structuring interventions for individuals with gender-related distress, covering major concepts of hormonal and genetic mechanisms, also underscoring the relevance of handedness and rumination in clinical and research settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"09727531261459785"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13433560/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148672848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sertraline and Escitalopram But Not Other Antidepressants Increase Acetylcholinesterase Activity <i>Ex Vivo</i> in the Rat Frontal Cortex.","authors":"Jahnavi Dharwadkar, Amrutha R Nayak, B S Shankaranarayana Rao, Bettadapura N Srikumar","doi":"10.1177/09727531261448654","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09727531261448654","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abstract.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Depression is a pervasive mental health disorder that has been extensively studied, but effective treatment remains elusive. This is due to the lack of understanding regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms. Antidepressants usually target the monoaminergic system, but studies show that other neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine (ACh), may be involved. Many clinical and preclinical studies show that increased ACh levels are associated with depression. Particularly, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is shown to decrease in depression and antidepressants are known to increase it. However, it is not known whether this effect is direct or downstream.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To check whether antidepressants can directly modulate AChE activity, we evaluated the effect of various classes of antidepressants on <i>ex vivo</i> AChE activity in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum of male and female rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Briefly, sertraline (SER), escitalopram (ESC), amitriptyline (AT), duloxetine (DUL), bupropion (BUP) and ketamine (KET) were incubated with the brain tissue homogenates in a 96-well plate for 30 min, following which AChE activity was evaluated by modified Ellman's method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SER and ESC increased AChE activity in the frontal cortex, while AT, DUL, BUP and KET did not affect it.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This points to a novel mechanism of action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and a potential target for developing new therapeutics with better efficacy and lower side effect profiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"09727531261448654"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13433566/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148672776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetes Mellitus and Post Stroke Cognitive Recovery After Ischaemic Stroke: A Study from Tertiary Care Centre in South India.","authors":"Naik Ashwini, Prabhu Arvind N, Gorthi Sankar P, Pai Aparna R, Chakrabarty Jyothi, Umakanth Shashikiran","doi":"10.1177/09727531261460508","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09727531261460508","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Stroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality and is frequently associated with cognitive impairment. Diabetes mellitus is a common comorbidity in ischaemic stroke and is linked with poor neurological outcomes. However, longitudinal evidence comparing the burden of post-stroke cognitive impairment and cognitive recovery trajectories between patients with and without diabetes remains limited.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The present study compared the prevalence and severity of cognitive impairment in ischaemic stroke patients with and without diabetes mellitus at baseline and on day 90 post-stroke, and evaluated whether diabetes mellitus influences the trajectory of cognitive recovery over 90 days.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this longitudinal follow-up study, 401 ischaemic stroke patients (167 with diabetes mellitus and 234 without) underwent cognitive assessment using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale at baseline and at 90 days post-stroke. Between group comparisons (diabetes vs non-diabetes) were performed using appropriate parametric or non-parametric tests. Cognitive recovery trajectories were analysed using a linear mixed-effects model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with diabetes mellitus were significantly older (<i>p</i> = .011) and had a higher prevalence of hypertension (<i>p</i> < .001) and atrial fibrillation (<i>p</i> = .035) than those without diabetes.In the linear mixed-effects model, MoCA scores improved significantly from baseline to day 90 (<i>β</i> = 6.13, SE = 0.36, <i>p</i> < .001), indicating overall cognitive recovery. Diabetes mellitus was associated with lower MoCA scores (<i>β</i> = -1.36, SE = 0.74, <i>p</i> = .065), but the interaction between time and diabetes was not significant (<i>p</i> = .931), suggesting comparable cognitive recovery over time in both groups. Cognitive outcomes demonstrated significant improvement from baseline to 90 days post-stroke in both groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patients with diabetes demonstrated a greater burden of cognitive impairment at baseline and on day 90; however, cognitive improvement over 90 days was comparable regardless of diabetes status.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"09727531261460508"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13433565/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148672795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Normative Reference Values for Vibration, Warm and Cold Perception Thresholds in an Indian Population Using the Vibrasense + T Device.","authors":"Srihari Sharma Kn, Sunjyoth Hs, Bhajish Bharathan","doi":"10.1177/09727531261466876","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09727531261466876","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a major complication of diabetes and a leading cause of foot ulcers and amputations. Vibrasense + T is a handheld quantitative sensory testing device that integrates vibration, warm and cold perception threshold testing into a single probe.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to establish normative reference values for Vibrasense + T device in a healthy adult Indian population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective cross-sectional study, 345 healthy adults aged 18-93 years were recruited. Individuals with diabetes, neuropathy or other conditions affecting sensory function were excluded. Vibration perception threshold (VPT), warm perception threshold (WPT) and cold perception threshold (CPT) were assessed bilaterally at standard hand and foot sites using the method of limits. Normative reference values for VPT, WPT and CPT were derived using non-parametric percentile distributions, and the influence of age, sex and anthropometric variables on sensory thresholds was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All participants completed testing without adverse events. Sensory thresholds were consistently higher at the foot compared to the hand across all modalities (<i>p</i> < .001). Age demonstrated a moderate association with VPT and a weaker but significant association with WPT, with thresholds increasing progressively across age groups (all <i>p</i> < .001). In contrast, CPT showed minimal and inconsistent age-related changes. Females exhibited greater sensitivity than males across most modalities. Side-to-side differences were small and not clinically meaningful. Height, weight and BMI did not meaningfully influence sensory thresholds.