Chaohui Yang, Xinyu Li, Hongyan Li, Chizhou Wang, Qianqian Xing, Xiaoliang Jia, Xiaojing Cui, Xianglin Hou and Tiansheng Deng
{"title":"Efficient decomposition of a melamine–formaldehyde foam into melamine via selective disconnection of bonds†","authors":"Chaohui Yang, Xinyu Li, Hongyan Li, Chizhou Wang, Qianqian Xing, Xiaoliang Jia, Xiaojing Cui, Xianglin Hou and Tiansheng Deng","doi":"10.1039/D4GC04481A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4GC04481A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The precise disconnection of one type of chemical bond in polymers realizes high-yield recovery of valuable chemicals. In this study, we demonstrate a sustainable and efficient strategy to selectively cleave the specific sp<small><sup>3</sup></small>C–sp<small><sup>3</sup></small>N bond of a thermoset melamine–formaldehyde foam, by which valuable melamine of 99.5% purity was obtained with a yield of 95.3%.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 24","pages":" 11860-11865"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/gc/d4gc04481a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142798167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Halogen-bond-assisted radical remote difunctionalization of bicyclo[1.1.1]butane skeletons†","authors":"Hui Liu, Zhenda Fu, Xingwei Li and Songjie Yu","doi":"10.1039/D4GC05166A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4GC05166A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Transition-metal-free radical remote difunctionalization of bicyclo[1.1.1]butane skeletons in both two- and three-component fashions is presented. The reactions proceed <em>via</em> halogen-bond-assisted polyfluoroalkyl radical addition to newly designed 1-vinylbicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes, followed by strain-release-driven C–C bond cleavage to generate a strained cyclobutylmethyl radical. In the two-component reaction, iodine atom transfer to the resulting cyclobutylmethyl radical with polyfluoroiodides forms a broad array of strained 1,6-polyfluorocarboiodinated products, while boron atom transfer with bis(catecholato)diboron releases various strained 1,6-polyfluorocarboborylated products in the three-component reaction. This redox-neutral reaction features mild conditions, ease of operation, high atom economy, functional group tolerance, and a broad substrate scope, and offers a practical and sustainable approach for the synthesis of a range of challenging polyfluoroalkylated cyclobutane skeletons containing iodine and boron as versatile transformation handles for further useful derivatizations.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 256-263"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142825989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tianyu Ren, Peidong Li, Zhuo He, Xinfeng Pan, Yutao Yang, Yuhe Liao, Haiyong Wang, Yanbin Cui and Chenguang Wang
{"title":"Green aromatic aldehyde production from biomass via catalytic fractionation and ozonolysis†","authors":"Tianyu Ren, Peidong Li, Zhuo He, Xinfeng Pan, Yutao Yang, Yuhe Liao, Haiyong Wang, Yanbin Cui and Chenguang Wang","doi":"10.1039/D4GC04199B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4GC04199B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Herein, we propose a catalytic fractionation–ozonolysis strategy for producing aromatic aldehydes from biomass. Native lignin is selectively depolymerized into ∼30 wt% 4-methoxypropenyl-guaiacol/syringol over MoO<small><sub>2</sub></small> at 160–180 °C, followed by ozonolysis yielding 20 wt% vanillin and syringaldehyde. This strategy is free of base and well preserves carbohydrate pulp.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 24","pages":" 11866-11872"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/gc/d4gc04199b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142798168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shaowei Wu, Lu Li, Lei Song, Guannan Zhou, Lixin Liu, Hailan Kang, Guangyuan Zhou and Rui Wang
