Infectious agents and disease最新文献_第3页

Current prospects for immunization against cytomegaloviral disease. 巨细胞病毒病免疫研究现状展望

Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1996-01-01

S P Adler

{"title":"Current prospects for immunization against cytomegaloviral disease.","authors":"S P Adler","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Cytomegaloviral (CMV) seronegative women who acquire a primary CMV infection during pregnancy are at the greatest risk for delivering infants who may be deaf or intellectually handicapped because of congenital CMV infection. Maternal immunization before pregnancy may protect newborns from congenital disease because mothers who are naturally seropositive are protected against secondary infection and because newborns who acquire CMV either via transfusion or transplacentally are protected if their mothers had antibodies to CMV prior to pregnancy. Further evidence for the feasibility of immunization for CMV comes from studies of patients immunocompromised following solid organ transplantation protection. These patients are protected against severe cytomegaloviral disease by immunity acquired either by wild-type infection prior to transplantation or by passive or active immunization. In three randomized placebo-controlled studies, live attenuated CMV Towne vaccine has successfully protected seronegative recipients of seropositive kidneys from severe CMV disease by inducing humoral and cellular immunity. Subunit vaccines comprised of glycoprotein gB, the viral component containing the majority of viral neutralizing epitopes, are in the early phases of study, as are studies with highly immunogenic preparations of Towne vaccine. Given all of these facts, safe and effective CMV immunoprophylaxis against CMV disease is possible.","PeriodicalId":77176,"journal":{"name":"Infectious agents and disease","volume":"5 1","pages":"29-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19760960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pathogenicity islands and the evolution of bacterial pathogens. 致病性岛与细菌致病菌的进化。

Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1996-01-01

C A Lee

引用次数: 0

Impact of immunization on Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. 免疫对b型流感嗜血杆菌疾病的影响。

Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1996-01-01

D V Madore

{"title":"Impact of immunization on Haemophilus influenzae type b disease.","authors":"D V Madore","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Epidemiological surveillance programs have shown that before the introduction of effective vaccines, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was the primary pathogen associated with bacterial meningitis in children. Vaccines composed of the bacterium's polysaccharide conjugated onto protein carriers began to be introduced into routine health care practices for infants as early as 1989 in some European countries. Continued introduction in industrialized nations, including the United States in late 1990, has resulted in the rapid decline in the incidence of reported invasive Hib disease. Follow-up surveillance studies show that (a) the decline in the incidence of Hib disease is temporally related to the introduction of effective vaccines, (b) the decline in Hib epiglottitis preceded the decline in meningitis in the United States, (c) the incidence of disease declined in children under the age of 5 years but remained constant in older children and adults, (d) other bacterial pathogens are now the primary causative agents of infant meningitis and epiglottitis even though the incidence of disease caused by these other pathogens has not changed, and (e) the pharyngeal carriage rate of Hib in children has declined without any evidence of an increase in the carriage of non-type b strains or other pathogens. The introduction of effective conjugate vaccines appears to protect at-risk children from invasive Hib disease as well as reduce the opportunities for interpersonal transmission of this bacterium. In addition, Hib conjugate vaccine utilization has benefited society through economic savings.","PeriodicalId":77176,"journal":{"name":"Infectious agents and disease","volume":"5 1","pages":"8-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19760958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Aspergillus infections: problems in diagnosis and treatment. 曲霉感染:诊断和治疗中的问题。

Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1996-01-01

V T Andriole

引用次数: 0

Altered iron metabolism in HIV infection: mechanisms, possible consequences, and proposals for management. HIV感染中铁代谢的改变:机制、可能的后果和管理建议。

Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1996-01-01

J R Boelaert, G A Weinberg, E D Weinberg

{"title":"Altered iron metabolism in HIV infection: mechanisms, possible consequences, and proposals for management.","authors":"J R Boelaert, G A Weinberg, E D Weinberg","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection toward its more advanced stages is accompanied by increasing body iron stores. Iron accumulates in macrophages, microglia, endothelial cells, and myocytes. The iron burden is especially heavy in bone marrow, brain white matter, muscle, and liver. Excess iron potentially enhances oxidative stress, impairs several already compromised immune defense mechanisms, and directly promotes the growth of microbial cells. Thus, we hypothesize that the prevention (or at least, reduction) of iron loading might slow the progression of the infectious complications of HIV infection, and perhaps indirectly, the HIV infection itself. A twofold strategy is proposed, consisting of (a) limitation of iron intake through the alimentary, parenteral, and respiratory routes, and (b) possibly the use of iron chelator drugs that could decrease the iron burden, redistribute the metal to the erythroblasts, and suppress the growth of microorganisms. This approach is still to be considered as hypothetical. However, the available data suggest that there is an urgent need for careful clinical studies to clarify the role of iron status on the course of HIV infection.","PeriodicalId":77176,"journal":{"name":"Infectious agents and disease","volume":"5 1","pages":"36-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19760961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Battling against host phagocytes: the wherefore of the RTX family of toxins? 对抗宿主吞噬细胞:RTX毒素家族的原因?

Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1995-12-01

R A Welch, M E Bauer, A D Kent, J A Leeds, M Moayeri, L B Regassa, D L Swenson

引用次数: 0

Heterosexual HIV transmission. 异性恋艾滋病毒传播。

Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1995-12-01

K H Mayer, D J Anderson

{"title":"Heterosexual HIV transmission.","authors":"K H Mayer, D J Anderson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the people now living with HIV acquired the infection through heterosexual intercourse. HIV transmission has been facilitated by (a) concomitant sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), (b) the presence of social conditions that create core groups who have frequent and numerous partners, (c) sexual practices associated with bleeding (i.e., trauma, sex during menses) as well as noncircumcision, (d) cervical ectopy, and (e) anal sex. HIV may be found both cell-free and as intracellular virus in genital tract secretion, and may be sexually transmitted through either mechanism. HIV titers in genital tract secretions vary by several logs between people and within individuals over time, being greatest just after seroconversion and with advanced immunosuppression, concomitant genital tract inflammation (including STDs), and decreasing (but not to zero) with antiretroviral therapy. The per-contact transmission efficiency rate is highly variable, ranging from > 3% to < 1 per thousand contacts, with male-to-female HIV transmission generally being more efficient than vice versa. Control of the heterosexual HIV epidemic will necessitate a multidisciplinary approach, utilizing direct biological approaches (e.g., culturally specific and behavioral interventions, as well as more fundamental community changes that decrease societal norms that augment unsafe practices.","PeriodicalId":77176,"journal":{"name":"Infectious agents and disease","volume":"4 4","pages":"273-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19641424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Problems in the surveillance and control of viral diseases with special reference to the developing world. 监测和控制病毒性疾病的问题，特别与发展中国家有关。

Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1995-12-01

F A Murphy

引用次数: 0

Babesiosis: new insights from phylogenetic analysis. 巴贝斯虫病:来自系统发育分析的新见解。

Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1995-12-01

D H Persing, P A Conrad

{"title":"Babesiosis: new insights from phylogenetic analysis.","authors":"D H Persing, P A Conrad","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Piroplasms of the genus Babesia, along with their relatives to the Theileridae, comprise a genetically and antigenically diverse group of tick-transmitted intraerythrocytic pathogens that together have considerable veterinary, medical, and economic importance. Since the first description of a human case of babesiosis in 1957, this zoonotic infection has now attained a worldwide distribution. In the northeastern and upper midwestern United States, the transmission cycle of Babesia microti overlaps that of another well-known zoonotic agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Phylogenetic analysis of Babesia and Babesia-like piroplasms from human and animal sources has shown that many of the small Babesia spp., including B. microti, B. equi, B. gibsoni, and a recently described piroplasm infectious for humans known as WA1, may be phylogenetically related to Theileria. Implications of this observation may include the possible existence of an exoerythrocytic stage of parasite development and attendant features of chronicity, immune suppression, and perhaps lymphoproliferation. In this review, we provide a brief summary of recent developments in the study of Babesia and related piroplasms and speculate on the ramifications of chronic babesial infection in humans.","PeriodicalId":77176,"journal":{"name":"Infectious agents and disease","volume":"4 4","pages":"182-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19640907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

100th anniversary of virology. 病毒学诞生100周年。

Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1995-12-01

M C Horzinek

引用次数: 0