The Annals of otology, rhinology & laryngology. Supplement最新文献

{"title":"Language ability in the intermediate-scoring group of hearing-impaired children.","authors":"Akiko Sugaya,&nbsp;Kunihiro Fukushima,&nbsp;Norio Kasai,&nbsp;Akie Fujiyoshi,&nbsp;Tomoko Taguchi,&nbsp;Kana Omori,&nbsp;Toshiyuki Ojima,&nbsp;Kazunori Nishizaki","doi":"10.1177/000348941212100403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000348941212100403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Language development is a key issue in hearing-impaired children. However, interpersonal differences complicate our understanding of the situation. The bimodal or trimodal distribution of language scores in our other reports in this publication imply the presence of fundamental differences among these groups. The characteristic aspects of each group were profiled according to language data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We divided 268 children with prelingual severe to profound hearing impairment into 3 groups according to their trimodal distribution observed on histogram-based analysis of their responses to the Test of Question-Answer Interaction Development. Test results in several language domains, including productive and comprehensive vocabulary, productive and comprehensive syntax, and academic achievement, were profiled and compared among these 3 groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences were observed in the results of the Word Fluency Test, the Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised, and the Syntax Test of Aphasia among the 3 groups. No significant difference was observed between groups who were lower-scoring and intermediate-scoring on the academic achievement tests referred to as Criterion Referenced Test-II and the Standardized Comprehension Test for Abstract Words. Only the higher-scoring group showed excellent results. The demographic factors were not significantly different among the 3 groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Relatively poor academic achievement despite fair language production was the dominant feature of the intermediate-scoring group. This profile might correlate with academic failure in school.</p>","PeriodicalId":76600,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of otology, rhinology & laryngology. Supplement","volume":"202 ","pages":"21-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/000348941212100403","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30636771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment package for language development in Japanese hearing-impaired children (ALADJIN) as a test battery for the development of practical communication.","authors":"Kunihiro Fukushima,&nbsp;Norio Kasai,&nbsp;Kana Omori,&nbsp;Akiko Sugaya,&nbsp;Akie Fujiyoshi,&nbsp;Tomoko Taguchi,&nbsp;Takayuki Konishi,&nbsp;Syuuhei Sugishita,&nbsp;Wataru Takei,&nbsp;Hiroshi Fujino,&nbsp;Toshiyuki Ojima,&nbsp;Kazunori Nishizaki","doi":"10.1177/000348941212100401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000348941212100401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The measurement of language development in hearing-impaired children is an important step in assessing the appropriateness of an intervention. We proposed a set of language tests (the Assessment Package for Language Development in Japanese Hearing-Impaired Children [ALADJIN]) to evaluate the development of practical communication skills. This package consisted of communication skills (TQAID), comprehensive (PVT-R and SCTAW) and productive vocabulary (WFT), comprehensive and productive syntax (STA), and the STRAW.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 638 children with greater than 70-dB hearing impairment were subjected to this set of language tests. Additional tests, including the PARS, the RCPM, and parental questionnaires, were administered to assess the backgrounds of the children.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A trimodal distribution was observed among hearing-impaired children by the histogram-based analysis of each test.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The ALADJIN is a useful Japanese-language evaluation kit for hearing-impaired children.</p>","PeriodicalId":76600,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of otology, rhinology & laryngology. Supplement","volume":"202 ","pages":"3-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/000348941212100401","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30635798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of early identification and intervention on language development in Japanese children with prelingual severe to profound hearing impairment.","authors":"Norio Kasai,&nbsp;Kunihiro Fukushima,&nbsp;Kana Omori,&nbsp;Akiko Sugaya,&nbsp;Toshiyuki Ojima","doi":"10.1177/000348941212100402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000348941212100402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Early identification and intervention for prelingual bilateral severe to profound hearing loss is supposed to reduce the delay in language development. Many countries have implemented early detection and hearing intervention and conducted regional universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS). However, the benefits of UNHS in later childhood have not yet been confirmed, although language development at school age has a lifelong impact on children's future. Our Research on Sensory and Communicative Disorders project attempted to reveal the effects of UNHS and those of early intervention on the development of verbal communication in Japanese children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, 319 children with prelingual bilateral severe to profound hearing loss, 4 to 10 years of age, were evaluated with the Test of Question-Answer Interaction Development used as an objective variable. Participation in UNHS and early intervention were used as explanatory variables. