The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review最新文献

{"title":"The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way","authors":"Kartick C. Sarkar","doi":"10.1007/s00159-024-00152-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00159-024-00152-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Galactic outflows are ubiquitous in galaxies containing active star formation or supermassive black hole activity. The presence of a large-scale outflow from the center of our own Galaxy was confirmed after the discovery of two large (~ 8–10 kpc) <span>(gamma )</span>-ray bubbles using the Fermi-LAT telescope. These bubbles, known as the Fermi Bubbles, are highly symmetric about the Galactic disk as well as around the Galactic rotation axis and appear to emanate from the center of our Galaxy. The sharp edges of these bubbles suggest that they are related to the Galactic outflow. These bubbles are surrounded by two even bigger (~ 12–14 kpc) X-ray structures, known as the eROSITA bubbles. Together, they represent the characteristics of an outflow from the Galaxy into the circumgalactic medium. Multi-wavelength observations such as in radio, microwave, and UV toward the Fermi Bubbles have provided us with much information in the last decade. However, the origin and the nature of these bubbles remain elusive. In this review, I summarize the observations related to the Fermi/eROSITA Bubbles at different scales and wavelengths, and give a brief overview of our current understanding of them.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140329140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics and clouds in planetary atmospheres from telescopic observations","authors":"Agustín Sánchez-Lavega,&nbsp;Patrick Irwin,&nbsp;Antonio García Muñoz","doi":"10.1007/s00159-023-00150-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00159-023-00150-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review presents an insight into our current knowledge of the atmospheres of the planets Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, the satellite Titan, and those of exoplanets. It deals with the thermal structure, aerosol properties (hazes and clouds, dust in the case of Mars), chemical composition, global winds, and selected dynamical phenomena in these objects. Our understanding of atmospheres is greatly benefitting from the discovery in the last 3 decades of thousands of exoplanets. The exoplanet properties span a broad range of conditions, and it is fair to expect as much variety for their atmospheres. This complexity is driving unprecedented investigations of the atmospheres, where those of the solar systems bodies are the obvious reference. We are witnessing a significant transfer of knowledge in both directions between the investigations dedicated to Solar System and exoplanet atmospheres, and there are reasons to think that this exchange will intensity in the future. We identify and select a list of research subjects that can be conducted at optical and infrared wavelengths with future and currently available ground-based and space-based telescopes, but excluding those from the space missions to solar system bodies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00159-023-00150-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138544824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cosmic ray feedback in galaxies and galaxy clusters","authors":"Mateusz Ruszkowski,&nbsp;Christoph Pfrommer","doi":"10.1007/s00159-023-00149-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00159-023-00149-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding the physical mechanisms that control galaxy formation is a fundamental challenge in contemporary astrophysics. Recent advances in the field of astrophysical feedback strongly suggest that cosmic rays (CRs) may be crucially important for our understanding of cosmological galaxy formation and evolution. The appealing features of CRs are their relatively long cooling times and relatively strong dynamical coupling to the gas. In galaxies, CRs can be close to equipartition with the thermal, magnetic, and turbulent energy density in the interstellar medium, and can be dynamically very important in driving large-scale galactic winds. Similarly, CRs may provide a significant contribution to the pressure in the circumgalactic medium. In galaxy clusters, CRs may play a key role in addressing the classic cooling flow problem by facilitating efficient heating of the intracluster medium and preventing excessive star formation. Overall, the underlying physics of CR interactions with plasmas exhibit broad parallels across the entire range of scales characteristic of the interstellar, circumgalactic, and intracluster media. Here we present a review of the state-of-the-art of this field and provide a pedagogical introduction to cosmic ray plasma physics, including the physics of wave–particle interactions, acceleration processes, CR spatial and spectral transport, and important cooling processes. The field is ripe for discovery and will remain the subject of intense theoretical, computational, and observational research over the next decade with profound implications for the interpretation of the observations of stellar and supermassive black hole feedback spanning the entire width of the electromagnetic spectrum and multi-messenger data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00159-023-00149-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138485495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The nature of compact radio sources: the case of FR 0 radio galaxies","authors":"Ranieri D. Baldi","doi":"10.1007/s00159-023-00148-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00159-023-00148-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Radio-loud compact radio sources (CRSs) are characterised by morphological <i>compactness</i> of the jet structure centred on the active nucleus of the galaxy. Most of the local elliptical galaxies are found to host a CRS with nuclear