Green Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Divergent synthesis in synthetic organic electrochemistry: key controlling factors","authors":"Haoning Wang,&nbsp;Wei Gao,&nbsp;Jiangsheng Han,&nbsp;Siyuan Liu,&nbsp;Aziz Bakhtiyarovich Ibragimov,&nbsp;Shahzad Murtaza,&nbsp;Li Ma,&nbsp;Jianbin Chen","doi":"10.1039/d6gc00942e","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6gc00942e","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Divergent synthesis, which enables the generation of multiple structurally distinct products from similar starting materials, represents a powerful strategy for building molecular complexity. A fundamental challenge in this field lies in the predictable control over competing reaction pathways. Synthetic organic electrochemistry, utilizing electrons as traceless redox reagents, offers a uniquely tunable platform to address this challenge by introducing an additional dimension of control through electrode-mediated electron transfer. This review adopts traditional and electrochemical parameters as two variable frameworks to systematically examine the influence of multiple specific variables on reaction selectivity. Through in-depth analysis of characterization results and theoretical calculations, the logical relationship between variables and selectivity is revealed, leading to a core framework of key design principles. The review also addresses green chemistry metrics and practical considerations, and highlights current challenges and future directions in divergent electrosynthesis, offering valuable perspectives for the rational exploration of sustainable synthetic routes toward functional molecules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"28 26","pages":"Pages 10851-10897"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148545724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanochemical sulfenylation of maleimides","authors":"Sebastián Martin-Martínez,&nbsp;Camilo Morales-Manrique,&nbsp;Gustavo Marín,&nbsp;Diego Gamba-Sánchez","doi":"10.1039/d6gc02823c","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6gc02823c","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, we present a mechanochemical approach for the sulfenylation of maleimides to afford sulfenylsuccinimides under solvent-, catalyst-, heating-, and base-free conditions. The reaction proceeds <em>via</em> a thia-Michael addition mechanism and, in several cases, allows product isolation through simple extraction using ethyl acetate. The method also employs LiCl as a grinding auxiliary (with NaCl as a viable alternative in some cases), thereby replacing traditional solvents with less polluting and easily disposable solid materials. The scope of the reaction was evaluated using 30 different substrates, including variations in the nucleophiles, the maleimides, and additional Michael acceptors. Furthermore, we demonstrate selected applications of the resulting sulfenylsuccinimides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"28 26","pages":"Pages 11162-11169"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148545625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical selective lithium extraction from spent LiFePO4 cathode sheets and regeneration via C/MgF2 synergistic coating modification","authors":"Jinfa Shi,&nbsp;Long Xiao,&nbsp;Jun Liao,&nbsp;Weiming Liu,&nbsp;Hongbo Pan,&nbsp;Fabin Cao,&nbsp;Youqi Fan,&nbsp;Zhifang Gao","doi":"10.1039/d6gc01072e","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6gc01072e","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the extensive application of LiFePO₄ (LFP) batteries in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, the issues of resource waste and environmental pollution caused by retired LFP batteries have become increasingly severe. Traditional recycling faces the challenges of high energy consumption, high material consumption, and HF pollution. To address these issues, we propose a novel strategy that integrates electrochemical selective lithium extraction and a C/MgF₂ synergistic coating for regenerating spent LFP materials. We achieved 98.73% lithium leaching (7 V, 35 °C, 0.04 mol L⁻¹, 60 min), 97.83% recovery <em>via</em> precipitation, 99.64% pure Li₂CO₃, and 98.13% recovery of the Al foil. MgO captured PVDF-derived HF, forming MgF₂, which coated the regenerated LFP. The C/MgF₂ synergistic coating resulted in an enhanced performance, with an initial discharge capacity of 151.3 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.1C, a discharge capacity of 141.9 mA h g⁻¹ after 100 cycles, 98.6% capacity retention at 1C, and 110.7 mA h g⁻¹ at 5C, comparable to that of commercial LFP. This method demonstrates a low-consumption, environmentally benign route for upcycling spent batteries, transforming residual HF into a C/MgF₂ coating for high-performance regenerated cathode materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"28 26","pages":"Pages 11273-11294"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148545385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"C–H chlorination and bulk depolymerization of commercial poly(methyl