Annals of Neurosciences最新文献

{"title":"Peroral Exposure to <i>Cannabis Sativa</i> Ethanol Extract Caused Neuronal Degeneration and Astrogliosis in Wistar Rats' Prefrontal Cortex.","authors":"Olatunji Sunday Yinka,&nbsp;Ogunnaike Philip Olubunmi,&nbsp;Abijo Ayodeji Zabdiel,&nbsp;Owolabi Joshua Oladele,&nbsp;Adelodun Stephen Taiye,&nbsp;Adeoye Ayodele,&nbsp;Fasesan Oluwatoyin Adetutu,&nbsp;Olanrewaju John Afees,&nbsp;Adegbite Ademola Kayode","doi":"10.1177/09727531221120988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531221120988","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite widespread concerns about its possible side effects, notably on the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which mediates cognitive processes, the use of <i>Cannabis sativa</i> as a medicinal and recreational drug is expanding exponentially. This study evaluated possible behavioral alterations, neurotransmitter levels, histological, and immunohistochemical changes in the PFC of Wistar rats exposed to <i>Cannabis sativa</i>.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the effect of graded doses of <i>Cannabis sativa</i> on the PFC using behavioural, histological, and immunohistochemical approaches.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-eight juvenile male Wistar rats weighing between 70 g and 100 g were procured and assigned into groups A-D (<i>n</i> = 7 each). Group A served as control which received distilled water only as a placebo; rats in groups B, C, and D which were the treatment groups were orally exposed to graded doses of <i>Cannabis sativa</i> (10 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg, respectively). Rats in all experimental groups were exposed to <i>Cannabis sativa</i> for 21 days, followed by behavioral tests using the open field test for locomotor, anxiety, and exploratory activities, while the Y-maze test was for spatial memory assessment. Rats for biochemical analysis were cervically dislocated and rats for tissue processing were intracardially perfused following neurobehavioral tests. Sequel to sacrifice, brain tissues were excised and prefrontal cortices were obtained for the neurotransmitter (glutamate, acetylcholine, and dopamine) and enzymatic assay (Cytochrome C oxidase (CcO) and Glucose 6- Phosphate Dehydrogenase-G-6-PDH). Brain tissues were fixed in 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (NBF) for histological demonstration of the PFC cytoarchitecture using H&E and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for astrocyte evaluation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Glutamate and dopamine levels were significantly increased (<i>F</i> = 24.44, <i>P</i> = .0132) in groups D, and B, C, and D, respectively, compared to control; likewise, the activities of CcO and G-6-PDH were also significantly elevated (<i>F</i> = 96.28, <i>P</i> = .0001) (<i>F</i> = 167.5, <i>P</i> = .0001) in groups C and D compared to the control. <i>Cannabis sativa</i> impaired locomotor activity and spatial memory in B and D and D, respectively. All <i>Cannabis sativa</i> exposed groups demonstrated evidence of neurodegeneration in the exposed groups; GFAP immunoexpression was evident in all groups with a marked increase in group D.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong><i>Cannabis sativa</i> altered neurotransmitter levels, energy metabolism, locomotor, and exploratory activity, and spatial working memory, with neuronal degeneration as well as reactive astrogliosis in the PFC.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 2","pages":"84-95"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/dd/e2/10.1177_09727531221120988.PMC10496793.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10263011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fiat Lux: Light and Pedagogy for the 21st Century.","authors":"James C Lech, Matthew T J Halma, Adejoke O Obajuluwa, Malcolm Baker, Michael R Hamblin","doi":"10.1177/09727531221136646","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09727531221136646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The relationship between the quality of the learning environment and student outcomes is receiving more serious attention from educational psychologists, neurologists, ophthalmologists, orthopedists, surgeons, oncologists, architects, ergonomists, nutritionists, and Michelin star chefs. There is a role for ergonomic office and school design to positively impact worker and student productivity, and one design attribute drawing attention is the indoor lit environment. In this review, we expand upon the role that light plays in education, as it has enabled millions of pupils to read at late hours, which were previously too dark. However, still unappreciated is the biological effects of artificial light on circadian rhythm and its subsequent impacts on health and learning outcomes.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This review describes the current state of light in the educational environment, its impact, and the effect of certain inexpensive and easy-to-implement adaptations to better support student growth, learning and development. We find that the current lighting environment for pupils is sub-optima based on biological mechanism and may be improved through cost effective interventions. These interventions can achieve greater biological harmonization and improve learner outcomes.