Green Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Lignin valorization through microbial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates: recent trends, challenges and opportunities","authors":"Zhe Liang ,&nbsp;Sivasamy Sethupathy ,&nbsp;Dang Wenqian ,&nbsp;Hu Jinhao ,&nbsp;Daochen Zhu","doi":"10.1039/d5gc00370a","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5gc00370a","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are biopolymers produced by bacteria under nitrogen-limited and carbon-rich conditions and have been explored as a potential replacement for petroleum-based plastics. Despite their versatile applications and non-toxic and eco-friendly properties, PHAs currently hold a relatively low market share owing to their high production and downstream processing costs. However, lignin, a renewable aromatic source and byproduct of lignocellulose biorefineries, is considered a cheap substrate for microbial production of PHA. Research over the past decade has demonstrated that microbes with diverse aromatic metabolic pathways can degrade lignin and effectively transform lignin-derived aromatic compounds (LDACs) into PHA by biofuneling them into their central carbon metabolism. Recent advances in lignin extraction, lignin depolymerisation, genetic, metabolic, and protein engineering, multiomics approaches, artificial intelligence, and development of efficient fermentation and downstream processing methods have paved the way for sustainable production of PHA from lignin. In light of these developments, this review comprehensively examines the metabolic pathways involved in the utilisation of LDACs and recent developments in improving microbial production of PHA. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities to improve several aspects of the bioconversion of lignin into PHA, from the perspectives of both lignin and bacterial processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"27 21","pages":"Pages 5920-5946"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upgrading biomass-derived glycerol into terminal olefins via molybdenum-catalyzed carbon-chain extension†","authors":"Han Yin ,&nbsp;Xiangtao Kong ,&nbsp;Rui Lu ,&nbsp;Xi Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenbing Yu ,&nbsp;Huifang Jiang ,&nbsp;Xuhai Zhu ,&nbsp;Fang Lu","doi":"10.1039/d5gc00843c","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5gc00843c","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The upgrading of glycerol predominantly focuses on synthesizing low-carbon molecules containing three or fewer carbon atoms through chemical bond cleavage, while research on generating long-chain chemicals through carbon–carbon bond formation is relatively scarce. Herein, a novel molybdenum-catalyzed process for carbon chain extension of glycerol has been developed to produce 1,5-hexadiene, a terminal olefin. The molybdenum catalyst complexed with 8-hydroxyquinoline (Mo-8-HQ) achieved a 52% yield of 1,5-hexadiene when using triphenylphosphine as the reductant. Systematic experiments and theoretical calculations revealed that the reaction pathway comprised two Mo^VI–Mo^IV catalytic cycles, wherein glycerol initially underwent deoxydehydration to yield allyl alcohol as a crucial intermediate. Subsequently, the deoxygenation reaction proceeded to generate allyl radicals, which underwent C(sp³)–C(sp³) homo-coupling to form the diene product. This work significantly expands the realm of glycerol utilization and opens up novel avenues for the production of multifunctionalized chemicals with long carbon chains from renewable feedstocks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"27 21","pages":"Pages 6123-6132"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radical click reaction for C–S bond construction via reductive coupling of phthalimide derivatives†","authors":"Jia-Fan Qiao ,&nbsp;Tian-Zhang Wang ,&nbsp;Peng-Hui Shen ,&nbsp;Yu-Qiu Guan ,&nbsp;Ya-Xin Yu ,&nbsp;Yu-Feng Liang","doi":"10.1039/d5gc01731a","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5gc01731a","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Click reactions have been highlighted as a powerful strategy for the rapid synthesis of chemicals, revolutionizing approaches in many fields in a short span of time with high reliability and efficiency. Herein, a novel method for a radical click reaction is presented for the synthesis of alkyl xanthates <em>via</em> the decarboxylative coupling of <em>N</em>-hydroxyphthalimide esters with <em>N</em>-xanthylphthalimides. This reductive cross-coupling was completed in 2 min at room temperature with simple operation. Primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl xanthate products were obtained in good yields without the need for a transition metal catalyst. This strategy was characterized by a broad scope encompassing common carboxylic acid and bioactive molecules, excellent functional group compatibility and rapid implementation. Mechanistic experiments demonstrated that the activation modes of the two phthalimide derivatives were independent yet proceeded through similar processes, and the product was efficiently generated <em>via</em> a coupling pathway between a persistent sulfur radical and a transient alkyl radical.