The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review最新文献

{"title":"Growth of cosmic structure","authors":"Dragan Huterer","doi":"10.1007/s00159-023-00147-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00159-023-00147-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We review one of the most fruitful areas in cosmology today that bridge theory and data—the temporal growth of large-scale structure. We go over the growth’s physical foundations, and derive its behavior in simple cosmological models. While doing so, we explain how measurements of growth can be used to understand theory. We then review how some of the most mature cosmological probes—galaxy clustering, gravitational lensing, the abundance of clusters of galaxies, cosmic velocities, and cosmic microwave background—can be used to probe the growth of structure. We report the current constraints on growth, which are summarized as measurements of the parameter combination <span>(fsigma _8)</span> as a function of redshift, or else as the mass fluctuation amplitude parameter <span>(S_8)</span>. We finally illustrate several statistical approaches, ranging from the “growth index” parameterization to more general comparisons of growth and geometry, that can sharply test the standard cosmological model and indicate the presence of modifications to general relativity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00159-023-00147-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4021412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin of the elements","authors":"Almudena Arcones,&nbsp;Friedrich-Karl Thielemann","doi":"10.1007/s00159-022-00146-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00159-022-00146-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>What is the origin of the oxygen we breathe, the hydrogen and oxygen (in form of water H₂O) in rivers and oceans, the carbon in all organic compounds, the silicon in electronic hardware, the calcium in our bones, the iron in steel, silver and gold in jewels, the rare earths utilized, e.g. in magnets or lasers, lead or lithium in batteries, and also of naturally occurring uranium and plutonium? The answer lies in the skies. Astrophysical environments from the Big Bang to stars and stellar explosions are the cauldrons where all these elements are made. The papers by Burbidge (Rev Mod Phys 29:547–650, 1957) and Cameron (Publ Astron Soc Pac 69:201, 1957), as well as precursors by Bethe, von Weizsäcker, Hoyle, Gamow, and Suess and Urey provided a very basic understanding of the nucleosynthesis processes responsible for their production, combined with nuclear physics input and required environment conditions such as temperature, density and the overall neutron/proton ratio in seed material. Since then a steady stream of nuclear experiments and nuclear structure theory, astrophysical models of the early universe as well as stars and stellar explosions in single and binary stellar systems has led to a deeper understanding. This involved improvements in stellar models, the composition of stellar wind ejecta, the mechanism of core-collapse supernovae as final fate of massive stars, and the transition (as a function of initial stellar mass) from core-collapse supernovae to hypernovae and long duration gamma-ray bursts (accompanied by the formation of a black hole) in case of single star progenitors. Binary stellar systems give rise to nova explosions, X-ray bursts, type Ia supernovae, neutron star, and neutron star–black hole mergers. All of these events (possibly with the exception of X-ray bursts) eject material with an abundance composition unique to the specific event and lead over time to the evolution of elemental (and isotopic) abundances in the galactic gas and their imprint on the next generation of stars. In the present review, we want to give a modern overview of the nucleosynthesis processes involved, their astrophysical sites, and their impact on the evolution of galaxies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00159-022-00146-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4531661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast radio bursts at the dawn of the 2020s","authors":"E. Petroff,&nbsp;J. W. T. Hessels,&nbsp;D. R. Lorimer","doi":"10.1007/s00159-022-00139-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00159-022-00139-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Since the discovery of the first fast radio burst (FRB) in 2007, and their confirmation as an abundant extragalactic population in 2013, the study of these sources has expanded at an incredible rate. In our 2019 review on the subject, we presented a growing, but still mysterious, population of FRBs—60 unique sources, 2 repeating FRBs, and only 1 identified host galaxy. However, in only a few short years, new observations and discoveries have given us a wealth of information about these sources. The total FRB population now stands at over 600 published sources, 24 repeaters, and 19 host galaxies. Higher time resolution data, sustained monitoring, and precision localisations