</p><p><strong>Key message: </strong>The impact of the lighting environment in educational institutions on pupil biology has received minimal attention thus far. The current lighting environment in schools is not conducive to student health and educational performance. Cost-effective approaches can have an outsized impact on student health and educational attainment. We strongly recommend educational institutions take the lit environment into account when designing educational programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 2","pages":"133-142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10496794/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10609396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Validation of Yoga Protocol for Patients with Depression.","authors":"Dhamodhini K S,&nbsp;Maheshkumar K,&nbsp;Santhi Silambanan,&nbsp;Suvarna Jyothi Kantipudi,&nbsp;R Sathianathan,&nbsp;Padmavathi R","doi":"10.1177/09727531221127766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531221127766","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Scientific evidence suggests that yoga is beneficial for treating mental health disorders. To the best of our knowledge, minimal studies have been done on the development of a yoga module for the specific clinical aspects of depression and there is no particular study on yoga protocol development for mild depression and moderate depression.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The primary aim of this study is to develop specific yoga protocol modules for treating patients affected with mild and moderate depression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Yoga protocols for treating mild and moderate depression were developed using classical yoga texts, previous literature, and with the help of yoga experts. 26 practices for mild depression and 35 practices for moderate depression were identified, each of which was scored as (a) not essential, (b) useful but not essential, and (c) essential, and content validity ratio (CVR) determined using Lawshe's formula for the validation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Expert's opinion revealed that 13 out of 28 practices and 12 out of 35 practices showed significant CVR (>0.60) for mild and moderate depression.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The yoga practices developed based on experts' opinion is the first step toward the development of a validated protocol for mild and moderate depression. This will be assessed for its effectiveness through a randomized controlled study to confirm the module's efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 2","pages":"96-99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/38/6b/10.1177_09727531221127766.PMC10496798.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10609401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Distribution of Lifestyle Risk Factors Among Patients with Stroke in the Indian Setting: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Biji P Varkey, Jaison Joseph, Abin Varghese, Suresh K Sharma, Elezebeth Mathews, Manju Dhandapani, Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha, Radha Kuttan, Saleena Shah, Surekha Dabla, Sivashanmugam Dhandapani","doi":"10.1177/09727531221115899","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09727531221115899","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The burden of stroke is increasing in India, but there is limited understanding of the distribution of reported risk factors in the Indian setting. It is vital to generate robust data on these modifiable risk factors to scale up appropriate strategies for the prevention of cerebrovascular diseases in this setting.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>The objective of this study is to estimate the overall proportion of life style risk factors of patients with stroke in the Indian setting. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar and relevant studies published till February 2022 were included. The risk of bias assessment was considered for the study selection criterion in the meta-analysis. The publication bias was evaluated by funnel plots and Egger's test. We identified 61 studies in the systematic review and after quality assessment, 36 studies were included for meta-analysis. Random effect model was used due to the significant inconsistency among the included studies (I2 > 97%). The mean age of the participants was 53.84±9.3 years and patients with stroke were predominantly males (64%). Hypertension (56.69%; 95% CI: - 48.45 - 64.58), obesity (36.61%; 95% CI: - 19.31 - 58.23), dyslipidemia (30.6%; 95% CI: - 22 - 40.81) and diabetes mellitus (23.8%; 95% CI: - 18.79 - 29.83) are the leading intermediate conditions associated with stroke. The Physical inactivity - 29.9% (95% CI: - 22.9 - 37.1), history of tobacco use (28.59 %; 95% CI: - 22.22 - 32.94) and alcohol use (28.15 %; 95% CI: - 20.49 - 37.33) were reported as the behavioral risk factors for stroke in this setting.