{"title":"A simple, efficient and selective catalyst for closed-loop recycling of PEF in situ towards a circular materials economy approach†","authors":"Shaowei Wu, Lu Li, Lei Song, Guannan Zhou, Lixin Liu, Hailan Kang, Guangyuan Zhou and Rui Wang","doi":"10.1039/D4GC03803G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4GC03803G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Developing plastics from biomass and performing chemical recycling are two essential strategies in circular materials economy. Herein, we present an innovative technique for the closed-loop, <em>in situ</em> chemical recycling of bio-derived poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF), utilizing the exceptional capabilities of monodisperse nano γ-Ga<small><sub>2</sub></small>O<small><sub>3</sub></small> with tunable oxygen vacancy density. This framework enables seamless cycling of bio-based plastics from polymerization to de-polymerization and re-polymerization, promoting a sustainable polymer economy. The introduction of oxygen vacancy defects in the structure of gallium oxide, a low toxicity and transparent metal oxide, is considered to be an effective strategy for improving catalytic activity. The polymerization process was controlled by using novel oxygen vacancy-defective Ga<small><sub>2</sub></small>O<small><sub>3</sub></small>, which catalyzed the reaction between bio-based 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid and ethylene glycol to produce high molecular weight PEF. (<em>M</em><small><sub>n</sub></small> = 41 kg mol<small><sup>−1</sup></small>). This PEF can then undergo efficient <em>in situ</em> glycolysis, achieving complete de-polymerization under moderate conditions without the need for external catalysts. The glycolysis derivatives of PEF can be directly re-polymerized to polyester rPEF, achieving a significant molecular weight (<em>M</em><small><sub>n</sub></small> = 43 kg mol<small><sup>−1</sup></small>) and a remarkable yield (93%). Notably, γ-Ga<small><sub>2</sub></small>O<small><sub>3</sub></small> with nano oxygen vacancy defects exhibits the ability to selectively de-polymerize PEF within composite material systems containing commercial PET. This research highlights the significant utility of a green catalyst in <em>in situ</em> closed-loop recycling processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 179-189"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142825765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hangcen Xie, Rui Xu, Bin Huang, Pingping Lou, Hua-Feng Fei and Zhijie Zhang
{"title":"DIPEA-induced Si–H activation of siloxane for hydrosilylation polymerization via metal-free photocatalysis†","authors":"Hangcen Xie, Rui Xu, Bin Huang, Pingping Lou, Hua-Feng Fei and Zhijie Zhang","doi":"10.1039/D4GC04501G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4GC04501G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Although metal-free hydrosilylation of siloxanes is essential for the industrial preparation of organosilicon compounds due to its unique advantages, such as the avoidance of the use and residue of precious metals, efficient metal-free silicon hydrogenation reactions are still rare. Herein, we report a straightforward visible light-driven metal-free hydrosilylation reaction based on siloxanes and silicon vinyl groups, catalyzed by the synergistic effect of the organic photooxidation catalyst 2,4,6-tris(diphenylamino)-5-fluoroisophthalonitrile and the base <em>N</em>,<em>N</em>′-diisopropylethylamine, which undergo electron transfer and selectively induce Si–H activation during catalysis. After optimization, the silicon vinyl conversion rate in the hydrosilylation reaction exceeded 99% without using any traditional hydrogen atom transfer reagents. Mechanistic studies based on experimental data and theoretical calculations revealed that the reaction proceeds through a free radical reaction and is thermodynamically feasible. The proposed methodology efficiently affords linear polymer formation <em>via</em> a stepwise growth approach. Furthermore, it can crosslink commercial high-molecular-weight polyvinyl silicone oil with disiloxane, realizing the gelation of the material.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 155-162"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142826078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cariny Polesca, Helena Passos, Ana C. A. Sousa, Nguyen Minh Tue, João A. P. Coutinho, Tatsuya Kunisue and Mara G. Freire