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was calculated after adjusting several confounding factors with use of logistic regression analysis. In addition, caregivers' answers were obtained by a questionnaire, and the process of diagnosis with and without UNHS was analyzed retrospectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Early intervention was significantly associated with better language development (AOR, 3.23; p < 0.01). Participation in UNHS may contribute to better language development to some extent (AOR, 1.32), but not one that was statistically significant (p = 0.37). However, UNHS was significantly associated with early intervention (AOR, 20.21; p < 0.001). The questionnaire results indicated a lag in treatment after UNHS in more than 40% of screened cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Early intervention strongly influenced language development. It is necessary to ensure that early identification leads directly to early intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":76600,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of otology, rhinology & laryngology. Supplement","volume":"202 ","pages":"16-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/000348941212100402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30636769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Syntactic development in Japanese hearing-impaired children.","authors":"Akie Fujiyoshi,&nbsp;Kunihiro Fukushima,&nbsp;Tomoko Taguchi,&nbsp;Kana Omori,&nbsp;Norio Kasai,&nbsp;Shinya Nishio,&nbsp;Akiko Sugaya,&nbsp;Rie Nagayasu,&nbsp;Takayuki Konishi,&nbsp;Syuuhei Sugishita,&nbsp;Jyunpei Fujita,&nbsp;Kazunori Nishizaki,&nbsp;Masae Shiroma","doi":"10.1177/000348941212100404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000348941212100404","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study examined syntactic development of auditory comprehension of sentences in Japanese-speaking school-age children with and without hearing impairment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In total, 592 preschool and school-age children (421 normal-hearing and 171 hearing-impaired) were included in this cross-sectional observation study conducted using the Syntactic Processing Test for Aphasia for Japanese language users. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the estimated age at which each syntactic structure was acquired.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Acquisition of syntactic structures was observed in hearing-impaired and normal-hearing children. Basic word order sentences of agent-object-verb and the goal benefactive construction were acquired at preschool age (earlier group), whereas reverse word order sentences of object-agent-verb, source benefactive construction, passive voice, and relative clauses were acquired at school age (later group). The results showed that many hearing-impaired children may not acquire Japanese grammatical structures until the age of 12 years.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Adequate screening for language development for school-age hearing-impaired children is required for an effective intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":76600,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of otology, rhinology & laryngology. Supplement","volume":"202 ","pages":"28-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/000348941212100404","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30636774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Language development, interpersonal communication, and academic achievement among Japanese children as assessed by the ALADJIN.","authors":"Syuuhei Sugishita,&nbsp;Kunihiro Fukushima,&nbsp;Norio Kasai,&nbsp;Takayuki Konishi,&nbsp;Kana Omori,&nbsp;Tomoko Taguchi,&nbsp;Akie Fujiyoshi,&nbsp;Toshiyuki Ojima","doi":"10.1177/000348941212100405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000348941212100405","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Japanese-speaking children in a standard sample were subjected to a test battery (ALADJIN: Assessment Package for Language Development in Japanese Hearing-Impaired Children) to evaluate the effect of language development on both interpersonal communication skills and academic achievement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 414 preschool and school-age children without hearing impairment were included in this study. The following tests make up the ALADJIN: the Test of Question-Answer Interaction Development (TQAID), the Japanese Language by Criterion Referenced Test-II (CRT-II) for measuring academic achievement, the Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PVT-R), the Standardized Comprehension Test of Abstract Words (SCTAW), both parts of the Syntactic Processing Test for Aphasia (STA), and the Word Fluency Test (WFT). Means and standard deviations at each academic grade level were calculated, and a multiple regression analysis was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A ceiling effect was observed for the TQAID and the STA in children in grade 3 of elementary school, and the scores for the PVT-R, SCTAW, and WFT increased incrementally according to grade level. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the PVT-R, WFT, and STA (production) have predictive power for the results of the TQAID (R = 0.59; R2 = 0.58; p <0.0001), whereas the SCTAW and STA (comprehension) have predictive power for the results of the CRT-II.