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>The current meta-analysis provides robust estimates of the life style related risk-factor of stroke in India based on the observational studies conducted from 1994 to 2019. Estimating the pooled analysis of stroke risk factors is crucial to predict the imposed burden of the illness and ascertain the treatment and prevention strategies for controlling the modifiable risk factors in this setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"40-53"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10259149/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9988695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minority Stress in Emotion Suppression and Mental Distress Among Sexual and Gender Minorities: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Akanksha Singh,&nbsp;Anu Dandona,&nbsp;Vibha Sharma,&nbsp;S Z H Zaidi","doi":"10.1177/09727531221120356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531221120356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The existing structural framework of defining gender and sexuality based on heteronormative ideology led to the succession of the notions of stigma, prejudice, and hate towards the sexual and gender minority population. The presence of strong scientific evidence for the negative consequences of discriminatory and violent events has directed the association with mental and emotional distress. This study aims to comprehend the role of minority stress in emotional regulation and suppression among the sexual minority population globally using systematic review of literature through elaborate Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>The analyses of the sorted literature premised on the PRISMA guidelines revealed that minority stress mediates the emotion regulation processes among the individuals who witness continuous episodes of discrimination and violence leading to emotional dysregulation and emotion suppression. Studies also reported the dominance of various health-risk behaviors such as alcohol addiction, drug abuse, and other forms of intoxication among sexual minority individuals. Increased instances of anxiety, stress, depression, and suicidal ideations were prominent in the findings of the empirical research suggesting an intricate role of minority stress in advancing the faulty emotion suppression and mental health concerns among the sexual and gender minority population.</p><p><strong>Key message: </strong>Minority stressors among sexual and gender minority individuals mediate emotion suppression and mental distress.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"54-69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f7/26/10.1177_09727531221120356.PMC10259152.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9633088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future of Monoclonal Antibody Therapy in Parkinson's Disease.","authors":"Sanjeev Kharel,&nbsp;Rajeev Ojha","doi":"10.1177/09727531221136349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531221136349","url":null,"abstract":"Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-Commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https:// us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). Commentary","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"8-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/83/3c/10.1177_09727531221136349.PMC10259150.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9988694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Positive Psychological Changes at High Altitude Shown by the Low Landers after the Yoga Intervention-Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY).","authors":"Sheetal J Gupta,&nbsp;Balaram Pradhan,&nbsp;Disha Bhanushali,&nbsp;Rishi Nityapragya Nitin Limaye","doi":"10.1177/09727531221117637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531221117637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Immediate assent to high altitude affects the cognitive performance and mood of an individual, which is followed by depression and anxiety. It also affects the sleep quality, general health, and happiness quotient of an individual. Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) is a cyclical breathing technique, which has been proven successful in managing stress, depression, anxiety, and helps in the improvement of sleep quality.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The current study was to understand the role of SKY meditation on psychological parameters, happiness quotient of low landers at high altitude (Leh).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>It is a two-armed pre-post study with experimental and control group both are lowlanders, and their psychological parameters are being assessed when they immediately assent to high altitude (Leh). There are two groups experimental group (SKY) was from AOL SKY-AMP and has prior SKY meditation experience. The control group does not have any yoga or meditation experience. SKY-AMP is a 4 days protocol done at high altitude by the SKY group. Both groups reach Leh through air mode transportation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) showed a significant result in the SKY group with P ≤ .001, whereas it is nonsignificant in the control group. We also observed anthropometric and physiological changes in the participants showing significant effects on weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, and blood pressure; with no significant effect in the control group. It is one of the first studies done with both two groups, where yoga and meditation are done at high altitude and then seen the changes in the groups at physical and psychological level.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Yogic practices can be helpful in having positive psychological change in the lowlanders at high altitude.