Green Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Atom-efficient aldol condensation via magnetically recyclable nanoreactors: sol–gel imprinting enables template-switchable triple selectivity†","authors":"Ya Liu, Jinghai Yan, Yi Hao, Xuemeng Tian, Yue Wang, Xueyi Liu and Ruixia Gao","doi":"10.1039/D5GC02933C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5GC02933C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Substrate-selective catalysis is essential for sustainable synthesis, but has long been constrained by the inherent trade-off between precision and versatility in competitive environments. To address this challenge, we developed an eco-friendly magnetic nanoreactor that integrates layer-by-layer covalent active-site engineering with sol–gel imprinting to achieve adaptive molecular recognition. These molecularly imprinted nanoreactors (MMIPs), constructed using target products as templates, exhibit triple selectivity – positional (<em>para</em>/<em>meta</em>-isomer discrimination &gt;8-fold), electronic (nitro/cyano differentiation 2-fold) and spatial (isopropyl exclusion) – in aldol catalysis. The nanoreactors operate effectively in both single and mixed substrate systems, bypassing the need for energy-intensive purification. A key innovation is the template-switching strategy that enables substrate reorientation, expanding recognition scope without structural redesign. For instance, m-MMIP exhibits high selectivity (coefficient &gt;1.7) for the low-reactivity <em>m</em>-nitrobenzaldehyde, using its cyclohexanone adduct as a template. The platform minimizes environmental impact by enabling energy-efficient substrate-selective catalysis, reducing the <em>E</em>-factor by &gt;36%, while improving atom efficiency by &gt;1.6-fold. By synergizing molecular precision with scalable selectivity and covalent durability, this work establishes a programmable green catalysis paradigm for pharmaceutical and fine chemical synthesis, emphasizing waste reduction and resource optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 30","pages":" 9198-9210"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144716407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semi-overexpressed OsMYB86L2 specifically enhances cellulose biosynthesis to maximize bioethanol productivity by cascading lignocellulose depolymerization via integrated rapid-physical and recyclable-chemical processes†","authors":"Hailang Wang, Sufang Li, Leiming Wu, Weihua Zou, Mingliang Zhang, Youmei Wang, Zhengyi Lv, Peng Chen, Peng Liu, Yujing Yang, Liangcai Peng and Yanting Wang","doi":"10.1039/D5GC00658A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5GC00658A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Genetic engineering of plant cell walls has been implemented in bioenergy crops, but the tradeoff between biomass production and lignocellulose recalcitrance remains to be resolved. Although <em>OsMYB86L2</em> overexpression caused a defective phenotype in a homozygous <em>Ho86</em> mutant, this study found that its semi-overproduction could up-regulate cellulose biosynthesis and down-regulate non-cellulosic polymer assembly into cell walls in a heterozygous <em>He86</em> mutant, which not only generated a desirable substrate that consists of a high level of cellulose and low-recalcitrance lignocellulose but also resulted in the accumulation of a much higher level of fermentable sugars (a 1.6-fold increase) with a similar grain yield to the wild type. After incubation with a recyclable alkali (CO) or organic acid (oxalic acid) and a brief (1–2 min) microwave irradiation pretreatment, the <em>He86</em> mutant showed near-complete biomass saccharification from ultrasound-assistant enzymatic hydrolysis, leading to either a high yield of cellulosic ethanol (15–17% dry matter) or maximum total ethanol (25–26% dry matter) <em>via</em> engineered yeast fermentation. As these two optimal integrated pretreatments could largely co-extract the wall polymers to reduce cellulose polymerization and increase lignocellulose accessibility and porosity, accompanied by a distinct reduction in chemical inhibitor release, this study finally proposed a novel mechanism to elucidate how the modified lignocellulose can be completely digested and efficiently converted <em>via</em> integrated biomass processes, providing insights into precise lignocellulose modification and effective biomass engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 30","pages":" 9127-9143"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144716376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copper(i) anchored on a covalent triazine framework/ionic liquid as a recyclable catalytic system for cyclization of propargylic amines with CO2 under ambient conditions†","authors":"Yu Guan, Bin Wang, Yan-Ling Ying, Ping Li and Zhan-Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1039/D5GC02137E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5GC02137E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The conversion of carbon dioxide (CO<small>₂</small>) into high-value organic molecules as a C1 building block offers a promising strategy to mitigate escalating atmospheric CO<small>₂</small> accumulation. A key challenge in this field lies in developing efficient methodologies for synthesizing 2-oxazolidinones <em>via</em> propargylamine–CO<small>₂</small> coupling reactions under ambient conditions, using non-noble metal-based heterogeneous catalysts. To address this, we report a novel hybrid catalyst system: a Cu(<small>I</small>)-functionalized covalent triazine framework (CTF). This catalyst enables the carboxylative cyclization of propargylamines with CO<small>₂</small> to form 2-oxazolidinones at room temperature under atmospheric pressure in an ionic liquid, demonstrating exceptional catalytic performance. The CTF's nitrogen-rich porous architecture provides well-defined coordination environments for Cu(<small>I</small>) species, creating structurally robust active sites that ensure high catalytic efficiency and recyclability without significant activity loss. Notably, this work showcases the direct utilization of CO<small>₂</small> from automobile exhaust emissions, exemplifying a sustainable approach for chemical synthesis that leverages cost-effective, environmentally benign CO<small>₂</small> feedstocks.