Russian Metallurgy (Metally)最新文献

{"title":"Specific Features of the Formation of Diffusion Coatings Prepared by a Combined Chemical Thermal Treatment of Structural Steels","authors":"A. G. Sokolov,&nbsp;E. E. Bobylev,&nbsp;R. A. Popov","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700399","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700399","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The main methods for enhancing durability of products prepared from structural steels are considered. The technologies of diffusion alloying from low-melting liquid-metal solutions (DALMMS) and a technology developed for the combined diffusion alloying of surface layers of the material of products that includes DALMMS and carburizing, namely, the combined chemical thermal treatment (CCTT), are described. The purpose of the work is to elucidate the influence of the steel compositions on the formation and elemental composition of diffusion-alloyed chromium-based surface layers (coatings) and to reveal differences and specific features in the formation of the diffusion-alloyed coatings after DALMMS and CCTT. Cylindrical specimens 20 mm in diameter and 30 mm long are subjected to DALMMS. The specimens are prepared from the carbon and alloyed steels: low-carbon steels St3 and 20Kh13, medium-carbon steels 40Kh and 40Kh13, and austenitic steel 12Kh18N10T. Some specimens are preliminarily subjected to vacuum carburizing. A lead–bismuth eutectic melt into which a specified amount of chromium is introduced is used as a technological medium (transport melt) for DALMMS. Metallographic studies are carried out on microsections prepared using a standard procedure. The thicknesses and structures of the coatings are determined on a Dura Scan Falcon 500 microhardness meter. The elemental compositions of the coatings are determined by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) on a Tescan Lyra 3 scanning electron microscope equipped with an Oxford Ultim MAX system. The DALMMS and CCTT processes result in the formation of diffusion coatings. The thickness and elemental composition of the coatings depend on the trade mark of the steel and applied technology. After DALMMS, the percentage chromium content varies from 96.9 to 91.1%. The maximum concentration (96.9%) is observed on St3 steel. After CCTT, the Cr concentrations on the surfaces of all steels decrease compared to those on the coatings prepared via the DALMMS technology on the following steels: for St3, from 96.9 to 66.8%; for 40Kh, from 91.1 to 63.18%; for 20Kh13, from 93.18 to 62.54%; and for 12Kh18N10T, from 92.92 to 64.77%. The total thickness of the diffusion-alloyed coatings formed on all alloys under study ranges from 17 to 17.5 μm.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 9","pages":"1833 - 1840"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melt Binders for Articles Made of Polymer Composite Materials","authors":"V. E. Rogov,&nbsp;L. A. Bokhoeva","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700466","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700466","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A low-cost, energy-efficient, environmentally friendly technology for manufacturing products from composite materials is presented. The autoclave-free technology for manufacturing parts and structural elements from polymer composite materials (PCMs) is known as the resin film infusion (RFI) technology using molten binders. The low costs of molding RFI products from PCMs (necessary equipment consists of ovens, vacuum pumps, accessories for molded products, auxiliary equipment and materials) make it possible to manufacture products of various shapes. The RFI method provides the required filler-to-binder weight ratio in the material of the part and allows one to form parts with the necessary rigid characteristics. The RFI technology eliminates the expensive prepreg production procedure and the thermal process of forming products in an autoclave, which reduces the cost of the part by 20–25%. As a result of the molten technology, the cycle of manufacturing glued structures decreases by 2–3 times; the time of manufacturing honeycomb structures, by 40–50% (due to a reduction in technological operations compared to conventional adhesives); the equipment, by 1.5–2 times; the structure weight (especially structures with honeycomb filler), by 30–50%; and the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere, by 10–15 times.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 10","pages":"1882 - 1885"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wear Resistance and Abrasive Wear Mechanism of the Metal-Sprayed Coatings Used to Protect SEM","authors":"Zh. V. Knyazeva,&nbsp;D. I. Andriyanov,&nbsp;P. E. Yudin,&nbsp;R. A. Vasin","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700429","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700429","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The state of the art of the oil industry in the Russian Federation is characterized by complicated conditions of field development, which is due to a low production rate because of the high viscosity of oil, high aggressiveness, and water-cut media. Almost the entire well stock is operated by a mechanized method, mainly using electric submersible pumps (ESPs). To date, the use of metal-sprayed coatings, which have high physical, mechanical, and chemical properties, is the most effective method to protect submersible equipment in the mining industry, in particular, the submersible electric motor (SEM) body, from the action of complicating factors. Nevertheless, the failure-free service life of equipment often decreases because of the destruction of metal-sprayed coatings. Abrasive wear is one of the most common causes of the destruction of the metal-sprayed coatings of SEM bodies during operation. In this work, we review the main parameters determining the wear resistance of metal-sprayed coatings and consider the main wear mechanisms and the main types of coating failure during wear. The wear resistances of the metal-sprayed coatings deposited by electric arc spraying (EAS) and high-speed flame spraying (HSFS) are studied and compared under the action of abrasive particles. The