have given us insight into repeaters, host galaxies, burst morphology, source activity, progenitor models, and the use of FRBs as cosmological probes. The recent detection of a bright FRB-like burst from the Galactic magnetar SGR 1935 + 2154 provides an important link between FRBs and magnetars. There also continue to be surprising discoveries, like periodic modulation of activity from repeaters and the localisation of one FRB source to a relatively nearby globular cluster associated with the M81 galaxy. In this review, we summarise the exciting observational results from the past few years. We also highlight their impact on our understanding of the FRB population and proposed progenitor models. We build on the introduction to FRBs in our earlier review, update our readers on recent results, and discuss interesting avenues for exploration as the field enters a new regime where hundreds to thousands of new FRBs will be discovered and reported each year.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00159-022-00139-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5127726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The growing threat of light pollution to ground-based observatories","authors":"Richard F. Green,&nbsp;Christian B. Luginbuhl,&nbsp;Richard J. Wainscoat,&nbsp;Dan Duriscoe","doi":"10.1007/s00159-021-00138-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00159-021-00138-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human activity is rapidly increasing the negative impact of artificial skyglow at even the most remote professional observatory sites. Assessment of the actual impact requires an understanding of the propagation as a function of source spectral energy distribution. The higher blue content of light-emitting diodes being widely used as replacement for sodium discharge lamps has greater impact closer to the source, and less impact for more distant mountain-top sites. All-sky cameras with moderate angular resolution provide data and metrics sufficient to model and remove celestial contributions and provide measures of artificial light contribution. The natural skyglow is significantly affected by solar activity, which must be accounted for in determining secular trends in the artificial component. With the availability of the New World Atlas of the Artificial Sky Brightness, a direct comparison is made of the modeled artificial contribution to the sites with the largest aperture telescopes, noting the possible systematic errors in individual cases. Population growth of the nearest urban centers allows a prediction of the change in that brightness over a decade. All site protections are effected primarily by national or regional regulation. A collection of worldwide regulations shows that most are leveraged off environmental protection statutes, while in the U.S., they are largely based on land-use zones. Particular examples are presented in more detail for Flagstaff, Arizona, and the Island of Hawai’i. The latest rapidly growing threat is that of reflected sunlight from large constellations of satellites in low-earth orbit. A snapshot is provided of that rapidly changing situation. In all cases, astronomers must become very proactive in educating the public about the cultural value of visual or naked eye astronomy as well as the science and the need for access to a dark night sky for astronomical research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00159-021-00138-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5042255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weighing stars from birth to death: mass determination methods across the HRD","authors":"Aldo Serenelli,&nbsp;Achim Weiss,&nbsp;Conny Aerts,&nbsp;George C. Angelou,&nbsp;David Baroch,&nbsp;Nate Bastian,&nbsp;Paul G. Beck,&nbsp;Maria Bergemann,&nbsp;Joachim M. Bestenlehner,&nbsp;Ian Czekala,&nbsp;Nancy Elias-Rosa,&nbsp;Ana Escorza,&nbsp;Vincent Van Eylen,&nbsp;Diane K. Feuillet,&nbsp;Davide Gandolfi,&nbsp;Mark Gieles,&nbsp;Léo Girardi,&nbsp;Yveline Lebreton,&nbsp;Nicolas Lodieu,&nbsp;Marie Martig,&nbsp;Marcelo M. Miller Bertolami,&nbsp;Joey S. G. Mombarg,&nbsp;Juan Carlos Morales,&nbsp;Andrés Moya,&nbsp;Benard Nsamba,&nbsp;Krešimir Pavlovski,&nbsp;May G. Pedersen,&nbsp;Ignasi Ribas,&nbsp;Fabian R. N. Schneider,&nbsp;Victor Silva Aguirre,&nbsp;Keivan G. Stassun,&nbsp;Eline Tolstoy,&nbsp;Pier-Emmanuel Tremblay,&nbsp;Konstanze Zwintz","doi":"10.1007/s00159-021-00132-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-021-00132-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The mass of a star is the most fundamental parameter for its structure, evolution, and final fate. It is particularly important for any kind of stellar archaeology and characterization of exoplanets. There exist a variety of methods in astronomy to estimate or determine it. In this review we present a significant number of such methods, beginning with the most direct and model-independent approach using detached eclipsing binaries. We then move to more indirect and model-dependent methods, such as the quite commonly used