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"27 21","pages":"Pages 6272-6282"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational modeling-guided design of deep eutectic solvents for tailoring lignin chemistry during lignocellulose pretreatment†","authors":"Le Zhou ,&nbsp;Xianzhi Meng ,&nbsp;Weiwei Li ,&nbsp;Jiali Yu ,&nbsp;Christian O. Kemefa ,&nbsp;Susie Y. Dai ,&nbsp;Arthur J. Ragauskas ,&nbsp;Joshua S. Yuan","doi":"10.1039/d4gc06120a","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4gc06120a","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lignocellulosic biorefineries offer a sustainable approach to decarbonization and biofuel production, but the full utilization of biomass components, particularly lignin, remains a challenge due to its complex structure. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as promising green solvents for lignin extraction and structure regulation, offering chemical tunability, recyclability, and environmental benefits. However, their potential to precisely tailor lignin linkages during biomass pretreatment has been underexplored. In this study, we integrated computational modeling with experimental validation to design DESs for lignin property regulation and efficient delignification. A total of 260 DES candidates, comprising 13 hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs), 20 hydrogen bond donors (HBDs), and 4 lignin dimer and 4 lignin carbohydrate complex models, were screened to predict activity coefficients (<em>γ</em>), focusing on their effects on β-O-4 and β-5 linkages in using the Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS). Nine representative DESs were synthesized and tested with hardwood pretreatment. The results showed that smaller <em>γ</em> values indicate stronger degradation of β-O-4 and β-5 linkages, with both the HBD and HBA playing a significant role in delignification. The β-O-4 linkage is a critical determinant of lignin's properties and applications in value-added biomaterials. Multivariate analysis reveals the overall impact of lignin structures on β-O-4 and β-5 by accounting for interactions between variables, highlighting the importance of a multivariate approach. Incorporating model compounds with etherified phenol structures and lignin–carbohydrate complexes provided a more comprehensive calculation representation of the delignification process. Experimental validation demonstrated that the 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene: lactic acid DES extracted lignin with a high β-O-4 content (47%), suitable for producing carbon fibers with superior mechanical properties. In contrast, a choline chloride: lactic acid DES completely cleaved β-O-4 linkages (0%), yielding uniform lignin nanoparticles with an enhanced zeta potential. These DESs also achieved effective delignification, allowing carbohydrates to be used for biofuels. This research establishes a computational modeling-guided framework for designing DESs to achieve controllable lignin linkage profiles, optimizing both delignification efficiency and material properties. The findings provide a pathway for enhancing the economic and environmental sustainability of lignocellulosic biorefineries and expand the applications of lignin in diverse, high-value biomaterials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"27 21","pages":"Pages 6260-6271"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘Green’ synthesis of amines from renewable resources? A detailed analysis of case studies using the CHEM21 green metrics toolkit†","authors":"Anastasiia M. Afanasenko ,&nbsp;Noemi Deak ,&nbsp;Jacquin October ,&nbsp;Roberto Sole ,&nbsp;Katalin Barta","doi":"10.1039/d5gc00924c","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5gc00924c","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amines play pivotal roles in both chemical industry processes and various biological functions, necessitating efficient and sustainable synthesis methodologies. Despite the emergence of greener catalytic methods in the past decades, assessing the environmental impact of these processes remains a challenge. While bio-based amine synthesis from renewable sources appears inherently green, comprehensive evaluation across diverse sustainability metrics is imperative. This tutorial review explores the methodology of such assessments, focusing on the systematic evaluation of amine synthesis pathways using the CHEM21 green metrics toolkit. Targeting early career researchers, we provide a step-by-step demonstration to integrate this toolkit into laboratory practices, empowering researchers to evaluate the environmental footprint of their chemical transformations. By promoting the use of green metrics, we aim to foster a greater understanding of sustainability in chemical research and encourage environmentally conscious decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"27 21","pages":"Pages 