Annals of Neurosciences最新文献

{"title":"Autonomic Nervous System and Control of Visual Function.","authors":"Ashwini D L, T R Raju","doi":"10.1177/09727531231176119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531231176119","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding author: T. R. Raju, Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India. E-mails: trraju.nimhans@gmail.com or director.research@sankaraeye.com The peripheral nervous system element known as the autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary neurobiological processes such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate as well as ocular changes such as accommodation, intraocular pressure (IOP) regulation, and pupil size. Autonomic afferents are found in almost all ocular parts and regulate local balance in the body via antagonistic and synergistic interactions. The current review illustrates the critical role played by ANS in regulating visual functions. Any imbalance in the functioning of ANS can lead to pathological changes such as myopia and hyperopic defocus. The sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems comprise the autonomic nervous system. Both peripheral nerve fibers and innervation are found in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which receive sensory input from the central nervous system (CNS) and transmit motor output from it. A preganglionic neuron with a cell in the CNS and a postganglionic neuron with a cell body in the periphery are typically found in SNS and PNS pathways.1 Numerous studies have found that the ANS accurately controls the physiological functions of the eye, including the regulation of IOP, pupil dimensions, lens accommodation, and circulation within the eyes. Nearly, all ocular components contain autonomic innervation for regulating local homeostasis through antagonistic and synergistic interactions.2 Numerous ocular functions are influenced by the ocular projections of ANS. There are two of them: (1) pupillary diameter and ocular accommodation, each controlled by the eye’s muscles in the iris and ciliary body; these structures are innervated by the ciliary (parasympathetic) and postganglionic fibers of the upper cervical (sympathetic) ganglia and (2) ocular blood flow controlled by the vascular system of the optic nerve, retina, choroid, and iris. The production and excretion of the aqueous humor are primarily regulated to control IOP. Aqueous humor formation is significantly influenced by the autoregulation of the ciliary epithelium and its blood vessels, so even though intracellular outflow is influenced by the control of the episcleral vascular system and trabecular meshwork. Postganglionic fibers from the superior cervical (sympathetic) and pterygoid (parasympathetic) ganglia innervate these tissues (Figures 1 and 2).3 The ANS primarily regulates the function of the majority of the intraocular muscles in the eyes. Additionally, the pupillary light reflex (PLR) is frequently utilized to identify ANS dysfunction.4 Nerve endings are capable of secreting solubilized trophic materials that promote lacrimal gland production, elicit eye movement’s reaction times, and maintain the integrity of the cornea","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 3","pages":"151-153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c8/df/10.1177_09727531231176119.PMC10540761.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41100282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Missed Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: A Diagnostic Challenge.","authors":"Priyanka V Kashyap,&nbsp;Manshi Kashyap,&nbsp;Arpit Dhiran,&nbsp;Akanxa Yadav","doi":"10.1177/09727531231183242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531231183242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rates of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT) misdiagnosis or at times delayed diagnosis and related outcomes have remained underexplore, and also there is less knowledge about the long-term outcome of patients with untreated cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT). Long-term presentations of untreated CVT are rare. We hereby presenting series of four interesting patients of chronic CVT whose diagnosis was missed and how varied chronic presentations of untreated CVT appeared to neurology and how subtle radiologic features helped with correct diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 3","pages":"197-204"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/52/1e/10.1177_09727531231183242.PMC10540759.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41097273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unravelling the Enigma: How Behavioural Addictions Alter the Developing Child Brain?","authors":"Manoj K Pandey, Krishan Kumar, And Akshay Anand","doi":"10.1177/09727531231197513","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09727531231197513","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 3","pages":"149-150"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bd/04/10.1177_09727531231197513.PMC10540760.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41100001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Difference in Word Order on Semantic Processing in Hindi-English Bilinguals.","authors":"Geet Govind Anand,&nbsp;Kalpana K Barhwal,&nbsp;Manish Goyal,&nbsp;Bodepudi Narasimha Rao","doi":"10.1177/09727531221146825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531221146825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The typology of word order in Hindi (Subject-Object-Verb, SOV) differs from that of English (Subject-Verb-Object, SVO). Bilinguals whose two languages have conflicting word order provide a unique opportunity to understand how word order affects language processing. Earlier behavioural and event-related brain potential (ERP) studies with Spanish-Basque bilinguals showed longer reading times and more errors in the comprehension of OSV sentences than SOV sentences in Basque language, indicating that non-canonical word orders (OSV) were difficult to process than canonical word order (SOV).</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study was designed to explore how the difference in word order in Hindi and English languages affects N400 parameters in proficient Hindi-English bilinguals, using semantic congruity paradigm.