World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales最新文献

{"title":"Current status of the global eradication of poliomyelitis.","authors":"R H Tangermann,&nbsp;B Aylward,&nbsp;M Birmingham,&nbsp;R Horner,&nbsp;J M Olivé,&nbsp;B M Nkowane,&nbsp;H F Hull,&nbsp;A Burton","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Substantial progress towards the global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000 has been achieved since May 1988 when WHO Member States adopted this goal at the Forty-first World Health Assembly. Virtually all polio-endemic countries have begun to implement the WHO-recommended strategies to eradicate polio and it is expected that, by the end of 1997, all endemic countries in the world will have conducted full National Immunization Days (NID), providing supplemental oral polio vaccine (OPV) to nearly two-thirds of all children < 5 years. In contrast, although globally acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance was being conducted in 126 (86%) of 146 countries where polio is or recently was endemic, surveillance remains incomplete and untimely. A global network of polio laboratories, capable of detecting wild poliovirus when and where it occurs, has been developed. Furthermore, in countries where polio virus circulation has been limited to focal areas, and surveillance is adequate, mopping-up campaigns are being conducted to eliminate the final chains of transmission. The process for certification of polio eradication has been established in each WHO region as well as at the global level. The impact of the eradication initiative is evident, with an 88% decrease in the number of reported cases globally since 1988. In order to achieve the goal of eradication, the rapid development of complete and timely AFP surveillance and the continuation of effective NIDs constitute an urgent priority. This is of particular relevance in the remaining polio-endemic countries, especially in those that are affected by war or politically isolated and are important remaining reservoirs from where wild poliovirus continues to spread into bordering or even distant polio-free countries. External support will continue to be required by those countries and regions where the incidence of polio has reached low levels to ensure that final chains of poliovirus transmission are interrupted and to permit the eventual certification of eradication. The year 2000 objective for achieving poliomyelitis eradication remains a feasible target.</p>","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"50 3-4","pages":"188-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20403089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress towards the elimination of transmission of Chagas disease in Latin America.","authors":"A Moncayo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>From a global perspective, Chagas disease represents the third largest tropical disease burden after malaria and schistosomiasis. The estimated average annual per-capita gross domestic product in Latin America is US$2,966. The economic loss for the continent due to early mortality and disability by this disease in economically most productive young adults currently amounts to US$8,156 million which is equivalent to 2.5% of the external debt of the whole continent in 1995. In 1991, the Ministers of Health of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay, launched the Southern Cone Initiative for elimination of transmission of Chagas disease. The progress towards elimination of vectorial and transfusional transmission of Chagas disease in Uruguay, Chile, Argentina and Brazil has been documented by reports from the national control programmes of the above countries. Current data on disinfestation of houses, coverage of screening in blood banks and serology in children and young adults indicate that the interruption of the vectorial and transfusional transmission of Chagas disease will be achieved in these countries as follows: Uruguay and Chile in 1999, Brazil and Argentina in 2003. By eliminating the transmission of Chagas disease in the above countries, the incidence of the disease in the whole of Latin America will be reduced by more than 70%.</p>","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"50 3-4","pages":"195-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20403090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meningococcal disease: public health burden and control.","authors":"E Tikhomirov,&nbsp;M Santamaria,&nbsp;K Esteves","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Meningococcal disease which is increasing globally is still associated with a high mortality and persistent neurological defects, particularly among infants and young children. Sporadic meningococcal meningitis occurs throughout the world, with seasonal variations, and accounts for 10-40% of endemic bacterial meningitis. Epidemic meningitis occurs in any part of the world but the largest and most frequently recurring epidemics have been in the semi-arid area of sub-Saharan Africa where the current pandemic is associated with attack rates exceeding 500 per 100,000 population and thousands of deaths. In the Americas and Europe serogroup B is the predominant agent causing systemic disease, followed in frequency by serogroup C. Serogroup A meningococcus was historically the main cause of epidemic meningococcal disease globally and still predominates in Africa and Asia. A range of internal and external factors predispose for epidemics such as strain virulence, carriers, humoral immunity, co-infections, low humidity and drought, population movements and crowding. To respond to the current situation and the expected spread of the disease, WHO, in