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"20-25"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ea/4a/10.1177_09727531221117637.PMC10259153.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9633095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ADHD and Neuropsychology: Developmental Perspective, Assessment, and Interventions.","authors":"Amrina Bhullar,&nbsp;Krishan Kumar,&nbsp;Akshay Anand","doi":"10.1177/09727531231171765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531231171765","url":null,"abstract":"Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-Commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https:// us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). Editorial","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"5-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f5/6a/10.1177_09727531231171765.PMC10259154.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9686232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Anti-epileptic Drugs for Post Traumatic Seizure: A Global Survey.","authors":"Harison Gopalan,&nbsp;Krishnakumar P,&nbsp;Arun S","doi":"10.1177/09727531221120765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531221120765","url":null,"abstract":"Background Post traumatic seizures (PTS) and post traumatic epilepsy (PTE) are potential consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). There is no consensus regarding its management among treating doctors. Purpose We have undertaken a global survey to assess the variability of management practices of PTS and PTE and highlight the pressing need to formulate uniform practice guidelines. Methods A questionnaire consisting of sixteen questions were developed with the help of Google survey and sent through e-mail, or social media platforms like WhatsApp, Facebook messenger or Telegram, to practicing Neurologists and Neurosurgeons round the world. Results There were a total of 220 responses. Majority of our responders (n = 202; 91.8%) would start an anti-epileptic (AED) prophylaxis to prevent PTS; 18 people (8.18%) told that they would not start AED prophylaxis for TBI. Phenytoin (n = 98; 48.5%) followed by Levetiracetam (n = 78; 38.6%) was the preferred drug, although the latter was significantly preferred by high and upper middle-income countries (p<.001). Majority (n = 99; 49%) would not use it beyond two weeks. Most clinicians would manage PTE with a single drug (n = 160; 72.7%) either Phenytoin (n = 69; 31.3%) or levetiracetam (n = 67; 30.4%). Most of them (n = 174; 86%) would treat for less than one year. Conclusions Practices in the management of PTS and PTE vary widely among clinicians. Our study point towards the need for the development of a more robust and comprehensive practice guidelines for the management of the same.","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"26-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ab/c1/10.1177_09727531221120765.PMC10259155.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9988693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Homocysteine, Vitamins B6, B12, and Folate and the Risk of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Case-control Study from Northeast India.","authors":"Manash Ghose,&nbsp;Madhumita Das,&nbsp;Rupjyoti Das,&nbsp;Amit Ranjan Barua,&nbsp;Prasenjit Deka,&nbsp;Aparajita Barman,&nbsp;Vivekananda Lahan,&nbsp;Dhruba Jyoti Choudhury,&nbsp;Jai Prakash Sharma,&nbsp;Manik Mathur,&nbsp;Nomal Chandra Borah,&nbsp;Nupur Choudhury,&nbsp;Ananya Barman","doi":"10.1177/09727531221124425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531221124425","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Stroke is a major leading global health complication. Identification and management of risk factors associated with stroke can help in prior detection, prevention, and improvement in patient care.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) and Vitamins B6, B12, and folate deficiency in stroke patients and also to assess other risk factors associated with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Detail history of all the subjects in the study including history of hypertension, anemia, fasting glucose, carotid artery thickness, smoking, alcohol, and dietary intake was recorded. Standard assays for homocysteine (Hcy), Vitamins B6, B12, and folate estimation were done. Lipid and renal profile tests were also performed. The prevalence and odds of having HHcy, Vitamins B6, B12, and folate deficiency, and other risk factors in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients were evaluated. Student's <i>t</i>-tests and chi-square tests were done for statistical validation of the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prevalence of HHcy and Vitamins B6, B12, and folate deficiency was not observed in ischemic cases. HHcy and folate deficiency was found to be prevalent in hemorrhagic stroke patients. The odds that a person with HHcy and folate deficiency has hemorrhagic stroke was found to be significantly high.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In our study, high Hcy and low folate levels emerged as risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"33-39"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/83/d5/10.1177_09727531221124425.PMC10259151.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9633087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}