Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs最新文献_第4页

In search of the good life: a cultural odyssey in the East and West. 追寻美好生活:东西方文化之旅。

Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs Pub Date : 2003-11-01

Aik Kwang Ng, David Y F Ho, Shyh Shin Wong, Ian Smith

{"title":"In search of the good life: a cultural odyssey in the East and West.","authors":"Aik Kwang Ng, David Y F Ho, Shyh Shin Wong, Ian Smith","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"In the first part of this article, the authors argue that any conception of well-being is culturally embedded and depends on how the notions of \"well\" and \"being\" are defined and practiced in different cultural communities. To support this argument, they conduct a comprehensive review of the empirical literature, which shows that members of individualistic and collectivistic cultures differ in their emotional experience of well-being. This difference has been traced to the indigenous psychology of selfhood in those cultures. In the second part of the article, the authors debunk the myth of infinite cultural variability, while retaining the basic insight concerning the cultural constitution of well-being. They develop a theoretical model of well-being, in which agency and communion are universal dimensions of well-being, and people in different cultures require different combinations of agency and communion to experience well-being. Following this theoretical development, the authors examine cultural impediments to the good life in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. The mutual incompatibility of agency and communion is ruled out as a possible cause of why it is so difficult to live the good life. Instead, the authors propose a dialectical synthesis of agency and communion as a way of dealing with this challenge of living the good life.","PeriodicalId":77145,"journal":{"name":"Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs","volume":"129 4","pages":"317-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24654107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Two facets of self-knowledge: cross-cultural development of measures in Iran and the United States. 自我认识的两个方面:伊朗和美国措施的跨文化发展。

Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs Pub Date : 2003-08-01

Nima Ghorbani, P J Watson, Mark N Bing, H Kristl Davison, Daniel LeBreton

{"title":"Two facets of self-knowledge: cross-cultural development of measures in Iran and the United States.","authors":"Nima Ghorbani, P J Watson, Mark N Bing, H Kristl Davison, Daniel LeBreton","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Self-knowledge is an ideal not only within psychological theory and practice but also within the religious and philosophical foundations of many cultures. In 6 studies conducted in Iran and the United States, the authors sought to construct and to validate scales for measuring two facets of self-knowledge. Experiential self-knowledge was defined as an ongoing sensitivity to the self in the present. Reflective self-knowledge was described in terms of personal efforts to integrate experience within self-schemas developed in the past. Thirteen-item experiential self-knowledge and reflective self-knowledge scales were created by the authors using samples of Iranian and American university students. A confirmatory factor analysis verified this 2-factor structure in a second study, and these results were replicated in a 3rd study. Correlations with a broad array of self-report variables established the two scales as valid measures of adjustment. Both displayed adequate test-retest reliability. Correlations with peer reports suggested that the two factors had behavioral implications in both cultures. Reflective self-knowledge proved to be as important as educational abilities in predicting the academic performance of Americans who were motivated to attend class. Experiential self-knowledge and reflective self-knowledge also interacted to predict better grades. In short, the experiential self-knowledge and reflective self-knowledge scales operationalized cross-cultural personality processes that deserve additional research attention.","PeriodicalId":77145,"journal":{"name":"Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs","volume":"129 3","pages":"238-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24511029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Behavioral problems and scholastic adjustment among Bedouin-Arab children from polygamous and monogamous marital family structures: some developmental considerations. 来自一夫多妻制和一夫一妻制婚姻家庭结构的贝都因阿拉伯儿童的行为问题和学业调整:一些发展方面的考虑。

Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs Pub Date : 2003-08-01

Salman Elbedour, Anthony J Onwuegbuzie, Mohammad Alatamin

{"title":"Behavioral problems and scholastic adjustment among Bedouin-Arab children from polygamous and monogamous marital family structures: some developmental considerations.","authors":"Salman Elbedour, Anthony J Onwuegbuzie, Mohammad Alatamin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Families in the Bedouin-Arab community in Israel are characterized by monogamous and polygamous marriages. Such diversity in family structure occurs in other parts of the world, yet scant empirical evidence exists to refute or to support the claim that polygamous family structure can be a risk factor for children's school maladjustment and negative developmental outcomes. The purpose of the current study was to test this claim. Participants were 255 3rd-grade children from the Negev Bedouin community in Israel. One hundred fifty-three children came from monogamous families that were characterized by 1 wife (i.e., 1-wife families), and 102 children came from polygamous families consisting of 2 wives (i.e., 2-wife families). Teachers completed the Teacher's Report Form of the Child Behavior Checklist (T. M. Achenback, 1991b). A series of logistic regression analyses, after adjusting for maternal education level, revealed that 2-wife children tended to have higher levels of externalizing problems in general and higher levels of attention problems in particular than did their 1-wife counterparts. Also, 2-wife children had higher rates of school absenteeism and lower levels of overall academic achievement than did 1-wife children. Implications for the Bedouin society are discussed.","PeriodicalId":77145,"journal":{"name":"Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs","volume":"129 3","pages":"213-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24511028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Facial appearance and judgments of credibility: the effects of facial babyishness and age on statement credibility. 面部外观与可信度判断:面部稚气和年龄对陈述可信度的影响。

Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs Pub Date : 2003-08-01

Jaume Masip, Eugenio Garrido, Carmen Herrero

{"title":"Facial appearance and judgments of credibility: the effects of facial babyishness and age on statement credibility.","authors":"Jaume Masip, Eugenio Garrido, Carmen Herrero","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers have found that facial appearance influences social judgments. For example, evidence has shown that facial babyishness and age affect perceivers' impressions of the stimulus person's veracity. In this experiment, the researchers examined whether these variables also influenced the credibility attributed to written statements purportedly made by these people in addition to several topics of interest in deception-detection research. Undergraduates (N = 270) were presented babyfaced or mature-faced photographs that depicted a child, an adult, or an older individual, in addition to a written truthful or deceptive statement purportedly made by the person in the photograph. Results showed that, as predicted, when the statements were accompanied by babyfaced pictures, participants tended to judge them as truthful, but only if the pictures did not depict children. Also, when the statements were accompanied by childen's pictures, participants tended to judge them as deceptive, but only if the pictures depicted a babyish face. Overall detection accuracy was close to chance and did not correlate with either judgmental confidence or with the respondents' estimated lie-detection accuracy. However, confidence and estimated ability were significantly correlated. Also, more confidence was placed in judgments of truthfulness than in judgments of deceptiveness. Respondents' truth bias and the existence of a veracity effect in the diverse experimental conditions were examined as well.","PeriodicalId":77145,"journal":{"name":"Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs","volume":"129 3","pages":"269-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24511473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cognitive-cultural model of identity and violence prevention for African American youth. 非裔美国青年身份认同与暴力预防的认知文化模型。

Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs Pub Date : 2003-05-01

Arthur L Whaley

引用次数: 0

The incremental variance problem: enhancing the predictability of academic success in an urban, commuter institution. 增量方差问题:提高城市通勤学校学业成功的可预测性。

Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs Pub Date : 2003-05-01

Norman C Weissberg, David R Owen, Adelbert H Jenkins, Ernest Harburg

{"title":"The incremental variance problem: enhancing the predictability of academic success in an urban, commuter institution.","authors":"Norman C Weissberg, David R Owen, Adelbert H Jenkins, Ernest Harburg","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The authors identified variables that enhance the predictability of academic performance and retention in an urban, commuter college. They used a longitudinal design with 2 waves of data collection: prior to 1st-semester attendance and again 6 semesters later. The results support the following conclusions: (a) After controlling for precollege indices of academic ability, specific variables within demographic, personal behavior, expectations, and attitudinal domains improved the predictability of grade point average by 15.5% for Whites and 20.3% for Blacks; overall, these analyses accounted for 61% of the variance in grade point average for Whites and 47% for Blacks; (b) for retention, the comparable increment in predictability was 2.5% for Whites and less than 1% for Blacks; overall, the percentage of retention variance accounted for was 42% for Whites and 29% for Blacks; and (c) a paradoxical finding was the combination of a positive correlation between high school average and students' expected grades on tests and a negative correlation between expected and actual grades. The paradox is resolved by citing data that demonstrate (a) a disparity between high school grades and independently measured academic accomplishment; (b) the consequent false attributions students draw about their academic abilities; and (c) the impact of these false attributions on the priority students place on their academic responsibilities.","PeriodicalId":77145,"journal":{"name":"Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs","volume":"129 2","pages":"153-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24066593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Speed of phonological and orthographic processing as factors in dyslexia: electrophysiological evidence. 语音和正字法加工的速度是阅读障碍的因素:电生理证据。

Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs Pub Date : 2003-05-01

Zvia Breznitz

{"title":"Speed of phonological and orthographic processing as factors in dyslexia: electrophysiological evidence.","authors":"Zvia Breznitz","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The author investigated the hypothesis that speed of processing in the phonological and orthographic systems is one of the underlying variables of word-reading effectiveness. Speed of processing was assessed using measures of behavioral reaction time and electrophysiological latencies during phonological and orthographic task performance. Participants were 20 dyslexic and 20 normal-reading, male college students. An electrophysiological component complex (N1-P2-N2), as well as 2 other components (P3 and N4), was identified in both groups on each of the experimental tasks. Significant group differences were obtained only on the phonological tasks. Speed of processing during phonological judgment tasks was significantly prolonged among the dyslexic readers compared with the controls as reflected by P2, P3, and N4 latencies and reaction time. Between-task comparisons revealed significantly prolonged P2, P3, and N4 latencies on phonological compared with orthographic tasks in both dyslexic and normal readers, indicating that phonological classification of words may demand more time than orthographic classification. However, the gap score between speed of processing on the phonological and orthographic tasks was larger among the dyslexic readers and was observed mainly in P3 latency and reaction time. The highest correlation between word-reading accuracy score and the experimental measures was obtained in the dyslexic group with P3 latency gap score and in the control group with P2 latency gap score. The author proposes that slow phonological processing may cause \"asynchrony\" between the processing speeds within and between phonological and orthographic systems and may lead to a lack of efficient integration among the various subprocesses activated in reading, may slow down reading rate, and may impair word-reading effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":77145,"journal":{"name":"Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs","volume":"129 2","pages":"183-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24066594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The depression gender gap: a view through a biocultural filter. 抑郁症的性别差异:透过生物文化过滤器的观点。

Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs Pub Date : 2003-02-01

Ronald S Immerman, Wade C Mackey

{"title":"The depression gender gap: a view through a biocultural filter.","authors":"Ronald S Immerman, Wade C Mackey","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"That women, compared with men, are more prone to become \"depressed\" has been known for decades. The etiology of the depression gender gap has been a source of much discussion, with the bulk occurring within the medical model. As a complement to--rather than a competitor with--such discussion, the depression gender gap is analyzed through a biocultural lens wherein the evolutionary history of Homo sapiens becomes part of the frame of reference. Given that a \"constant\" is difficult to explain by the use of \"variables,\" the very consistent 2:1 gender ratio of female to male (rates of) depression is difficult to explain by referring to cultural parameters, which are variable. It is more parsimonious to suggest that a constant becomes a better candidate to explain another constant. The constant used in this exercise is some portion of the genetic package that subtends the species Homo sapiens; in other words, everyone on the planet is human. The authors argue that the basal dynamic of H. Fisher's (1983) sex contract is a useful analytical tool in examining the contemporary gender gap in depression. They suggest that the germane clause of the sex contract is the use of psychological immobilization as an effective social instrument.","PeriodicalId":77145,"journal":{"name":"Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs","volume":"129 1","pages":"5-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22511432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The impact of father absence on adolescent separation-individuation. 父亲缺失对青少年分离-个性化的影响。

Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs Pub Date : 2003-02-01

Kim A Jones, Teresa L Kramer, Tracey Armitage, Keith Williams

{"title":"The impact of father absence on adolescent separation-individuation.","authors":"Kim A Jones, Teresa L Kramer, Tracey Armitage, Keith Williams","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The authors compared separation-individuation and psychological separation from fathers of 25 adolescent boys who were living with both biological parents with that of 25 boys who were living with their biological mothers in homes in which the fathers did not reside. The results showed that the boys in the 2 groups did not differ on measures of separation-individuation and that the quality of the mother-son relationship mediated several of the assessed separation-individuation manifestations. The authors' initial data analysis with regard to psychological separation showed that boys who lived in homes in which the father was a nonresident were more separated on 2 of the 4 dimensions assessed; however, when controlled for quality of mother-son and father-son relationship, these differences were not significant. The frequency of father contact in homes in which the father did not reside was positively correlated with healthy separation but negatively correlated with functional, attitudinal, and emotional independence from the father. The results of the study support the importance of the quality of a child's relationship with his or her mother and father as a mediator of several dimensions of the separation-individuation process.","PeriodicalId":77145,"journal":{"name":"Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs","volume":"129 1","pages":"73-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22511434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Individual differences in infant fearfulness and cognitive performance: a testing, performance, or competence effect? 婴儿恐惧与认知表现的个体差异:测试、表现还是能力效应?

Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs Pub Date : 2003-02-01

Loretta A Rieser-Danner

引用次数: 0