metal-sprayed coatings are found to fail mainly via the spallation of particles. The metal-sprayed coatings containing refractory compounds are also characterized by fatigue failure caused by the accumulation of internal stresses during high-cycle elastoplastic deformation of the coatings: they facilitate the formation of fatigue cracks and subsequent separation of particles from the surface layer. The results obtained confirm the significant influence of the structural homogeneity of the metal-sprayed coatings on their wear resistance and the fact that the wear process has several stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 9","pages":"1854 - 1862"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dielectric Properties of the Lead-Free Compositions Based on Sodium–Bismuth Titanate and Alkali Metal Niobates","authors":"E. V. Glazunova,&nbsp;L. A. Shilkina,&nbsp;I. A. Verbenko,&nbsp;L. A. Reznichenko","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700454","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700454","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The use of mechanical activation in the production of (1 – <i>x</i>)(Na_0.5K_0.5)NbO₃–<i>x</i>(Na_0.5Bi_0.5)TiO₃ ceramics is shown to increase the relative density of the ceramics by more than 10%. Several morphotropic phase transitions are found to appear in the system (1 – <i>x</i>)Na_0.5K_0.5NbO₃—<i>x</i>Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃ at room temperature. An increase in the amount of Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃ in the system under study is shown to increase the temperature stability of the dielectric properties in the range 100–250°C. Solid solutions in the system (1 – <i>x</i>)Na_0.5K_0.5NbO₃–<i>x</i>Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃ with a high Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃ content are promising bases for charge storage devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 10","pages":"1877 - 1881"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Specific Features of the Formation of Ni–Cr Coatings Prepared by Diffusion Alloying from Low-Melting Liquid-Metal Solutions","authors":"E. E. Bobylev,&nbsp;I. D. Storozhenko,&nbsp;A. A. Matorin,&nbsp;V. D. Marchenko","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700405","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700405","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The main methods for increasing durability of products prepared from structural steels are considered. The choice of Ni and Cr as the main components of the coating is substantiated. The technology of diffusion alloying from low-melting liquid-metal solutions (DALMMS) is described. The purpose of the work is to reveal specific features of coating formation with the simultaneous diffusion saturation of structural steels with nickel and chromium according to the DALMMS technology. Cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 20 mm and a length of 30 mm are subjected to DALMMS. The specimens are prepared from the following structural steels: St3, 30KhGSN2A, 40Kh, and 40Kh13. A lead–lithium eutectic melt into which specified amounts of nickel and chromium are introduced serves as a technological medium (transport melt) of DALMMS. The DALMMS process is carried out at 1050°C for 300 min. Metallographic studies are conducted on microsections prepared using a standard procedure. The thicknesses and structures of the coatings are determined on a Dura Scan Falcon 500 microhardness meter. The elemental compositions of the coatings are determined by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) on a Tescan Lyra 3 scanning electron microscope equipped with an Oxford Ultim MAX system for EPMA measurements. The DALMMS process results in the formation of diffusion Ni–Cr coatings. The DALMMS process on the structural carbon and low-alloy steels affords two-layer coatings: the surface carbide layer and transition solid solution layer are observed. The chromium content in the surface layers can reach 80% at a nickel content of 1.5%. The maximum nickel concentration is observed in the transition layer and amounts to 21% at a depth of 5 μm for 30KhGSN2A steel and 13% at a depth of 4.5 μm for 40Kh steel. The DALMMS process on the steels containing significant amounts of carbide-forming elements or containing low quantities of carbon leads to the formation of single-layer coatings based on solid solutions. The nickel content in the coating reaches 40%, the chromium content for St3 steel is 14.5%, and the chromium content for 40Kh13 steel is 9%.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 9","pages":"1841 - 1848"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the Combined Chemical Thermal Treatment on the Corrosion Resistance of Steel Products","authors":"A. G. Sokolov,&nbsp;E. E. Bobylev,&nbsp;V. D. Marchenko","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700417","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700417","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The influence of the combined chemical thermal treatment (CCTT) of steel products, including carburizing, diffusion saturation with chromium, and quenching, on the corrosion resistance of steel products in a 30% aqueous solution of HCl and in 3% NaCl is considered. The treated materials are St3, 40Kh, 40Kh13, and 20Kh13 steels. The CCTT technology is shown to provide coatings with the thickness from 7 to 27 μm, and the microhardness of the surface of the coated specimens reaches 24 000 MPa depending on the CCTT temperature. The elemental composition of the coated material, CCTT conditions, and composition of the corrosion-active medium affect the corrosion rate. The steels without coatings have a lower corrosion resistance than the materials subjected to CCTT. A decrease in the corrosion rate is directly proportional to an increase in the chromium content and a decrease in the carbon content in the coated material. The corrosion rate decreases most efficiently in a NaCl medium. For a NaCl solution, the corrosion rate of specimens of St3 steel decreases by 11.6 times, that of 40Kh specimens decreases by 8.22 times, that of 40Kh13 specimens decreases by 4.56 times, and the corrosion rate of 20Kh13 specimens decreases by 4.1 times. For a 30% aqueous solution of HCl, the corrosion rate of St3 specimens decreases by 4.6 times, that of 40Kh specimens decreases by 4.4 times, that of 40Kh13 specimens decreases by 3.99 times, and the corrosion rate of 20Kh13 specimens decreases by 3.84 times. The CCTT temperature affects the corrosion resistance. The corrosion rate in 3% NaCl is 0.08 g m^–2 h^–1 at a CCTT temperature of 1000°C. The corrosion rate decreases to 0.059 g m^–2 h^–1 with increasing CCTT temperature to 1070°C. The effect of the CCTT temperature on other materials under study was analogous.