methacrylate)","authors":"Jingshun Shen,&nbsp;Di Jiao,&nbsp;Qinggang Wang,&nbsp;Daofeng Sun,&nbsp;Wenjie Tao","doi":"10.1039/d6gc02089e","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6gc02089e","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accumulation of waste poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) plastics is posing threats to the environment. Thus, it is highly desirable to develop good and versatile processes to recycle waste PMMA since only about 10% of it can be recycled now. While depolymerization triggered by halogen chain ends of PMMA in solution is well established, few examples can accomplish efficient bulk depolymerization of commercial PMMA. In this work, we developed a stepwise strategy, that is facile and mild C–H chlorination methods to install Cl groups into the PMMA backbone as side chain triggers to initiate efficient bulk depolymerization. In bulk depolymerization, the synthesized PMMA, commercial PMMA with different <em>M</em>_n values (10⁴ to 10⁶ g mol⁻¹) and PMMA-based acrylic sheets are all suitable for recovering the pure MMA monomer effectively with high yields (up to 81%) at 290 °C, which is significantly lower than the pyrolysis temperature in industry. Additionally, our method not only tolerates various additives commonly used in industry, but is also suitable for the depolymerization of gram-scale acrylic sheets. This strategy can potentially shed light on the advancement of bulk depolymerization of other vinyl polymers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"28 26","pages":"Pages 11181-11191"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148545608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solvent-free/scalable mechanochemical-assisted addition of phosphine oxides to aldehydes: sustainable protocol for one-pot tandem P–C bond formation","authors":"Marcos López-Aguilar,&nbsp;Javier F. Reynes,&nbsp;Luciana Cicco,&nbsp;Alba Suárez-Fernández,&nbsp;Vito Capriati,&nbsp;Alejandro Presa Soto,&nbsp;Felipe García,&nbsp;Joaquín García-Álvarez","doi":"10.1039/d5gc06683b","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5gc06683b","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of greener and more efficient synthetic methodologies is a central goal in modern organic and main-group chemistry, particularly in the context of reducing solvent use, energy consumption and environmental impact. Mechanochemistry is introduced here as an efficient, cost-effective, solvent- and catalyst-free, and scalable synthetic tool for the chemoselective formation of P–C bonds with a markedly reduced environmental footprint. Using an atom-economical ball-milled protocol, the addition of a broad range of phosphine oxides [R₂P(O)H] to aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic aldehydes cleanly affords the corresponding α-hydroxyphosphine oxides in excellent yields and with high functional-group tolerance, all performed at room temperature and under air/moisture without the need for an inert atmosphere. In addition, we have developed an unprecedented mechanochemical one-pot tandem protocol that enables the chemoselective synthesis of α-hydroxyphosphine oxides directly from primary alcohols, further expanding the efficiency and synthetic versatility of this solvent-free approach. These results highlight the potential of mechanochemistry to streamline main-group synthetic transformations and pave the way for future solvent-free strategies in sustainable phosphorus chemistry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"28 26","pages":"Pages 10965-10975"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148545655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resolving PC–graphite incompatibility via steric-hindrance-directed interfacial regulation","authors":"Huayi Qian,&nbsp;Yongkang Wei,&nbsp;Zihao Wang,&nbsp;Kean Chen,&nbsp;Rong Chen,&nbsp;Xinping Ai,&nbsp;Hui Li","doi":"10.1039/d6gc02204a","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6gc02204a","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incompatibility between propylene carbonate (PC) and graphite anodes, arising from detrimental Li⁺–PC co-intercalation and subsequent graphite exfoliation, remains a longstanding obstacle to the deployment of PC-based electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries despite their wide liquidus range and high dielectric constant. Herein, we report a novel interfacial regulation strategy that fundamentally resolves this challenge through steric-hindrance-directed interfacial regulation, enabled by the addition of 1 vol% octafluorotoluene (OFT). A combination of density functional theory calculations, molecular dynamics simulations, and comprehensive spectroscopic analyses reveals a unique adsorption–steric hindrance-weakening mechanism; OFT molecules preferentially adsorb onto the graphite surface <em>via</em> π–π stacking between their electron-deficient benzene rings and the delocalized π-electrons of graphite; the protruding –CF₃ groups subsequently create a physical steric barrier that impedes the PC approach, while simultaneously weakening Li⁺–PC