collaboration with its Member States and various governmental and non-governmental agencies, has developed a sustainable plan of action for preparedness and control of meningitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"50 3-4","pages":"170-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20403086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global estimation of foodborne diseases.","authors":"Y Motarjemi,&nbsp;F K Käferstein","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Foodborne diseases are one of the most widespread health problems, but because of weaknesses in foodborne disease surveillance and variation in reporting systems between countries, it is difficult to make an estimation of their true incidence. This paper describes the constraints in the collection of information on the incidence and/or prevalence of foodborne diseases, including investigation and reporting at national and international levels. It also makes an attempt to semiquantify the occurrence of foodborne diseases of microbial and parasitical origin in different regions of the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"50 1-2","pages":"5-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20221972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of foodborne diseases: a worldwide review.","authors":"E C Todd","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute foodborne disease infections and intoxications are much more of a concern to governments and the food industry today than a few decades ago. Some of the factors that have led to this include the identification of new agents that have caused life-threatening conditions; the finding that traditional agents are being associated with foods that were of no concern previously: an increasing number of large outbreaks being reported; the impact of foodborne disease on children, the aging population and the immunocompromised; migrant populations demanding their traditional foods in the countries of settlement; the ease of worldwide shipment of fresh and frozen food; and the development of new food industries, including aquaculture. However, to meaningfully monitor increases or decreases in foodborne disease requires an effective surveillance system at the local, national and international levels. To date, resources have been limited for most countries and regions to do this, and our current knowledge is based, for the most part, on passive reporting mechanisms. Laboratory isolation data and reports of notifiable diseases have some value in observing timely changes in case numbers of some enteric diseases, but they usually do not indicate the reasons for these trends. Special epidemiological studies are useful for the area covered, but it is often questionable whether they can be extrapolated to other areas or countries. Outbreak investigations tell us that a certain set of circumstances led to illness and that another outbreak may occur under similar but not necessarily identical conditions. Control programmes have often been triggered by the conclusions from investigations of specific outbreaks. Unfortunately, the agent/ food combination leading to illness in many of the reported incidents were not predicted from existing databases, and no doubt foodborne agents will continue to surprise food control agencies in the foreseeable future. Nevertheless, data from around the world do show some common elements. Salmonella is still the most important agent causing acute foodborne disease, with Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium being of most concern. Foods of animal origin, particularly, meat and eggs, were most often implicated. Desserts, ice cream and confectionery items were products also mentioned, but some of these would have egg as a raw or incompletely cooked ingredient. Incidents most frequently occurred in homes or restaurants, and the main factors contributing to outbreaks were poor temperature control in preparing, cooking and storing food. Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella and VTEC are more frequently documented in industrialized than in developing countries. ETEC, EPEC, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae and parasites are the main scourges in developing countries, but it is uncertain how many cases are attributed to food, to water or to person-to-person transmission. The apparent decrease of S. aureus and C. perfringens outbreaks in indus","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"50 1-2","pages":"30-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20221975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic health effects of microbial foodborne disease.","authors":"V K Bunning,&nbsp;J A Lindsay,&nbsp;D L Archer","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The acute effects of foodborne disease are sometimes not the end of the illness. Several significant foodborne pathogens are capable of triggering chronic disease, and even permanent tissue or organ destruction, probably via immune mechanisms. Arthritis, septic and reactive, inflammatory bowel disease, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and possible several autoimmune disorders can be triggered by foodborne pathogens or their toxins. Research is needed to more fully understand the mechanisms by which the immune system is inappropriately activated by these common foodborne disease-causing agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"50 1-2","pages":"51-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20221976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foodborne listeriosis.","authors":"J Rocourt,&nbsp;J Bille","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Various epidemiological investigations