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 30","pages":" 9165-9177"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144716404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of hemicellulose and lignin on the effect of drying of cellulose and the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis†","authors":"Tian-Jie Ao, Jie Wu, Richard Chandra, Huai-Yu Zhang, Yu-Feng Yuan, Yi-Ping Luo, Dong Li, Chen-Guang Liu, Scott Renneckar and Jack Saddler","doi":"10.1039/D5GC02029H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5GC02029H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Transporting water contained in lignocellulosic biomass is both costly and impractical. Thus, the inevitable increase in the utilization of biomass derived products such as hygroscopic nanocellulose and dissolving pulp cellulose prior to downstream chemical/enzymatic processing will necessitate a greater understanding of the potential drying induced impacts on the reactivity/accessibility of cellulose. To assess the effects of hemicellulose and lignin on the drying behavior and enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, corn stover was subjected to steam pretreatment, bleaching, and LiBr·3H<small>₂</small>O treatment to produce model substrates rich in holocellulose, cellulose-lignin, pure cellulose and the original composition. The model substrates were freeze-dried, air-dried, and oven-dried, and were subjected to Simons’ staining (both wet and dried samples) and N<small>₂</small> adsorption analysis (dried samples) to assess cellulose accessibility and surface area. Drying-induced hornification reduced cellulose accessibility, with freeze-drying preserving the structure more effectively than oven or air drying. The presence of hemicellulose and lignin influenced drying-induced hornification by significantly increasing cellulose accessibility. Hemicellulose removal was as effective as lignin removal in enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis at low enzyme loading, but its presence played a key role in mitigating drying effects. Additionally, cellulose properties, such as the degree of polymerization, affected drying responses, as seen in the reduction of hydrolysis yield in endoglucanase-treated dissolving pulp.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 29","pages":" 8901-8913"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/gc/d5gc02029h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144671930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking enhanced reactivity of hexafluoroisopropanol: a sustainable atom economical approach to selective cascade di-π-functionalization of allenamides†","authors":"Yafia Kousin Mirza, Partha Sarathi Bera, R. Nandini, Dhrubajyoti Talukdar, Sachin Balaso Mohite, Manoj V. Mane and Milan Bera","doi":"10.1039/D5GC01273B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5GC01273B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) mediated di-π-activation of allenamides allows metal-free regioselective intermolecular interception of 4-hydroxycoumarin, establishing a general cascade C–C and C–O bond formation process for accessing novel pyranocoumarins. This method exhibits broad substrate scope, and the feasibility of late-stage functionalization underscores the practicality of this approach. Most significantly, this method is made more resilient and sustainable by a novel precipitation technique that eliminates the use of column chromatography for product isolation. This protocol would be an appropriate means to reach this fascinating chemical space, yet it remains limited to the regioselective 1,2- and 2,3-functionalization, arising from the difficulty associated with the selective functionalization of allenamides and the <em>in situ</em> generated enamide π-bond. The underlying mechanism was unveiled by a combination of control experiments, isotopic labelling experiments and computational investigations, which showcased the critical role of HFIP as a superior mediator for proton-transfer events as well as the pivotal role of the hydrogen bonding interaction with the substrates and intermediates.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 29","pages":" 8972-8979"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144671956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-step hybrid photo-thermochemical looping process, using metallic clusters on metal oxide carriers, for very efficient green hydrogen production†","authors":"Anh Dung Nguyen, David Buceta, Qingqing Wu, Moteb Alotaibi, Julian T. Müller, Iria R. Arias, Albert Gili, Maged F. Bekheet, Martin Dieste, Nerea Davila-Ferreira, Fatimah Alhawiti, Colin Lambert, M. Arturo López-Quintela and Reinhard Schomäcker","doi":"10.1039/D5GC01425E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5GC01425E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this work, we demonstrate a sustainable method for producing high-purity hydrogen through a two-step water-splitting process that leverages reducible oxides to store