{"title":"Sustainable pretreatment of blood samples using hydrophobic eutectic solvents to improve the detection of bisphenol A†","authors":"Cariny Polesca, Helena Passos, Ana C. A. Sousa, Nguyen Minh Tue, João A. P. Coutinho, Tatsuya Kunisue and Mara G. Freire","doi":"10.1039/D4GC03396E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4GC03396E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Bisphenols, and mostly bisphenol A (BPA), are widely used in many consumer products. Due to its toxicity, BPA presents a noteworthy risk to the environment and human health. Despite these concerns, monitoring BPA proves challenging, particularly in highly complex matrices such as blood, because extraction and clean-up require multiple steps, the use of volatile organic solvents, and associated high costs. To overcome these limitations, this work discloses a novel, one-step and sustainable pretreatment technique of blood samples using hydrophobic eutectic solvents (HES). Systems composed of different HES, including thymol : menthol, benzyl alcohol : cyclohexanol, and decanoic acid : trioctylphosphine oxide at various mole ratios, combined with potassium citrate buffer aqueous solutions at different volume ratios, were carefully evaluated as three-phase partitioning (TPP) systems. The high performance of the HES-based systems for the pretreatment of blood samples was confirmed with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, with a BPA recovery of (98 ± 3)% in the HES-rich phase, and with the interfering biological material precipitating at the liquid–liquid interphase. The green nature of the developed method was assessed using the Analytical GREENess Metric (AGREE) and the AGREE metrics of environmental impact of sample preparation (AGREEprep), scoring 0.59 and 0.63, respectively. The high pretreatment performance offered by HES-based TPP systems with respect to blood samples, combined with their greener credentials, paves the way for their application in a variety of biomonitoring studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 200-208"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142825767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sandra Kaabel, Inge Schlapp-Hackl, Eero Kontturi and Mauri A. Kostiainen
{"title":"Mechanoenzymatic hydrolysis of cotton to cellulose nanocrystals†","authors":"Sandra Kaabel, Inge Schlapp-Hackl, Eero Kontturi and Mauri A. Kostiainen","doi":"10.1039/D4GC05113K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4GC05113K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Solid-state mechanoenzymatic approaches for the production of cellulose nanocrystals from cotton were examined using three commercially available cellulase systems from <em>Trichoderma reesei</em>, <em>Aspergillus niger</em> and a Cellic CTec2 cellulase blend. A rapid and sharp drop in the degree of polymerization, together with the proportional increase in cellulose crystallinity and generation of nanoscale particles, indicates that cotton is extensively transformed to cellulose nanocrystals with just 15 minutes of ball milling of cotton in the presence of the cellulase enzymes. Subsequent aging of the solid reaction mixture at 55 °C did not significantly affect the degree of polymerization, but resulted in higher material losses due to the increased production of glucose. These results reveal that the endo-activity of the commercial cellulase preparations on cellulose is particularly efficient in solid reaction mixtures (solid loading 50 wt%), allowing for a rapid acid-free generation of cellulose nanocrystals with as low as 0.085 wt% enzyme loading.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 190-199"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/gc/d4gc05113k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142825766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Green chemistry startups: some lessons learned","authors":"Jason P. Hallett","doi":"10.1039/D3GC05187K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D3GC05187K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >There has been an explosive growth in environmentally driven startups in recent years. Much of this has included university spin-outs aiming to translate academic research into commercial practice. This activity dovetails with the principle aim of green chemistry research – improving the sustainability of the chemical and materials industries. However, academics are not always fully aware of the activities, needs, timelines and considerations of startup companies and how these differ from academic research. This can lead to a misunderstanding of whether, when or how to start a cleantech company and what to do once one is formed. Through a careful consideration of the founders, their motivations, the industry, scale and market forces behind an innovation, a business roadmap can be drawn which will help determine whether the technology is appropriate for deployment in the commercial sector. Considerations such as scale-up, cost, capital fundraising needs and teambuilding must all come together as part of the translation journey. Based on lessons learned through my group forming 9 cleantech startups since 2016, I have tried to blend facts, perspective and anecdotes to demonstrate how the green chemistry translation can help us achieve the ultimate goals of the field: sustainable chemical production and a fully decarbonized chemical industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 2","pages":" 403-412"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/gc/d3gc05187k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142870237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenyu Ding, Xinyu Tang, Sheng Jin, Zhao Li, Dongwei Xu, Xiaomin Kang and Zhiliang Liu
