Russian Metallurgy (Metally)最新文献

{"title":"Determining the Optimal Parameters for Grinding Microporous Coatings according to the Roughness Criterion","authors":"N. S. Alekseev,&nbsp;A. S. Shevchenko,&nbsp;S. V. Ivanov","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700624","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Abstract</b>—Three critical challenges, namely, rapid wheel loading (clogging), reduced wheel life, and a severe deterioration in the surface roughness of the machined workpiece, arise during cylindrical grinding of thermally sprayed shaft journals in automotive and heavy equipment applications. Furthermore, faceting and cracks appear on the surface. The underlying cause of these phenomena is attributed to the unique physicomechanical characteristics of the coatings, including high porosity, the presence of oxides and slag inclusions, and elevated levels of adhesive and chemical activity. The study underscores that a promising approach to enhancing the efficiency of plunge grinding for coatings and attaining high technical-economic performance is the optimization of abrasive processing. This paper presents the results of optimizing the cylindrical plunge grinding process for microporous nickel-based coatings. A set of parameters required to optimize the grinding operation based on surface roughness criteria is established. A system of technical constraints is also developed to optimize cutting conditions and grinding wheel characteristics. The study addresses the challenge of achieving minimum surface roughness while maintaining specified grinding process parameters. A mathematical model of the grinding process is developed as an integral part of the optimization problem. The optimization of the objective function (surface roughness) is performed using linear programming. Optimal grain sizes and hardness grades for grinding wheels are determined to ensure the lowest achievable surface roughness. The proposed methodology can be used to determine optimal parameters for grinding microporous coatings on various repaired components, such as crankshaft and camshaft journals in internal combustion engines. Consideration of the complex process influencing factors ensures the minimum roughness after plunge grinding of microporous gas-thermal spray coatings.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 12","pages":"1993 - 1997"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Technologies in Materials Science: High-Temperature Through-Thickness Nitriding of Heat-Resistant Steel","authors":"L. G. Petrova","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700582","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700582","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract&lt;/b&gt;—The importance of this work is caused by more severe operating conditions of high-temperature products made of heat-resistant sheet alloys, which include, in particular, austenitic chromium–nickel steels. When steel parts are loaded in an oxidizing atmosphere and aggressive media, they must have a high strength, hardness, and heat resistance along with resistance to electrochemical and gas corrosion. These properties are increased by volume and surface hardening methods, which include nitriding. The application of traditional furnace gas nitriding technologies to chromium–nickel steels encounters problems, namely, a low rate of nitrogen saturation, which significantly increases the process time, and the formation of chromium nitrides, which negatively affects corrosion and heat resistance. New nitriding technologies for high-alloyed chromium-containing steels are being developed in the field of intensifying the saturation process and regulating the phase composition of a nitrided layer to minimize the formation of chromium nitrides. The aim of this work is to determine rational technological versions and conditions of high-temperature gas nitriding of austenitic steel in order to increase the strength characteristics at room and elevated temperatures while maintaining its heat resistance. Thermodynamic modeling of the phase composition with the CALPHAD method has shown that the main measures to minimize the precipitation of chromium nitrides at a nitrided surface are an increase in the titanium concentration in steel and a decrease in the activity of the saturating gas atmosphere, which is achieved by diluting nitrogen with an inert gas. Experimental studies are carried out on 1.5-mm-thick sheet samples of Kh18N10T austenitic steel with a standard (0.5% Ti) and increased (1.0% Ti) titanium content. Experiments are performed in a laboratory facility for high-temperature nitriding (900–1200°C), and pure nitrogen and nitrogen and argon mixtures are used as saturating media. Two-stage processes consisting of nitriding in nitrogen followed by annealing in argon are also studied. Metallographic analysis has shown that, at the same nitriding temperature, the amount of chromium nitrides decreases in experimental steel with increasing titanium content and nitrogen dilution with argon decreases the temperature of chromium nitride precipitation. When studying the saturation kinetics, we determine the through nitriding time of a sheet sample under various saturation conditions and calculate the denitriding annealing time using the determined chromium nitride zone thicknesses. The precipitation hardening of internal nitriding zones with titanium nitrides is found to increase the strength characteristics of steels both at room and at elevated temperatures compared to the characteristics of 08Kh18N10T base steel after typical heat treatment, and the maximum hardening effect is achieved upon through nitriding of steel with 1.0% Ti. The