and release oxygen independently of hydrogen. Unlike conventional solar thermochemical (STCH) water-splitting techniques, which require extremely high temperatures exceeding 1000 °C, our approach operates at significantly lower temperatures—below ≈600 °C—thanks to a sunlight-driven photocatalyst composed of silver metal clusters (Ag<small>₅</small>) supported on ceria and Ce–Zr oxygen storage materials. This lower-temperature operation not only reduces the demand for high-performance materials for the design of the process but also enhances safety, simplifies system design, and improves the long-term stability of both materials and equipment. Overall, this green technology offers an energy-efficient and environmentally responsible pathway for clean hydrogen production. Density-functional-theory calculations show that Ag<small>₅</small> clusters (1) enhance the photo-absorption, especially in the visible range, by increasing the gap states of the CeO<small>₂</small> surface, and decrease the oxygen vacancy formation energy (<em>E</em><small>_{V<small>_O</small>}</small>) in certain positions around the clusters dramatically, and (2) create active sites in the Ag-CeO<small>₂</small> interface possessing lower reaction energy and activation barrier for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Guided by these studies, we demonstrate a cleaner and more energy-efficient hydrogen production process, achieving an average output of ≈55 mL per cycle (≈435 μmol g<small>⁻¹</small> h<small>⁻¹</small>). This corresponds to an oxygen vacancy parameter <em>δ</em> ≈ 0.26 per cycle—about 51% of the theoretical maximum—significantly surpassing the performance of traditional high-temperature STCH methods. Notably, our process reaches a solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency of ≈9.7%, placing it at the upper end of the typical STCH range (1–10%) while operating at much lower, intermediate temperatures. These results highlight the strong potential of this greener approach to hydrogen production, offering high efficiency due to the utilization of a broader wavelength range of the solar light and a smaller environmental footprint. Additionally, the use of methane in the reduction cycle promotes the formation of oxygen vacancies, while selectively generating carbon monoxide. The two-step concept has the potential to convert biomethane into a higher-value syngas product, with the added benefit of producing extra hydrogen. This allows for the adjustment of the CO/H<small>₂</small> ratio, enabling subsequent Fischer–Tropsch processing for liquid fuel production.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 29","pages":" 8921-8935"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/gc/d5gc01425e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144671932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caffeine-catalyzed synthesis of photopolymers for digital light processing†","authors":"Warrick Ma, Anthony R. D'Amato and Yadong Wang","doi":"10.1039/D5GC00177C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5GC00177C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >We report an elastic, degradable, and sustainable thiol–norbornene photopolymer for digital light processing. Caffeine, benign and bio-derived, catalyzes the in-tandem ring-opening reaction of <em>cis</em>-5-norbornene-<em>endo</em>-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride and propylene oxide by alcohol-terminated polycaprolactone and produces the polymer at a 90 g scale. The synthesis tolerates moisture and adheres to green chemistry principles. The product doesn't require purification; mixing it directly with thiol cross-linkers and photo-additives affords the thiol–norbornene photopolymer. Digital light processing converts the photopolymer into high-fidelity prints with excellent elastic recovery. Printed objects include a 3D aortic arch and branched carotid artery rendered from anonymized patient CT scans and microfluidic devices with patent 3D corkscrew channels. Caffeine-catalysis affords various percentages of alcohol chain end that control the photopolymer's degradation rate. The material demonstrates good biocompatibility <em>in vitro</em> and in a subcutaneous implantation model. The elasticity, biocompatibility, affordability, sustainability, and versatility of this new photopolymer platform will open up new opportunities for sustainable 3D printing materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 27","pages":" 8319-8332"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/gc/d5gc00177c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144566808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective and efficient cleavage of Cα–Cβ bonds in lignin models and native lignin using an S-scheme CeO2/g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalyst†","authors":"Yin Ai, Yuzhen Zhao, Xiaoqin Huang, Xutang Liu, Siqi Kuang, Haichang Ding, Yuling Zeng, Hongliang Liu and Gang Liu","doi":"10.1039/D5GC02601F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5GC02601F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The selective photocatalytic breaking of C<small>_α</small>–C<small>_β</small> bonds holds significant promise in converting lignin biomass into value-added aromatic chemicals. However, achieving high efficiency under environmentally benign conditions remains challenging owing to the high bond-dissociation energy involved and the harsh depolymerization requirements. Herein, an S-scheme CeO<small>₂</small>/g-C<small>₃</small>N<small>₄</small> heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully constructed for the efficient cleavage of the crucial