5947-5981"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waste-minimized, ecofriendly, and chemoselective room-temperature hydrogenation of CC bonds using a homogeneous recyclable imidazole-based Ru(ii)-p-cym catalyst†","authors":"Rahul Daga Patil ,&nbsp;Sandip Bapu Khatal ,&nbsp;Manohar Shivaji Padmor ,&nbsp;Sanjay Pratihar","doi":"10.1039/d5gc01274k","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5gc01274k","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Catalytic hydrogenation of CC bonds is crucial in fine chemical and pharmaceutical synthesis, yet the efficient recovery and reuse of homogeneous catalysts remain a challenge. Herein, we report a well-defined catalyst derived from 2,2′-bisbenzimidazole (BiBzImH₂) and Ru(<span>ii</span>)-<em>para</em>-cymene, enabling chemoselective CC hydrogenation at room temperature under moderate H₂ pressure without additives or base. exhibits high turnover frequencies (TOFs), a broad substrate scope (61 examples), and remarkable functional group tolerance. Notably, is 2 to 85 times more cost-effective than reported catalysts and can be efficiently recovered <em>via</em> solvent-mediated precipitation, maintaining its efficiency over multiple cycles. Mechanistic studies, including spectroscopic and isotopic labeling experiments, suggest that hydrogen activation requires vacant coordination sites at high pressure, proceeding without metal–ligand cooperativity. Moreover, the catalyst can be easily separated through solvent-mediated precipitation followed by product isolation through solvent evaporation without column chromatographic separation, minimizing solvent use and waste. Scalability and reusability studies confirm the practicality of this system, while green chemistry assessments (CHEM21 toolkit, <em>E</em>-factor, and EcoScale analysis) highlight its environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"27 21","pages":"Pages 6170-6183"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic SiO2@NC core–shell nanospheres enhance catalytic hydrogenation of lignin-derived aromatic aldehydes†","authors":"Qian Jiang ,&nbsp;Shuguang Xu ,&nbsp;Zuzhi Li ,&nbsp;Xingjie Guo ,&nbsp;Rui Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhicheng Jiang ,&nbsp;Bi Shi","doi":"10.1039/d5gc00857c","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5gc00857c","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The design of heterogeneous catalysts to enhance substrate adsorption and hydrogen spillover plays a key role in the hydrogenation of biomass-derived chemicals. Herein, a composite catalyst support featuring a nano-SiO₂ core and a nitrogen-doped carbon shell was developed for Pd loading (Pd/SiO₂@NC). Following NC coating, the pyridine-N and pyrrole-N in the porous NC shell interacted with Pd through their lone pair electrons, enabling the anchoring and dispersion of Pd nanoparticles. The incorporation of SiO₂ with NC notably increased the electronegativity at the interface, improving vanillin (VAN) adsorption through both VAN-Pd and VAN-SiO₂@NC interactions. Moreover, electron transfer between SiO₂ and NC promoted hydrogen spillover, effectively lowering the energy barrier for the hydrogenation process. Consequently, &gt;99% of VAN was completely hydrogenated to vanillyl alcohol over Pd/SiO₂@NC under mild conditions (0.5 MPa H₂, 20 °C, and 60 min). The catalyst exhibited broad activity for various lignin-derived aromatic aldehydes, indicating considerable potential for industrial applications. This study developed an active catalyst surface that successfully synthesized aromatic alcohols from renewable lignin-derived compounds, effectively replacing the traditional synthetic process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"27 21","pages":"Pages 6077-6086"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Techno-economic and life cycle analysis of bio-hydrogen production using bio-based waste streams through the integration of dark fermentation and microbial electrolysis†","authors":"Arna Ganguly ,&nbsp;Pingping Sun ,&nbsp;Xinyu Liu ,&nbsp;Hernan E. Delgado ,&nbsp;Lili Sun ,&nbsp;Amgad Elgowainy","doi":"10.1039/d4gc05020g","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4gc05020g","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen derived from bio-based sources, or biohydrogen (bioH₂), has the potential to reduce GHG emissions from industrial and transportation sectors, owing to the low carbon footprint and myriad applications like refinery operation, ammonia production, steel production, fuel cell, <em>etc.