version","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 12","pages":"1965 - 1973"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Microporous Coating Grinding Operation according to the Cost Criterion","authors":"N. S. Alekseev,&nbsp;A. S. Shevchenko,&nbsp;S. V. Ivanov","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700636","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Abstract</b>—Significant challenges, including rapid wheel loading and reduced grinding wheel life, exist in the cylindrical external grinding of automotive, tractor, agricultural and construction equipment shaft journals rebuilt using gas-thermal spray deposition techniques. This results in frequent machine stoppages for wheel dressing, which greatly increases abrasive tool consumption and grinding time losses, resulting in a significant increase in abrasive processing costs. The underlying cause of these phenomena is attributed to the unique physical and mechanical characteristics of the coatings, including high porosity, the presence of oxides and slag inclusions, and high adhesive and chemical activity. The study underscores that a promising approach to enhancing the efficiency of plunge grinding for coatings and attaining high technical-economic performance is the optimization of abrasive processing. This paper presents the results of optimizing the cylindrical plunge grinding process for microporous nickel-based coatings. A set of parameters required for optimizing the grinding operation based on technological cost criteria is developed. A system of technical constraints is also developed to optimize cutting conditions and grinding wheel characteristics. The study deals with the problem of how to achieve the minimum cost of the machined surface while maintaining the specified parameters of the grinding process. A mathematical model of the grinding process is developed as an integral part of the optimization problem. The objective function (technological cost) is optimized using the linear programming method. The optimal cutting parameters and grinding wheel specifications (grain size and hardness) that minimize the technological costs of grinding are determined. The proposed methodology can be used to determine the optimal parameters for grinding microporous coatings on various repaired components, such as crankshaft and camshaft journals in internal combustion engines. Minimal processing costs can be reliably achieved in plunge grinding of microporous thermal spray coatings by taking all process influencing factors into account.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 12","pages":"1998 - 2003"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of Ti–Fe Intermetallics from Element Powder Mixtures","authors":"G. A. Pribytkov,&nbsp;A. V. Baranovskiy,&nbsp;V. V. Korzhova,&nbsp;I. A. Firsina,&nbsp;V. P. Krivopalov","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700600","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700600","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Abstract</b>—Fe₂Ti and FeTi intermetallic compounds are of practical use as either hydrogen storages (FeTi) or magnetic materials (Fe₂Ti). Owing to features of the equilibrium binary phase diagram, the preparation of the intermetallics by casting is difficult. Therefore, powder metallurgy methods along with preliminary mechanical activation of powder mixtures are widely used. The aim of the study is to investigate the possibility of preparation of single-phase compounds from titanium and iron powder mixtures having target compositions. Mechanically activated powder mixtures and products of combustion and subsequent annealing are studied by X-ray diffraction analysis, optical metallography, and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy used for the determination of the element composition. Powder mixtures are subjected to 20‑min mechanoactivation in an Activator 2S planetary mill at an intensity of 40 <i>g</i>; the ball-to-mixture ratio is 20. The mechanically activated mixtures are heated in a hermetically sealed reactor in an argon atmosphere at an average rate of 85 deg/min. Thermal curves, which are measured with thermocouples placed into a mechanoactivated mixture, demonstrate an abrupt rise (thermal explosion (TE)), which corresponds ~500°C and indicates the occurrence of an exothermic reaction in the mixture. The 2Fe + Ti composition is found to indicate the substantially higher rise as compared to that observed for the Fe + Ti composition. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the Fe₂Ti compound is the main reaction product for the both mixtures. The dominant formation of Fe₂Ti and the high thermal effect of the 2Fe + Ti mixture as well are explained by the higher negative enthalpy of formation of Fe₂Ti as compared to that of FeTi (–87.45 and –40.58 kcal/mol, respectively). High temperature homogenizing annealing of TE products results in the formation of a double-phase target product. After annealing, the contents of side phases and unreacted reagents slightly change. Based on the obtained data, it is inferred that the thermodynamic factor (enthalpy of formation of intermetallic) is the main factor determining the phase composition of the synthesis products in titanium and iron powder mixtures.