C<small>_α</small>–C<small>_β</small> bond in natural lignin and its β-O-4 model compounds under visible light irradiation and ambient conditions. The fabrication of the S-scheme heterojunction between CeO<small>₂</small> nanoparticles and g-C<small>₃</small>N<small>₄</small> nanosheets not only broadened the optical absorption range but also promoted the redox capacities and charge transport efficiency of the two semi-components, collectively contributing to the observed superior photocatalytic performance. Remarkably, the photocatalytic system achieved nearly quantitative conversion (100%) of 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanol (PP-ol) with C<small>_α</small>–C<small>_β</small> bond cleavage selectivity of 96.7%. Meanwhile, the versatility of this photocatalyst was further demonstrated through the efficient conversion of various β-O-4 models and natural lignin. Mechanistic studies confirmed that photogenerated holes and superoxide radicals played pivotal roles in the photocatalytic C<small>_α</small>–C<small>_β</small> bond cleavage process. This work presents a perspective for efficiently valorizing lignin into valuable aromatic compounds using green energy.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 29","pages":" 8936-8949"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144671933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ capture and value-added utilization of CO2 from flue gas using an ionic liquid polymer supported Zn catalyst†","authors":"Hongyan Ni, Kang Zhao, Shujuan Liu, Xingchao Dai, Ce Liu, Xionghou Gao, Junyi Zhang, Honghai Liu, Kuo-Wei Huang, Xinjiang Cui and Feng Shi","doi":"10.1039/D5GC02324F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5GC02324F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this work, a porous organic polymer supported Zn catalyst (Zn@PIP-1) complexed with an ionic liquid (IL), zinc halide (ZnX<small>₂</small>), and vinyl-functionalized triphenylphosphine (<em>p</em>-3vPPh<small>₃</small>) has been synthesized by a one-pot method and used for the capture and conversion of waste carbon dioxide (CO<small>₂</small> 19.4%) from flue gases of complex composition into valuable cyclic carbonates. Combined structure characterization studies of Zn@PIP-1 revealed successful integration of multiple sites and excellent structural stability, conferring high activity and stability under mild, additive-free conditions. The catalyst showed good group tolerance and a series of carbonates with different structures were successfully obtained in high yields. In addition, the catalyst was recyclable and could be successively used 5 times without obvious activity loss. We systematically evaluated the catalyst's robustness through rigorous poisoning resistance assessments against major flue gas contaminants. The experimental data revealed exceptional tolerance thresholds: (1) sustained catalytic efficiency (99% yield retention) under extreme oxidative conditions (O<small>₂</small>, 53 333 ppm), (2) unimpaired performance at CO concentrations exceeding 33 333 ppm, and (3) 99% product yield maintained in the presence of 51 233 ppm H<small>₂</small>O. This work provides some insights into the design of stable polymer catalysts for efficient CO<small>₂</small> transformation.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 29","pages":" 8867-8874"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144671927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amine-functionalized lignin hydrogels for high-performance N-type ionic thermoelectric materials†","authors":"Nazish Jabeen, Clara M. Gómez, Rafael Muñoz-Espí, Andrés Cantarero, Maurice N. Collins and Mario Culebras","doi":"10.1039/D4GC06542E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4GC06542E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Over the past decade, the escalating global energy crisis has necessitated innovative solutions for sustainable development. This study explores a novel approach to address this challenge by harnessing abundant and ubiquitous low-grade thermal energy for electricity generation. Here, we report an efficient method utilizing lignin, a byproduct of the paper and pulp industry, to develop high-performance ionic thermoelectric (i-TE) materials. This research demonstrates the transformation of lignin-based hydrogels from p-type to n-type materials through a green synthesis approach involving cross-linking and amine functionalization. The optimized functionalized lignin-based hydrogel when infiltrated with a 1 M KCl electrolyte, exhibits a negative ionic thermopower (−7.48 mV K<small>⁻¹</small>) and high ionic conductivity (39.9 mS cm<small>⁻¹</small>). These properties result in an exceptional power factor (223.52 μW m<small>⁻¹</small> K<small>⁻²</small>) and a figure of merit (<em>iZT</em>) of (0.145), surpassing many existing state-of-the-art materials in sustainable n-type ionic thermoelectric performance. Our findings highlight the potential of functionalized hydrogels (n-type material) for low-grade waste energy harvesting. This work advances the performance of n-type i-TE materials and opens avenues for further practical applications in n–p type connected devices. These novel materials offer a promising pathway for self-powered flexible wearable electronics, marking a significant step towards sustainable energy solutions and energy storage devices for efficient utilization of low-grade thermal energy.</p>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":" 27","pages":" 8283-8299"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/gc/d4gc06542e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144566783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}