coordination strength through intermolecular dipole–dipole interactions, thereby reducing the desolvation energy barrier. <em>In situ</em> optical microscopy directly visualizes the significant suppression of graphite volume expansion during cycling. Consequently, graphite electrodes employing the optimized electrolyte (1 M LiPF₆/PC + 1% OFT + 5% FEC) deliver exceptional cycling stability with negligible capacity fade over 600 cycles and superior rate capability compared to conventional ethylene carbonate-based electrolytes. Furthermore, graphite‖LiFePO₄ pouch cells exhibit stable long-term operation with 86.2% capacity retention after 500 cycles at 0.5C. This work establishes a novel strategy for electrolyte design, demonstrating that interfacial physicochemical synergy can unlock the practical potential of previously incompatible solvent systems, offering a generalizable design principle for wide-temperature-range and high-safety lithium-ion batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"28 26","pages":"Pages 11047-11056"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148545659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanochemical fabrication of a biochar/pyrite nanocomposite for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction coupled with biomass valorization","authors":"Huaimin Tian,&nbsp;Chaoya Han,&nbsp;Zekai Xu,&nbsp;Chao Yao,&nbsp;Xiazhang Li","doi":"10.1039/d6gc02845d","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6gc02845d","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coupling solar-driven CO₂ reduction with the valorization of waste biomass-derived platform chemicals represents a pivotal strategy toward achieving carbon neutrality and sustainable resource utilization. However, the high dissociation energy of the CO bond in CO₂ and the complex side reactions involved in biomass conversion often result in low conversion efficiency and poor product selectivity. To address these challenges, herein, a biochar/pyrite nanocomposite was fabricated <em>via</em> a facile mechanical ball-milling method using natural pyrite and biochar derived from waste corn stover. During the ball-milling process, intimate interfacial contact is established between the two components, leading to the formation of a high–low heterojunction that effectively promotes the spatial separation and interfacial migration of photogenerated charge carriers. The optimized 30 wt% biochar/pyrite sample exhibits outstanding photocatalytic performance under simulated visible light irradiation, achieving a CO yield of 320.7 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ with a selectivity of 90.7%, together with a 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion of 86.4% and a high 2,5-diformylfuran selectivity of 93.2%. The incorporation of biochar not only enhances the adsorption capacity for the reactants but also substantially boosts the photocatalytic activity of pyrite through facilitated interfacial charge transfer. This work provides a new strategy for constructing efficient photocatalytic systems based on natural minerals and waste biomass, enabling the synergistic coupling of CO₂ reduction and biomass valorization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"28 26","pages":"Pages 11107-11119"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148545663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable eutectic electrolytes for aluminum-ion batteries: design and recent advances","authors":"Wen Zhuang,&nbsp;Xingru Chen,&nbsp;Wei Qin,&nbsp;Beibei Yang,&nbsp;Yongzheng Zhang,&nbsp;Hongbin Lu,&nbsp;Duan Bin","doi":"10.1039/d6gc02365g","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6gc02365g","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs) have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage devices, benefiting from abundant aluminum element, high theoretical capacity, low cost, and electrolyte safety and tunability. Despite these advantages, AIBs face critical practical challenges including low ionic conductivity, poor aluminum deposition and dissolution reversibility, severe parasitic reactions and dendrite formation, largely rooted in conventional electrolyte limitations. Eutectic electrolytes (EEs) derived from deep eutectic solvents have gained increasing attention due to their unique merits of low cost, facile preparation, wide electrochemical stability window (ESW), high thermal and chemical stability and adjustable solvation structure. This review systematically summarizes the recent research progress of EEs for AIBs, focusing on classification, formation mechanisms, key physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance optimisation. Special emphasis is placed on their roles in regulating the Al³⁺ solvation structure, stabilizing electrode–electrolyte interfaces and suppressing parasitic reactions. Remaining challenges and future research directions are discussed to guide rational design of high-performance AIBs and promote their practical development in energy storage applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"28 26","pages":"Pages 10834-10850"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148545723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable recovery of spent lithium-ion battery cathode via biomass reduction strategy","authors":"Yafei Shen,&nbsp;Pin Zhou","doi":"10.1039/d6gc02491b","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6gc02491b","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sustainable recycling of spent lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathodes using biomass reduction strategies has emerged as a transformative approach that aligns circular economy principles with green chemistry. This paper evaluates two biomass reduction strategies. In reductive leaching, biomass-derived organic acids (<em>e.g.