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-five proficient Hindi-English bilingual subjects were asked to silently read the congruent and incongruent sentences presented in one word at a time in both the languages. ERPs were recorded from midline frontal, central and parietal sites.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean amplitude of the N400 effect at the parietal sites in Hindi-English proficient bilinguals was larger for English than for Hindi but there was no significant difference in the N400 latencies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hindi-English bilingual subjects processed SOV and SVO sentences with equal ease as evidenced by the N400 latencies. Higher amplitude of the N400 effect with English sentences indicate that placing 'Object' as the final word makes sentences more predictable than verb as the final word. Understanding the word order difference might help to unravel the neurophysiological mechanisms of language comprehension and may offer some insights in terms of functional advantage of a particular word order in bilinguals.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 3","pages":"169-176"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/af/21/10.1177_09727531221146825.PMC10540767.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41108573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Peripheral Nerve Injury on the Induction of c-Fos and Phosphorylated ERK in the Brainstem Trigeminal Sensory Nuclear Complex.","authors":"Ryuji Terayama,&nbsp;Kenta Tsuji,&nbsp;Hironori Furugen,&nbsp;Duong Nguyen Phat Minh,&nbsp;Ayaka Nakatani,&nbsp;Kenta Uchibe","doi":"10.1177/09727531231156505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531231156505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sequential changes in brainstem and spinal cord neurons after traumatic injury to peripheral nerves are related to neuropathic pain symptoms.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study was conducted to elucidate the influence of nerve insult on stimulus-induced c-Fos expression and ERK phosphorylation by brainstem neurons.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The brainstem trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (BTSNC) was examined for neuronal profiles immunolabeled with c-Fos and phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) antibodies elicited by stimulation of the tongue with capsaicin after lingual or inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Abundant neuronal profiles immunolabeled for c-Fos and p-ERK elicited by capsaicin were distributed in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Vc) without nerve injury. The spinal trigeminal nucleus oralis (Vo) contained limited numbers of these neuronal profiles after stimulation of the tongue. A significant reduction of these neuronal profiles in the ipsilateral Vc was detected after lingual nerve injury. After IAN injury, an increased number of neuronal profiles immunolabeled for c-Fos elicited by capsaicin was noted, while that of p-ERK was left unchanged in the ipsilateral Vc. On the both sides of the Vo, an increased number of capsaicin-induced neuronal profiles immunolabeled for c-Fos and p-ERK was detected after lingual or IAN injury.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Differential effects of lingual or IAN injury on stimulus-induced c-Fos expression and ERK phosphorylation by Vo and Vc neurons may be involved in the complex nature of symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 3","pages":"177-187"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f9/fa/10.1177_09727531231156505.PMC10540764.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41134381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroscience Engagement and Outreach on Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Report from India.","authors":"Divya Bhatia","doi":"10.1177/09727531231176122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531231176122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current project was funded by the Global Engagement Seed Grant from the International Brain Research Organisation (IBRO) as part of the IBRO-led Global Engagement Initiative. The project was focused on public awareness about neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) as well as neuroscience engagement. Thus, the project had two specific aims: (a) public awareness about epidemiology, diagnosis, risk factors, prevention of NDDs and relevant government guidelines and available policies (b) public engagement in neuroscience. Therefore, the current project report with an emphasis on the requirement of neuroscience engagement and outreach at the societal level, highlights several activities such as population-based workshops and webinars, carried out as part of the project in both rural and urban areas to enhance the public engagement in neuroscience and awareness on several NDDs.</p><p><strong>Key message: </strong>India is an extremely diverse country with significant variations in cultural, educational, financial, socioeconomic status and linguistic aspects. With about 27% of its population living below the poverty line, India accounts for about 23 million children suffering from a disability, most of whom do not seek medical help. These data highlight the gravity of the situation which calls for urgent actions from governments, healthcare professionals, researchers and policymakers to design adequate public awareness programs regarding several prevalent NDDs. Therefore, the current project was an effort to bring public awareness about brain health and the epidemiology, diagnosis and prevention of NDDs and relevant government guidelines and available policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 2","pages":"119-123"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/5e/ca/10.1177_09727531231176122.PMC10496791.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10316493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Academic Stress and Emotional Adjustment: A Gender-Based Post-COVID Study.","authors":"Garima Singh,&nbsp;Shivali Sharma,&nbsp;Vibha Sharma,&nbsp;S Z H Zaidi","doi":"10.1177/09727531221132964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531221132964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The worldwide spread of COVID-19 infection and its preventive measures has resulted in global disruption of overall functioning of the individuals. In the post-COVID period, several stressors associated with the pandemic have exacerbated adjustment problems in students and impacted their mental health.