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 12","pages":"1980 - 1986"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Power Ion-Beam Modification of Metal-Cutting Inserts Made of a KNT-16 Tungsten-Free Hard Alloy","authors":"A. M. Badamshin,&nbsp;V. S. Kovivchak,&nbsp;A. A. Krut’ko,&nbsp;O. Yu. Burgonova","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700612","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700612","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Abstract</b>—The effect of a high power nanosecond ion beam on the morphology, mechanical properties, and operational characteristics of metal-cutting inserts made of a tungsten-free hard alloy of grade KNT16 (TiCN–Ni–Mo) is studied. The impact of the high power ion beam is found to lead to a significant change in the wear resistance of cutting inserts during turning of 40KhN steel rods. The optimum irradiation pulse number, at which the cutting insert undergoes the minimum wear in testing, is determined. Scanning electron microscopy allows us to find that the impact of the high power ion beam with a number of pulses of 1 to 3 leads to the formation of a homogeneous recast surface layer of the samples, which, in turn, leads to an increase in their heat resistance during holding at 800°C. The effect of the number of high power ion-beam pulses on the microhardness of irradiated samples is studied.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 12","pages":"1987 - 1992"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vibroactivation of Hardening Backfill Mixtures during Transportation over Extended Distances","authors":"V. I. Golik","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700594","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700594","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Abstract</b>—The possibility of utilization of environmental protection technologies for void filling with hardening backfill mixtures without the construction of backfill complexes and surface transport pipelines is justified. Quantitative parameters for nature and resource conservation are determined with allowance for the cost of land taken out of circulation during the construction of backfill facilities on the surface. A model for optimizing the transportation technology of mixtures to their placement sites along underground mining workings over extended distances is formulated. A typology of activation methods for hardening mixtures based on their structural design is proposed. Permanent activation of components during the production and transportation of hardening mixtures is shown to decrease environmental damage using transporting mixtures through pipelines in underground workings without the need to construct backfill facilities on the surface.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 12","pages":"1974 - 1979"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface Modification of a High-Speed Tool by Combined Tungsten and Nitrogen Saturation","authors":"L. G. Petrova,&nbsp;V. M. Vdovin,&nbsp;A. S. Sergeeva","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700570","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700570","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Abstract</b>—The importance of this work is caused by the tightening of the performance requirements for high-speed tools due to the widespread introduction of automatic lines and numerically controlled machines. Increasing the tool life is also necessary to reduce the consumption of expensive alloying elements, primarily tungsten. Solving these problems requires the use of technologies for hardening cutting surfaces. The TCT (thermochemical treatment) processes combining diffusion surface alloying with nitrogen saturation have shown their efficiency in surface hardening of various steels. The aim of this work is to study the combined surface saturation of high-speed steel with tungsten and nitrogen to increase the durability of small tools. Experimental studies are carried out on samples and small-diameter drills made of R6M5 steel. An installation for nitriding in multicomponent media is used for laboratory experiments on the combined TCT process. Tungsten metallization is carried out by a slip method with parallel nitriding of tool in a glow discharge. To determine the conditions that provides the necessary temperatures for saturation with tungsten and nitrogen, the temperatures of steel samples at the surface and in the core are measured at various current pulse durations in a heating phase. Metallographic analysis demonstrates TCT forms a modified surface layer 10–15 μm thick in R6M5 steel. The structure of the layer is an internal nitriding zone, which consists of a solid solution of tungsten and nitrogen in iron and fine tungsten nitride inclusions. Precipitation hardening and solid-solution hardening provide a twofold increase in the microhardness of the modified W–N layer compared to the alloy base. A transition diffusion zone of nitrogen martensite has been revealed under the hardened layer; it creates a smooth microhardness gradient from the layer to the core, which protects it from embrittlement, peeling, and spalling. Metallophysical modeling using an earlier developed technique is used to calculate of the hardening of the modified layer (yield strength increment). As the tungsten concentration in the layer increases, the fraction of the component of precipitation hardening by W₂N particles is shown to increase. Full-scale tests under production conditions demonstrate that the tool with a hardened layer has increased resistance. The durability of drills, which is determined as the number of drilled holes before failure, increases by 2.2 times on drilling 30KhGSA steel and by more than 7 times on drilling a VT-23 titanium alloy.