</em>, citric, oxalic, acetic, levulinic acids) and waste-derived reductants (<em>e.g.</em>, tea waste, fruit peels, food waste hydrolysates) achieve &gt;95% leaching efficiencies for Li, Co, Ni, and Mn from LiCoO₂ (LCO), LiNi_<em>x</em>Co_<em>y</em>Mn_{1−<em>x</em>−<em>y</em>}O₂ (NCM), LiMn₂O₄ (LMO), LiFePO₄ (LFP), and mixed cathodes under mild conditions (<em>e.g.</em>, 50–95 °C). Process intensification <em>via</em> mechanochemistry, microwave, or ultrasound reduces reaction times to minutes while cutting acid consumption. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) enable selective metal separation with &gt;99% Li/Co selectivity. In reductive roasting, lignocellulosic wastes (<em>e.g.</em>, corn stalk, sawdust, bamboo, coffee grounds) serve as renewable reductants, converting cathode materials into water-soluble Li₂CO₃ and reduced transition metals (<em>e.g.</em>, CoO, Ni, MnO) at 450–700 °C lower than conventional carbothermal reduction (&gt;1000 °C). The reduction mechanism is governed by biomass pyrolysis gases (<em>e.g.</em>, CO, H₂, CH₄), with CO as the dominant reductant. Spatial separation of biomass and cathode avoids contamination, yielding &gt;99% Li recovery and &gt;99% Li₂CO₃ purity. Life cycle assessments (LCA) demonstrate that biomass-assisted recycling can reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while generating net profits compared to conventional pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. Key challenges include biomass composition variability, incomplete mechanistic understanding, process scale-up, and DES recovery. Future priorities include standardized biomass pretreatment, real-time process control, continuous reactor design, and valorization of solid residues. This work establishes biomass reduction as a low-carbon, economically viable, and scalable platform for LIBs recycling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"28 26","pages":"Pages 10741-10772"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148545692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waste-wood-derived sustainable N and S co-doped hard carbon for enhanced sodium-ion storage","authors":"Maoye Yu,&nbsp;Xiyu Qiu,&nbsp;Weiwei Huan,&nbsp;Jianzhong Guo,&nbsp;Jing Zhang,&nbsp;Mingdeng Wei,&nbsp;Lin Chen","doi":"10.1039/d6gc02379g","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6gc02379g","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Constructing sustainable, cost-effective and high-performance biomass-derived hard carbon has emerged as a legitimate approach to address the critical bottlenecks of anodes in sodium-ion batteries. Herein, the N and S co-doped hard carbon (NS-HC) derived from waste wood was synthesized by removing lignin and hemicellulose, combined with heteroatom doping and calcination. The results demonstrated that NS-HC exhibited superior sodium-storage capability, and after 100 cycles at 0.05 A g⁻¹, NS-HC exhibited a reversible capacity of 370.4 mA h g⁻¹. Increasing the current density from 0.05 to 2 A g⁻¹, the electrode still yielded a capacity of 65%. Moreover, after 2500 cycles at 2 A g⁻¹, the NS-HC electrode demonstrated a high capacity of 207.9 mA h g⁻¹. The enhanced electrochemical performance was due to the elimination of lignin and hemicellulose, facilitating the development of graphite-like domains and creating a rich micropore structure. Meanwhile, N and S co-doping contributed to enhanced electrical conductivity and the formation of defects, which enabled a considerable increase in both active sites and effective channels, thereby facilitating the diffusion and storage of sodium ions. Theoretical calculations revealed that N/S co-doping modulated the local charge distribution of carbon, optimizing the electronic structure to promote more stable Na⁺ adsorption and active-site formation. Furthermore, full-cell tests assembled with the NS-HC anode and a Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ (NVP) cathode demonstrated its promising potential for practical applications. This work achieves the value-added reuse of waste wood and provides a promising pathway for the development of sustainable, low-price, and high-performance wood-derived hard carbon anodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":"28 26","pages":"Pages 11192-11204"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148545609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}