isochrone or stellar track fitting. The arrival of quantitative asteroseismology has opened a completely new approach to determine stellar masses and to complement and improve the accuracy of other methods. We include methods for different evolutionary stages, from the pre-main sequence to evolved (super)giants and final remnants. For all methods uncertainties and restrictions will be discussed. We provide lists of altogether more than 200 benchmark stars with relative mass accuracies between <span>([0.3,2]%)</span> for the covered mass range of <span>(Min [0.1,16],M_odot)</span>, <span>(75%)</span> of which are stars burning hydrogen in their core and the other <span>(25%)</span> covering all other evolved stages. We close with a recommendation how to combine various methods to arrive at a “mass-ladder” for stars.</p>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00159-021-00132-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5015899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compact steep-spectrum and peaked-spectrum radio sources","authors":"Christopher P. O’Dea,&nbsp;D. J. Saikia","doi":"10.1007/s00159-021-00131-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-021-00131-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Compact steep-spectrum (CSS) and peaked-spectrum (PS) radio sources are compact, powerful radio sources. The multi-frequency observational properties and current theories are reviewed with emphasis on developments since the earlier review of O’Dea (PASP 110:493–532, https://doi.org/10.1086/316162, 1998). There are three main hypotheses for the nature of PS and CSS sources. (1) The PS sources might be very young radio galaxies which will evolve into CSS sources on their way to becoming large radio galaxies. (2) The PS and CSS sources might be compact, because they are confined (and enhanced in radio power) by interaction with dense gas in their environments. (3) Alternately, the PS sources might be transient or intermittent sources. Each of these hypotheses may apply to individual objects. The relative number in each population will have significant implications for the radio galaxy paradigm. Proper motion studies over long time baselines have helped determine hotspot speeds for over three dozen sources and establish that these are young objects. Multi-frequency polarization observations have demonstrated that many CSS/PS sources are embedded in a dense interstellar medium and vigorously interacting with it. The detection of emission line gas aligned with the radio source, and blue-shifted H<span>i</span> absorption, and [OIII] emission lines indicates that AGN feedback is present in these objects—possibly driven by the radio source. Also, CSS/PS sources with evidence of episodic AGN over a large range of time-scales have been discussed. The review closes with a discussion of open questions and prospects for the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00159-021-00131-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5162632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Star formation and nuclear activity in luminous infrared galaxies: an infrared through radio review","authors":"Miguel Pérez-Torres,&nbsp;Seppo Mattila,&nbsp;Almudena Alonso-Herrero,&nbsp;Susanne Aalto,&nbsp;Andreas Efstathiou","doi":"10.1007/s00159-020-00128-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-020-00128-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nearby galaxies offer unique laboratories allowing multi-wavelength spatially resolved studies of the interstellar medium, star formation and nuclear activity across a broad range of physical conditions. In particular, detailed studies of individual local luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) are crucial for gaining a better understanding of these processes and for developing and testing models that are used to explain statistical studies of large populations of such galaxies at high redshift for which it is currently impossible to reach a sufficient physical resolution. Here, we provide an overview of the impact of spatially resolved infrared, sub-millimetre and radio observations in the study of the interstellar medium, star formation and active galactic nuclei as well as their interplay in local LIRGs. We also present an overview of the modelling of their spectral energy distributions using state-of-the-art radiative transfer codes. These contribute necessary and powerful ‘workhorse’ tools for the study of LIRGs (and their more luminous counterparts) at higher redshifts which are unresolved in observations. We describe how spatially-resolved time-domain observations have recently opened a new window to study the nuclear activity in LIRGs. We describe in detail the observational characteristics of Arp 299 which is one of the best studied local LIRGs and exemplifies the power of the combination of time-domain and high-resolution observations at infrared to radio wavelengths together with radiative transfer modelling used to explain the spectral energy distributions of its different components. We