luminosities lower than those of typical quasars, <span>(lesssim 10^{42}, text{erg}, text{s}^{-1})</span>. Recently, low-luminosity CRSs with a LINER-like optical spectrum have been named Fanaroff–Riley (FR) type 0 to highlight their lack of substantially extended radio emission at kpc scales, in contrast with the other Fanaroff–Riley classes, full-fledged FR Is and FR II radio galaxies. FR 0s are the most abundant class of radio galaxies in the local Universe, and characterised by a higher core dominance, poorer Mpc-scale environment and smaller (sub-kpc scale, if resolved) jets than FR Is. However, FR 0s share similar host and nuclear properties with FR Is. A different accretion–ejection paradigm from that in place in FR Is is invoked to account for the parsec-scale FR 0 jets. This review revises the state-of-the-art knowledge about FR 0s, their nature, and which open issues the next generation of radio telescopes can solve in this context.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00159-023-00148-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45179073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth of cosmic structure","authors":"Dragan Huterer","doi":"10.1007/s00159-023-00147-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00159-023-00147-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We review one of the most fruitful areas in cosmology today that bridge theory and data—the temporal growth of large-scale structure. We go over the growth’s physical foundations, and derive its behavior in simple cosmological models. While doing so, we explain how measurements of growth can be used to understand theory. We then review how some of the most mature cosmological probes—galaxy clustering, gravitational lensing, the abundance of clusters of galaxies, cosmic velocities, and cosmic microwave background—can be used to probe the growth of structure. We report the current constraints on growth, which are summarized as measurements of the parameter combination <span>(fsigma _8)</span> as a function of redshift, or else as the mass fluctuation amplitude parameter <span>(S_8)</span>. We finally illustrate several statistical approaches, ranging from the “growth index” parameterization to more general comparisons of growth and geometry, that can sharply test the standard cosmological model and indicate the presence of modifications to general relativity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00159-023-00147-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4021412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin of the elements","authors":"Almudena Arcones,&nbsp;Friedrich-Karl Thielemann","doi":"10.1007/s00159-022-00146-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00159-022-00146-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>What is the origin of the oxygen we breathe, the hydrogen and oxygen (in form of water H₂O) in rivers and oceans, the carbon in all organic compounds, the silicon in electronic hardware, the calcium in our bones, the iron in steel, silver and gold in jewels, the rare earths utilized, e.g. in magnets or lasers, lead or lithium in batteries, and also of naturally occurring uranium and plutonium? The answer lies in the skies. Astrophysical environments from the Big Bang to stars and stellar explosions are the cauldrons where all these elements are made. The papers by Burbidge (Rev Mod Phys 29:547–650, 1957) and Cameron (Publ Astron Soc Pac 69:201, 1957), as well as precursors by Bethe, von Weizsäcker, Hoyle, Gamow, and Suess and Urey provided a very basic understanding of the nucleosynthesis processes responsible for their production, combined with nuclear physics input and required environment conditions such as temperature, density and the overall neutron/proton ratio in seed material. Since then a steady stream of nuclear experiments and nuclear structure theory, astrophysical models of the early universe as well as stars and stellar explosions in single and binary stellar systems has led to a deeper understanding. This involved improvements in stellar models, the composition of stellar wind ejecta, the mechanism of core-collapse supernovae as final fate of massive stars, and the transition (as a function of initial stellar mass) from core-collapse supernovae to hypernovae and long duration gamma-ray bursts (accompanied by the formation of a black hole) in case of single star progenitors. Binary stellar systems give rise to nova explosions, X-ray bursts, type Ia supernovae, neutron star, and neutron star–black hole mergers. All of these events (possibly with the exception of X-ray bursts) eject material with an abundance composition unique to the specific event and lead over time to the evolution of elemental (and isotopic) abundances in the galactic gas and their imprint on the next generation of stars. In the present review, we want to give a modern overview of the nucleosynthesis processes involved, their astrophysical sites, and their impact on the evolution of galaxies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00159-022-00146-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4531661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strong lensing time-delay cosmography in the 2020s","authors":"Tommaso Treu,&nbsp;Sherry H. Suyu,&nbsp;Philip J. Marshall","doi":"10.1007/s00159-022-00145-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00159-022-00145-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Multiply imaged time-variable sources can be used to measure absolute distances as a function of redshifts and thus determine cosmological parameters, chiefly the Hubble Constant H<span>(_0)</span>. In the two decades up to 2020, through a number of observational and conceptual breakthroughs, this so-called time-delay cosmography has reached a precision sufficient to be an important independent voice in the current “Hubble tension” debate between early- and late-universe determinations of H<span>(_0)</span>. The 2020s promise to deliver major advances in time-delay