{"title":"High-efficiency green catalytic conversion for waste CS2 by non-noble metal cage-based MOFs: an access pathway to high-value thiazolidine-2-thione†","authors":"Wenyu Ding, Xinyu Tang, Sheng Jin, Zhao Li, Dongwei Xu, Xiaomin Kang and Zhiliang Liu","doi":"10.1039/D4GC04541F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4GC04541F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Green and effective disposal of carbon disulfide (CS<small><sub>2</sub></small>) waste into high-valued chemicals under mild conditions is meaningful yet challenging. Herein, a novel 3D cluster-based metal–organic framework (MOF) {(Me<small><sub>2</sub></small>NH<small><sub>2</sub></small>)<small><sub>2</sub></small>[Co<small><sub>3</sub></small>(μ<small><sub>3</sub></small>-O)(XN)(BDC)<small><sub>3</sub></small>]·4DMF·5MeOH}<small><sub><em>n</em></sub></small> (compound <strong>1</strong>) (XN = 4′-(4-pyridine)4,2′:2′,4′′-terpyridine, H<small><sub>2</sub></small>BDC = terephthalic acid) assembled by [Co<small><sub>15</sub></small>] and [Co<small><sub>18</sub></small>] nano-cages was harvested, presenting excellent stability. Catalytic characterization demonstrated that compound <strong>1</strong> can efficiently promote the cycloaddition reaction of CS<small><sub>2</sub></small> with aziridines to form sole high-valued thiazolidine-2-thione upon 30 °C and 0.1 MPa for 6 h, which matches well with the atom economy and the sustainable development intention. Noteworthily, compound <strong>1</strong> is the mildest and most efficient catalyst for CS<small><sub>2</sub></small> treatment and can be reused at least ten times without significant activity degradation; it also retains excellent catalytic capacity in both gram-scale reaction and simulated CS<small><sub>2</sub></small> waste liquid, which lays a solid foundation for its practical application. Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirm the synergistic effect of the nanocage characteristic and the Me<small><sub>2</sub></small>NH<small><sub>2</sub></small><small><sup>+</sup></small> cation, which can significantly reduce the reaction energy barrier in this CS<small><sub>2</sub></small>/aziridine coupling reaction system.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 218-226"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142825982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuta Sato, Momoko Nagafuchi, Masaharu Takatsuki, Tsuyoshi Matsuzaki, Takeyuki Suzuki, Makoto Sako and Mitsuhiro Arisawa
{"title":"Multitasking rhodium-catalyzed remote C(sp3)–H functionalization reactions of acyclic dienes to yield benzene-fused heterocycles†","authors":"Yuta Sato, Momoko Nagafuchi, Masaharu Takatsuki, Tsuyoshi Matsuzaki, Takeyuki Suzuki, Makoto Sako and Mitsuhiro Arisawa","doi":"10.1039/D4GC04927F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4GC04927F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Remote C(sp<small><sup>3</sup></small>)–H bond functionalization reactions are environmentally benign methods for not only acyclic molecules but also cyclic molecules. However, products in previous reports have been limited to aliphatic five-membered ring structures. Herein, we developed an unprecedented multitasking rhodium-catalyzed reaction that can synthesize benzene-fused heterocyclic compounds, 2,3-disubstituted dihydrobenzofurans, through a remote C(sp<small><sup>3</sup></small>)–H bond functionalization reaction (chain-walking/cycloisomerization/hydroboration reaction). This catalytic system promotes a twice-occurring chain-walking/functionalization set in one pot, thus allowing the synthesis of dihydrobenzofurans with various side chain lengths at the 2- and 3-positions.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 248-255"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142825988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}