of outbreaks and sporadic cases have clearly demonstrated that the consumption of contaminated food is responsible for a high proportion of listeriosis cases and Listeria monocytogenes has been increasingly recognized as an important foodborne pathogen over the last 15 years. The emergence of listeriosis is the result of complex interactions of different factors: medical progress which increases the lifespan and allows immunodeficient people to survive, expansion of the food industry and cold storage systems as well as changes in food habits. None of these factors on its own is entirely responsible. Considerable research has attempted to characterize the organism, define the magnitude of the public health problem and its impact on the food industry, identify the risk factors associated with the disease, and devise appropriate control strategies. Nevertheless, a number of crucial questions remains incompletely elucidated (extent of the foodborne transmission of listeriosis, health status of apparently \"healthy patients\" with the possible role of an intercurrent infection or genetic susceptibility, how to distinguish highly virulent from less virulent strains of L. monocytogenes, factors contributing to the emergence of outbreaks, the possible role of healthy carriers in the epidemiology of listeriosis, etc.). To investigate the complexity of listeriosis requires the close collaboration of clinicians, epidemiologists, clinical and food microbiologists, food scientists and the food industry. A large amount of data has been accumulated during the past 10 years but more research is required to elucidate the epidemiology of the disease and the virulence of the causative agent.</p>","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"50 1-2","pages":"67-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20221978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food safety: a commonly underestimated public health issue.","authors":"F K Käferstein","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"50 1-2","pages":"3-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20222720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yellow fever in Kenya: the need for a country-wide surveillance programme.","authors":"L M Dunster,&nbsp;E J Sanders,&nbsp;P Borus,&nbsp;P M Tukei","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the emergence of yellow fever (YF) as a public health threat in Kenya in 1992-1993, low level transmission of the virus to humans has continued to occur. A programme of YF surveillance has been instrumental in the monitoring of YF activity and has clearly demonstrated an expansion of the zone of virus activity into regions that were not affected in the 1992-1993 epidemic. This is of major concern for the approximately 29 million Kenyans who are unvaccinated and therefore at risk of infection. A revision of the surveillance programme is underway to create a more efficient system of recognition of suspect YF cases, laboratory diagnosis and reporting to the appropriate authorities for action. In addition, a research programme to study YF ecology in Kenya will benefit the surveillance programme, enabling it to target potential 'hotspots' of YF activity. As it may not be possible, for financial reasons, to incorporate YF vaccination into the Kenya Expanded Programme of immunization in the immediate future, the need for continued surveillance to monitor the emergence of YF in Kenya is vital.</p>","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"50 3-4","pages":"178-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20403087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the safety of street-vended food.","authors":"G Moy,&nbsp;A Hazzard,&nbsp;F Käferstein","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An integrated plan of action for improving street food involving health and other regulatory authorities, vendors and consumers should address not only food safety, but also environmental health management, including consideration of inadequate sanitation and waste management, possible environmental pollution, congestion and disturbances to traffic. However, WHO cautions that, in view of their importance in the diets of urban populations, particularly the socially disadvantaged, every effort should be made to preserve the benefits provided by varied, inexpensive and often nutritious street food. Therefore, authorities concerned with street food management must balance efforts aimed at reducing the negative aspects on the environment with the benefits of street food and its important role in the community. Health authorities charged with responsibility for food safety control should match risk management action to the level of assessed risk. The rigorous application of codes and enforcement of regulations more suited to larger and permanent food service establishments is unlikely to be justifiable. Such rigorous application of codes and regulations may result in disappearance of the trade with consequent aggravation of hunger and malnutrition. Moreover, most codes and regulations have not been based on any systematic identification and assessment of health hazards associated with different types of foods and operations as embodied in the HACCP approach which has been recognized by Codex as the most cost-effective means for promoting food safety. WHO encourages the development of regulations that empower vendors to take greater responsibility for the preparation of safe food, and of codes of practice based on the HACCP system.</p>","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"50 1-2","pages":"124-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20223293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}