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 12","pages":"1959 - 1964"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the Surface Tension of an Intrapore Liquid on the Structural-Surface Properties of the Silicon Dioxide Produced from Nepheline-Containing Raw Materials","authors":"D. V. Maiorov","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700569","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Abstract</b>—This work presents the results of studying the effect of the intrapore fluid surface tension on the structural and surface properties (the specific surface area, the pore volume, and the diameter distribution) of the silicon oxide (SiO₂) synthesized by the acid decomposition of a mineral raw material (nepheline). Synthesized samples are studied by chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) methods. Equations connecting the specific surface and the pore volume and the pore diameter of the synthesized SiO₂ samples with the surface tension of the intrapore medium have been obtained. The substitution of an organic medium for an aqueous one in the pore space before drying the synthesized SiO₂ is shown to allow us not to only significant (by a factor of two) increase the capacity of the adsorption monolayer of the products, but also to influence the distribution of the pore volume along the pore diameter. Based on the specific surface capacitance of the SiO₂ and the change in the Gibbs energy (Δ<i>G</i>°) during sorption, it is concluded that the method of their preparation weakly affects the physicochemical properties of their surfaces (type and number of sorption centers per surface unit) and the nitrogen sorption mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 12","pages":"1951 - 1958"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Chemical Composition on the Structural-Phase State and the Adhesive Strength of Metal-Composite Briquettes for the Friction Draft Gears and the Brake Pads of Heavy Vehicles","authors":"S. A. Gavrilov,&nbsp;D. A. Gabets,&nbsp;M. A. Gur’ev,&nbsp;S. G. Ivanov","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700545","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700545","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The main requirements imposed on the friction plates and brake linings of heavy vehicles are resistance to shock loads and thermal cycles in the temperature range from ambient temperature to 850–870°C, stability of the coefficient of friction, lack of adhesion to the material of brake disks made of steel or cast iron, and the maximum possible specific energy consumption of brake pad materials. In this work, metallographic studies using optical microscopy are carried out, and the unsatisfactory quality of the metal-ceramic coating of a friction plate is found to be due to the localization of sulfide eutectic at the ceramic–substrate interface and the presence of oxide films on the surface of precursor powder particles, which in turn leads to the formation of a porous ceramic–substrate interface. Metallographic analysis of the effect of various microadditives on the powder precursor used for the formation of metal composite plates, such as copper, nickel, and iron powders of various fractions, has been carried out. The fractional composition of the added powders is shown to largely determine the structural-phase state of the material and the adhesive strength of the ceramic–substrate interface.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 11","pages":"1941 - 1944"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon–Aluminum Composite with a Barrier Coating on Carbon Fibers","authors":"R. F. Gallyamova,&nbsp;R. L. Safiullin,&nbsp;V. A. Dokichev,&nbsp;F. F. Musin","doi":"10.1134/S0036029525700491","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029525700491","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Barrier SiO₂ coatings on the surface of carbon fibers are deposited by the dip coating method from sol–gel solutions based on tertraethoxysilane Si(C₂H₅O)₄. The average thickness of the barrier SiO₂ coating on carbon fibers is 127 ± 30 nm. Carbon–aluminum composites are prepared by the shell molding process, being a variety of the liquid-phase infiltration method. The components of the composite are placed in a steel hermetic shell. After shell evacuating and heating to aluminum melting, the fibers are infiltrated with the melt under an external pressure followed by cooling. Composites with the SiO₂ coating on the carbon fibers and without coating are prepared. After taking the composite from the metal shell, the structure, phase composition, and mechanical properties of the samples are studied. The study of the composite structure shows that the interfiber space is filled with an aluminum melt without porosity and macroscopic defects. The study of the phase composition of the composite reinforced with uncoated carbon fibers shows peaks of aluminum carbide at the angles 2θ = 41°, 67°, and 74°. The Rietveld quantitative analysis reveals that the amount of aluminum carbide in the composite is 12.0 ± 1.3%. The deposition of the barrier SiO₂ coating on carbon fibers leads to a decrease in the intensity of the main peaks of aluminum carbide, while the amount of Al₄C₃ decreases by 4 times (to 3.0%). An analysis of the fracture surface of the samples after mechanical tests reveals that the fracture surface of the composite reinforced with uncoated carbon fibers is almost planar. No protrusions and no relief are observed on the fracture surface. The fracture surface of the composite reinforced with coated carbon fibers has a relief, and separately sticking out fibers are observed. Mechanical three-point bending tests of the samples show that the barrier coating on the fibers increases the strength to 520 ± 50 MPa, and the strength of the uncoated composite is 350 ± 8 MPa. The barrier SiO₂ coating deposited on the carbon fiber surface prevents the formation of aluminum carbide and fiber degradation in the carbon–aluminum composite.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2024 10","pages":"1909 - 1915"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}