</em> To evaluate the commercialization potential of bioH₂ production, we modeled bioH₂ production and conducted techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle analysis (LCA) of two facilities producing 50 metric tonnes of bioH₂ per day from cheese whey (CW) and solid food waste (SFW) through the integration of dark fermentation (DF) and microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) technologies. LCA results showed that CW and SFW can produce carbon-negative bioH₂, with emissions of −8.6 and −8.0 kg GHG kg⁻¹ bioH₂ with carbon sequestration and renewable electricity resources, respectively, making bioH₂ potentially eligible for a tax credit of $3 kg⁻¹ H₂ based on provision 45 V of the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). In this study, bioH₂ production treats waste streams to generate fresh water, thus, potentially can receive waste water treatment fee that varies with regions. The MEC capital cost dominates the bioH₂ cost, which is mainly determined by current density. With a current density of 20 A m⁻², the production cost for CW input varied between $17 and $24 kg⁻¹ bioH₂, while that for SFW input ranged from $29 to $30 kg⁻¹ bioH₂ under different operating conditions, considering the 45 V tax credit, waste water treatment fee and production revenue. If the current density increases to 100 A m⁻², the bioH₂ cost decreases to a range of $4.0–$6.9 for CW and $5–$6 for SFW scenarios. This study also shows that low-cost bioH₂ can be produced using CW waste stream as feedstock.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"27 21","pages":"Pages 6213-6231"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-friendly NaCl glycerol-based deep eutectic electrolyte for high-voltage electrochemical double layer capacitor†","authors":"Daniele Motta ,&nbsp;Alessandro Damin ,&nbsp;Hamideh Darjazi ,&nbsp;Stefano Nejrotti ,&nbsp;Federica Piccirilli ,&nbsp;Giovanni Birarda ,&nbsp;Claudia Barolo ,&nbsp;Claudio Gerbaldi ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Antonio Elia ,&nbsp;Matteo Bonomo","doi":"10.1039/d4gc06369d","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4gc06369d","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, we propose eco-friendly electrolytes based on sodium chloride as a hydrogen bond acceptor and glycerol as a hydrogen bond donor, as alternatives to toxic, flammable and unsustainable electrolytes commonly used in electrochemical energy storage systems. By means of an in-depth multi-technique investigation, including Raman and FT-FIR spectroscopy, of the formulated electrolytes, we point out the effect of the structuring of the system on the transport and electrochemical properties. The 1 : 10 molar ratio mixture proves to be a deep eutectic solvent (DES), showing good room temperature ionic conductivity (0.186 mS cm⁻¹) and electrochemical stability (≈3 V). When implemented as electrolyte in an activated-carbon electrochemical double layer capacitor, this DES exhibits superior performance compared to mixtures with different molar ratio and those containing ethylene glycol as the hydrogen bond donor, with a high operational voltage (2.6 V), a specific capacitance of 14.1 F g⁻¹, and a remarkable cycling stability. These findings highlight the potential of glycerol-based DESs as alternative electrolytes for sustainable electrochemical energy storage applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"27 21","pages":"Pages 6002-6015"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to methane via synergistic Sb and F dual-doping on copper foil under pulsed potential electrolysis†","authors":"Kuan Wan ,&nbsp;Xue Jiang ,&nbsp;Xin-Peng Li ,&nbsp;Zhe Cao ,&nbsp;Zhen-Hong He ,&nbsp;Weitao Wang ,&nbsp;Huan Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaojuan Lai ,&nbsp;Zhao-Tie Liu","doi":"10.1039/d5gc00648a","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5gc00648a","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to methane (CH₄) represents a promising strategy for carbon utilization; however, achieving high selectivity and efficiency remains a significant challenge. Herein, a copper foil-based catalyst with abundant interfaces was synthesized through electrodeposition to achieve Sb and F dual doping on the copper surface (CuSbF-ED), enabling efficient methane production through pulsed CO₂ electrolysis. Under the pulsed electrolysis conditions, the CuSbF-ED catalyst achieved a remarkably high CH₄ faradaic efficiency of approximately 92.6% and a partial current density of 60.3 mA cm⁻² at an overpotential of −1.2 V <em>vs.</em> RHE, representing significant advancement over the static electrolysis performance of pristine copper foil. The <em>in situ</em> infrared spectroscopy results revealed an enhanced coverage of key intermediates *CHO on the CuSbF-ED surface during pulsed electrolysis. Theoretical calculations further confirmed that the CuSbF-ED structure with Sb and F dual doping stabilizes *CO intermediates and promotes the formation and adsorption of *CHO intermediates. Under the pulsed electrolysis conditions, the stabilized Cu species on the CuSbF-ED surface facilitate the further conversion of adsorbed *CHO and *CH₂O intermediates through deep hydrogenation processes toward high CH₄ selectivity. The present research highlights Sb-F dual doping combined with pulsed potential electrolysis as a promising approach for the efficient and selective electroreduction of CO₂ to CH₄, contributing to sustainable carbon management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"27 21","pages":"Pages 6027-6038"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}