summarise the previous achievements obtained using high-spatial resolution observations and provide an outlook into what we can expect to achieve with future facilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00159-020-00128-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4533819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic fields of M dwarfs","authors":"Oleg Kochukhov","doi":"10.1007/s00159-020-00130-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-020-00130-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Magnetic fields play a fundamental role for interior and atmospheric properties of M dwarfs and greatly influence terrestrial planets orbiting in the habitable zones of these low-mass stars. Determination of the strength and topology of magnetic fields, both on stellar surfaces and throughout the extended stellar magnetospheres, is a key ingredient for advancing stellar and planetary science. Here, modern methods of magnetic field measurements applied to M-dwarf stars are reviewed, with an emphasis on direct diagnostics based on interpretation of the Zeeman effect signatures in high-resolution intensity and polarisation spectra. Results of the mean field strength measurements derived from Zeeman broadening analyses as well as information on the global magnetic geometries inferred by applying tomographic mapping methods to spectropolarimetric observations are summarised and critically evaluated. The emerging understanding of the complex, multi-scale nature of M-dwarf magnetic fields is discussed in the context of theoretical models of hydromagnetic dynamos and stellar interior structure altered by magnetic fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00159-020-00130-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4486296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cluster–galaxy weak lensing","authors":"Keiichi Umetsu","doi":"10.1007/s00159-020-00129-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-020-00129-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Weak gravitational lensing of background galaxies provides a direct probe of the projected matter distribution in and around galaxy clusters. Here, we present a self-contained pedagogical review of cluster–galaxy weak lensing, covering a range of topics relevant to its cosmological and astrophysical applications. We begin by reviewing the theoretical foundations of gravitational lensing from first principles, with a special attention to the basics and advanced techniques of weak gravitational lensing. We summarize and discuss key findings from recent cluster–galaxy weak-lensing studies on both observational and theoretical grounds, with a focus on cluster mass profiles, the concentration–mass relation, the splashback radius, and implications from extensive mass-calibration efforts for cluster cosmology.</p>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00159-020-00129-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4658705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precise radio astrometry and new developments for the next generation of instruments","authors":"María J. Rioja,&nbsp;Richard Dodson","doi":"10.1007/s00159-020-00126-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-020-00126-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present a technique-led review of the progression of precise radio astrometry, from the first demonstrations, half a century ago, until to date and into the future. We cover the developments that have been fundamental to allow high accuracy and precision astrometry to be regularly achieved. We review the opportunities provided by the next generation of instruments coming online, which are primarily: SKA, ngVLA, and pathfinders, along with EHT and other (sub)mm-wavelength arrays, Space-VLBI, Geodetic arrays, and optical astrometry from GAIA. From the historical development, we predict the future potential astrometric performance, and, therefore, the instrumental requirements that must be provided to deliver these. The next generation of methods will allow ultra-precise astrometry to be performed at a much wider range of frequencies (hundreds of MHz to hundreds of GHz). One of the key potentials is that astrometry will become generally applicable, and, therefore, unbiased large surveys can be performed. The next-generation methods are fundamental in allowing this. We review the small but growing number of major astrometric surveys in the radio, to highlight the scientific impact that such projects can provide. Based on these perspectives, the future of radio astrometry is bright. We foresee a revolution coming from: ultra-high-precision radio astrometry, large surveys of many objects, improved sky coverage, and at new frequency bands other than those available today. These will enable the addressing of a host of innovative open scientific questions in astrophysics.</p>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00159-020-00126-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5131004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}