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 9","pages":"1849 - 1853"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fine Grinding Intensification Mechanism for Metal Powder Materials","authors":"M. V. Cherkasova,&nbsp;V. A. Arsentyev,&nbsp;I. D. Ustinov","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700442","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700442","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The fine grinding of metal powders is shown to proceed simultaneously with particle aggregation. Here, destruction and aggregation are in dynamic equilibrium. To destroy metal particles during repeated deforming actions, it is necessary to prevent the relaxation of microcracks on the surface of these particles in the intervals between mechanical actions. Therefore, the fine grinding of metal particles without the substances that prevent microcrack relaxation is practically impossible. It is shown that the following two reagents, the mechanisms of influencing the process of which are different, should be used to intensify the fine grinding of metals: a metal defect formation aid at the initial stages of action on the particles to be ground and a dispersant in order to disaggregate the products of disintegration of these particles.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 10","pages":"1869 - 1876"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cold Uniaxial Pressing of PTFE-Based Composite Materials with Functional TiC and TiB2 Additives","authors":"O. A. Averichev,&nbsp;A. M. Stolin,&nbsp;P. A. Stolin,&nbsp;N. N. Lazareva,&nbsp;A. A. Okhlopkova","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700387","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700387","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The possibilities of a solid-phase technology to produce composite materials based on polymer mixtures of PN-90 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with functional additives of titanium carbide and diboride synthesized by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) are studied. The pressing of bulk-density composite powders into compact billets in a special mold by loading at a constant speed is studied. Rheological stress σ–strain ε curves are obtained and used to determine the time of the beginning of a progressive increase in stress inside a sample. The experimental results are compared with the data obtained for samples without additives (pure PTFE) and for compositions with a basalt fiber (BF). At a stress of 171–177 MPa, the density corresponding to a calculated compact density of 2.24–2.25 g/cm³ is shown to be achieved. The density difference throughout the volume of a compact sample is investigated, and a comparative analysis of compressibility moduli <i>G</i> after uniaxial cold pressing is performed.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 9","pages":"1827 - 1832"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of the Interface between an Iron-Based Alloy and Aluminum during Ultrasonic Metallurgical Production of Metal Matrix Composites","authors":"V. G. Shmorgun,&nbsp;V. P. Kulevich,&nbsp;A. I. Bogdanov,&nbsp;O. V. Slautin,&nbsp;E. R. Kamalov,&nbsp;M. A. Razuvaev,&nbsp;N. V. Terpugov","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700351","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700351","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Abstract</b>—In a metallurgical method of producing metal matrix composites, the effect of ultrasound on a melt is shown not to affect the phase composition of the diffusion zone formed as a result of heterogeneous reactions at the interface of aluminum with iron-based alloys. At a fixed temperature, an applied acoustic vibration frequency of 18–20 kHz, and an amplitude of 10–15 μm, the diffusion zone thickness is found to increase due to the formation of the FeAl₃ intermetallic compound, which actively separates from the interface into the melt, and to the fraction of the surface on which it is present as a continuous layer.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 8","pages":"1808 - 1812"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143688325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Quality of Low-Melting Material Parts by the Deposition of Cast Iron Coatings","authors":"A. V. Norman,&nbsp;V. P. Smolentsev,&nbsp;A. V. Norman,&nbsp;M. V. Kondrat’ev","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700363","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Abstract</b>—The possibilities of coating highly loaded aluminum alloy parts with refractory cast iron are considered. The problem of preserving the geometry of parts without thermal destruction due to their coating, which creates heat-protective properties on the product surface by erosion-chemical pulse hardening with cast iron electrodes, has been solved. The mechanism of forming heat-resistant joints of parts for assemblies with high wear resistance and a low coefficient of friction of movable structural elements, which are lightened by 20–25% compared to parts made of gray cast iron, is revealed. The use of a combined erosion-chemical method of hardening, manufacturing, and restoring the operational properties of cast iron parts made it possible to halve the labor costs and the cost of parts when processing products under field conditions using minimum technological equipment.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 8","pages":"1813 - 1818"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143688326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}