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study establishes normative reference values for vibration, warm and cold perception thresholds using the Vibrasense + T device in an Indian population. These age- and sex-stratified values can assist interpretation of sensory thresholds measured with this device in clinical and research settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"09727531261466876"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13423941/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148652874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Effectiveness of Mindfulness-based Dance Movement Therapy on Loneliness and Aggression of Underprivileged Children of an NGO.","authors":"Achala V Kumar, A A S Azam, Fouzia Alsabah Shaikh","doi":"10.1177/09727531261464280","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09727531261464280","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Underprivileged children from low socio-economic backgrounds lack access to the resources that promote cognitive, emotional and social development. Cognitive stimulation and psychological support enhance the neurobehavioural responses in underprivileged children. Interventions like Mindfulness-based Dance Movement Therapy (MBDMT) are inter-modal psychotherapy, enhancing mind and body integration, improving emotional regulation and alleviating mental health problems like loneliness and aggression.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The study aims to evaluate the effect of MBDMT on loneliness and aggression among underprivileged children of an NGO in Delhi-NCR, India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A quasi-experimental pre-post design was adopted, with 100 participants (aged 10-16 years) divided into treatment and control groups. The intervention consisted of 15 sessions (60 min each, for 15 weeks). UCLA Loneliness Scale and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire were administered pre- and post-intervention and at follow-up (3 months). Data was analysed through a paired samples <i>t</i>-test using SPSS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The <i>t</i> value of the treatment group was 17.890 at <i>p</i> < .01, indicating a significant reduction in loneliness post-MBDMT. The aggression score of the treatment group has a <i>t</i> value of 20.290, indicating a significant decrease in aggression post-intervention. The post-test scores of both treatment and control groups were analysed for loneliness and aggression; the <i>t</i> values were -3.322 and -6.723, indicating a significant decrease in loneliness and aggression in the treatment group. The comparison of post-test and follow-up of loneliness had a <i>t</i> value of -2.760. And the follow-up scores of aggression showed a significant <i>t</i> value of 8.053.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MBDMT is an effective community-based neurobehavioural intervention for reducing loneliness and aggression among underprivileged children. The results highlight the therapeutic value of mindfulness and movement-based expressive interventions in promoting emotional regulation and social connectedness in community settings. Although Indians have been known for practising classical dance forms, yoga and meditation for ages, schools should inculcate mindfulness and movement with the usual curriculum.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"09727531261464280"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13400715/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148590264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ontogeny of Rat Recognition Memory, Exploratory Activity and Anxiety Measured by Novel Object Recognition Test and Open Field Test.","authors":"Leah Leslie Dias, Sourav Sajan Panikkassery, Jefina Olive Ben Samuel, Uvashree Shrinivas, Sareesh Narayanan Naduvil","doi":"10.1177/09727531261457711","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09727531261457711","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ontogeny refers to the gradual changes in behaviour and physiological processes that occur across the lifespan of an organism, which are associated with significant changes in sensory, emotional and social systems.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>In this study, the changes that occur in object recognition memory, exploratory activity and anxiety-like behaviour were studied in 6-, 12- and 24-month-old rats as a result of their normal developmental and/or ageing process, with the help of two behavioural testing paradigms, such as the novel object recognition test (NORT) and open field test (OFT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Animals were randomly assigned to three experimental groups: Group 1: 6-month-old-representing early adulthood, a stage characterised by peak physiological and cognitive function. Group 2: 12-month-old-representing middle-aged, a transitional phase with potential early signs of age-related changes. Group 3: 24-month-old-representing late adulthood and early ageing, a period associated with progressive neurobiological and behavioural alterations. The NORT and OFT were carried out using the Panlab-SMART automated behavioural video tracking system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results demonstrate that recognition memory was only mildly decreased in middle-aged animals, and remained mostly intact throughout adulthood and in aged animals. Anxiety-like behaviour did not show significant differences across age groups. In contrast, rearing and exploratory activity declined with age, suggesting the behavioural changes are more reflective of exploratory and locomotor behaviours. Stretching and other risk-assessment behaviours did not change as the age progressed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>When combined, these results imply that exploratory and locomotor behaviours are more susceptible to ageing, compared to recognition memory and anxiety-like behaviours. The results also highlight the importance of using multiple behavioural assays to holistically unravel emotionality changes across various age groups in rats. Further research is needed to understand better the molecular, cellular and neurobiological mechanisms driving these behavioural trajectories in rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"09727531261457711"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13400717/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148590259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}