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The study aims to assess the Academic Stress and Emotional Adjustment of male and female secondary school students in Uttar Pradesh, post-COVID-19 pandemic lockdown.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A sample of 500 students from various schools in Uttar Pradesh pursuing high school were included in the study. A purposive sampling technique was employed for data collection based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Scale for Assessing Academic Stress and the Adolescents Emotional Adjustment Inventory were used to assess the academic stress and emotional adjustment of secondary school students post-COVID-19 pandemic lockdown.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of the study revealed that there was a significant difference in academic stress and emotional adjustment between male and female secondary school students. A significant positive relationship between academic stress and emotional adjustment was found, which indicates a high level of academic stress perpetuates emotional maladjustment. Furthermore, it was found that the level of academic stress and emotional adjustment were higher among females as compared to males.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It can be concluded that the extended impact of COVID-19 has led to a surfeited level of distress propounding that females are more predisposed to academic stress and tend to have poor emotional adjustment than their male counterparts.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 2","pages":"100-108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/97/3c/10.1177_09727531221132964.PMC10496799.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10263004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yoga for Control of Progression in the Early Stage of NCDs.","authors":"Pooja Nadholta,&nbsp;Saurabh Kumar,&nbsp;Akshay Anand","doi":"10.1177/09727531231161995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531231161995","url":null,"abstract":"Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-Commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https:// us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). Commentary","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 2","pages":"79-83"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/01/ac/10.1177_09727531231161995.PMC10496796.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10316487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Channeling of Brain Towards Engaging Sensorimotor Tasks for Inducing Hedonic Pleasure to Alleviate Blood Pressure in Hypertension.","authors":"Madhuri Taranikanti,&nbsp;Aswin Kumar Mudunuru,&nbsp;Archana Gaur,&nbsp;Anzala Kauser,&nbsp;Sai Shriya Taranikanti,&nbsp;Madhusudhan Umesh,&nbsp;Vidya Ganji,&nbsp;Kalpana Medala,&nbsp;Roja Katta,&nbsp;Varatharajan Sakthivadivel,&nbsp;Akhila Dronamraju,&nbsp;Rohith Kumar Guntuka","doi":"10.1177/09727531221135999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531221135999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hypertension is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is responsible for major deaths due to stroke and coronary heart disease. Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for reducing blood pressure have been tried earlier. Modulating brain regions such as prefrontal cortex (PFC) to channelize activities is an effective tool to target blood pressure.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Prefrontal cortex (PFC) exerts inhibitory control over sympathoexcitatory circuits, which was explored using a novel reaction time paradigm.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty participants of both genders in the age group 40-70 years with established hypertension were included. A structured reaction time paradigm was designed to include psychomotor and visuomotor elements with integrated sensory attention and motor performance tasks. Blood pressure, Lead II ECG, and EEG from F3 and F4 were recorded. A paired t-test was used to examine the variations in these parameters across tasks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant reduction in mean arterial pressure by 4.04 mmHg (<i>p</i> = .0232) during the visuomotor task and a reduction of 3.38 mmHg during the auditory cue task (<i>p</i> = .0446) were observed. Analysis of the difference in heart rate has shown a profound decrease after passive listening tasks by 3.7 beats (<i>p</i> < .0001*). Spectral analysis from F3 and F4 shows high power in low-frequency zone of EEG indicating a relaxed state during auditory cues and passive listening.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The reaction time paradigm, when applied to hypertensives, helped decrease blood pressure and heart rate and improved the high frequency (HF) component of heart rate variability, indicating parasympathetic dominance. Such reward-oriented paradigms may act as biofeedback modules that cause hyperactivity of the PFC to suppress the sympathoexcitatory circuit with increased parasympathetic activity beneficial to hypertensive individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 2","pages":"109-118"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1b/b7/10.1177_09727531221135999.PMC10496792.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10609398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating Traditional and Contemporary Systems for Health and Well-being.","authors":"Sapna Nanda","doi":"10.1177/09727531231185648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531231185648","url":null,"abstract":"Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-Commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https:// us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). Editorial","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":"30 2","pages":"77-78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/67/3c/10.1177_09727531231185648.PMC10496795.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10232018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}