cosmography, owing to the large number of lenses to be discovered by new and upcoming surveys and the vastly improved capabilities for follow-up and analysis. In this review, after a brief summary of the foundations of the method and recent advances, we outline the opportunities for the decade and the challenges that will need to be overcome in order to meet the goal of the determination of H<span>(_0)</span> from time-delay cosmography with 1% precision and accuracy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00159-022-00145-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"109646282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evolution of CNO elements in galaxies","authors":"Donatella Romano","doi":"10.1007/s00159-022-00144-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00159-022-00144-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>After hydrogen and helium, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen—hereinafter, the CNO elements—are the most abundant species in the universe. They are observed in all kinds of astrophysical environments, from the smallest to the largest scales, and are at the basis of all known forms of life, hence, the constituents of any biomarker. As such, their study proves crucial in several areas of contemporary astrophysics, extending to astrobiology. In this review, I will summarize current knowledge about CNO element evolution in galaxies, starting from our home, the Milky Way. After a brief recap of CNO synthesis in stars, I will present the comparison between chemical evolution model predictions and observations of CNO isotopic abundances and abundance ratios in stars and in the gaseous matter. Such a comparison permits to constrain the modes and time scales of the assembly of galaxies and their stellar populations, as well as stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis theories. I will stress that chemical evolution models must be carefully calibrated against the wealth of abundance data available for the Milky Way before they can be applied to the interpretation of observational datasets for other systems. In this vein, I will also discuss the usefulness of some key CNO isotopic ratios as probes of the prevailing, galaxy-wide stellar initial mass function in galaxies where more direct estimates from the starlight are unfeasible.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00159-022-00144-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44659447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hosts and environments: a (large-scale) radio history of AGN and star-forming galaxies","authors":"Manuela Magliocchetti","doi":"10.1007/s00159-022-00142-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00159-022-00142-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Despite their relative sparseness, during the recent years it has become more and more clear that extragalactic radio sources (both AGN and star-forming galaxies) constitute an extremely interesting mix of populations, not only because of their intrinsic value, but also for their fundamental role in shaping our universe the way we see it today. Indeed, radio-active AGN are now thought to be the main players involved in the evolution of massive galaxies and clusters. At the same time, thanks to the possibility of being observed up to very high redshifts, radio galaxies can also provide crucial information on both the star-formation history of our universe and on its large-scale structure properties and their evolution. In the light of present and forthcoming facilities such as LOFAR, MeerKAT and SKA that will probe the radio sky to unprecedented depths and widths, this review aims at providing the current state of the art on our knowledge of extragalactic radio sources in connection with their hosts, large-scale environments and cosmological context.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00159-022-00142-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43684687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Line-intensity mapping: theory review with a focus on star-formation lines","authors":"José Luis Bernal,&nbsp;Ely D. Kovetz","doi":"10.1007/s00159-022-00143-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00159-022-00143-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Line-intensity mapping (LIM) is an emerging approach to survey the Universe, using relatively low-aperture instruments to scan large portions of the sky and collect the total spectral-line emission from galaxies and the intergalactic medium. Mapping the intensity fluctuations of an array of lines offers a unique opportunity to probe redshifts well beyond the reach of other cosmological observations, access regimes that cannot be explored otherwise, and exploit the enormous potential of cross-correlations with other measurements. This promises to deepen our understanding of various questions related to galaxy formation and evolution, cosmology, and fundamental physics. Here, we focus on lines ranging from microwave to optical frequencies, the emission of which is related to star formation in galaxies across cosmic history. Over the next decade, LIM will transition from a pathfinder era of first detections to an early-science era where data from more than a dozen missions will be harvested to yield new insights and discoveries. This review discusses the primary target lines for these missions, describes the different approaches to modeling their intensities and fluctuations, surveys the scientific prospects of their measurement, presents the formalism behind the statistical methods to analyze the data, and motivates the opportunities for synergy with other observables. Our goal is to provide a pedagogical introduction to the field for non-experts, as well as to serve as a comprehensive reference for specialists.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":785,"journal":{"name":"The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52317731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}