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both vocabulary and syntax are important in communication development among children. The results of our multiple regression analysis suggest that different language domains may play different roles in the development of interpersonal communication skills and in academic achievement. The development of interpersonal communication skills is largely based on productive vocabulary and syntax abilities, whereas academic achievement is largely based on comprehensive vocabulary and syntax abilities. Children who have difficulties in either area should be evaluated with detailed language assessment tools such as the ALADJIN in an effort to aid in the selection of appropriate intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":76600,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of otology, rhinology & laryngology. Supplement","volume":"202 ","pages":"35-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/000348941212100405","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30636775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the treatment and recurrence of papilloma of the larynx [1882].","authors":"F H Hooper","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76600,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of otology, rhinology & laryngology. Supplement","volume":"201 ","pages":"14-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28450210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microlaryngoscopic and office-based injection of bevacizumab (Avastin) to enhance 532-nm pulsed KTP laser treatment of glottal papillomatosis.","authors":"Steven M Zeitels,&nbsp;Gerardo Lopez-Guerra,&nbsp;James A Burns,&nbsp;Matthew Lutch,&nbsp;Aaron M Friedman,&nbsp;Robert E Hillman","doi":"10.1177/000348940911800901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000348940911800901","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Photoangiolytic lasers effectively treat glottal papillomatosis, but do not reliably prevent recurrence. Therefore, sublesional injections of the antiangiogenic agent bevacizumab (Avastin) were given to assess the effect on disease recurrence and phonatory function.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective investigation was done in a pilot group of 10 adult patients with bilateral glottal papillomatosis who had prior angiolytic laser treatment with established patterns of recurrence. The patients underwent 5 bevacizumab injections (5 to 10 mg) into the diseased vocal folds along with 532-nm pulsed KTP laser photoangiolysis treatments 4 to 6 weeks apart. Their disease resolution was compared to findings from prior laser treatment alone, and objective measures of vocal function (acoustic, aerodynamic, Voice-Related Quality of Life survey) were obtained.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All 10 patients had a greater than 90% reduction in recurrence. Four of the 10 had resolution. Four of the 10 have limited recurrent or persistent disease, receive injections of bevacizumab at 8- to 12-week intervals, and have not required laser treatment. Two of the 10 have ongoing periodic office-based KTP laser treatment along with bevacizumab injections. No patient has required microlaryngeal surgery with general anesthesia, and all 10 have had substantial improvement in vocal function.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This pilot investigation provides preliminary evidence that bevacizumab injections enhance photoangiolytic laser treatment of glottal papillomatosis while enhancing phonatory function. Coupling an antiangiogenesis agent with pulsed KTP laser photoangiolysis is conceptually promising, since the mechanisms of action are complementary.</p>","PeriodicalId":76600,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of otology, rhinology & laryngology. Supplement","volume":"201 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/000348940911800901","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28449764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photoangiolytic laser treatment of early glottic cancer: a new management strategy.","authors":"Steven M Zeitels,&nbsp;James A Burns,&nbsp;Gerardo Lopez-Guerra,&nbsp;R Rox Anderson,&nbsp;Robert E Hillman","doi":"10.1177/00034894081170s701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00034894081170s701","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 532 nm pulsed KTP (potassium titanyl phosphate) laser and the 585 nm pulsed dye laser (PDL) are photoangiolytic lasers that have been demonstrated to be effective for managing vocal fold dysplasia. The putative mechanism of action is selective photoangiolysis of the sublesional microcirculation. On the basis of this experience, early glottic cancers were treated by selectively targeting the intralesional and sublesional microvasculature. This approach was derived from Folkman's concepts of neoplastic growth resulting from tumor angiogenesis. Staged microlaryngeal treatment was adopted, because it facilitated optimal functional results, and was considered safe, because early glottic cancer rarely metastasizes. Furthermore, intercurrent disease during conventional incremental radiotherapy is typical in treating early glottic cancer. A pilot group of 22 patients with early glottic cancer (13 T1, 9 T2) were treated with a fiber-based angiolytic laser. Eleven of the 22 had unilateral disease and were entirely treated by laser photoangiolysis as a sole modality. Eleven of the 22 had bilateral disease; 5 of the 11 were treated entirely (bilaterally) by laser photoangiolysis, and 6 of the 11 only underwent laser treatment of the less involved vocal fold, with conventional resection being done on the dominant side of the cancer. The initial 8 of the 22 were treated with the PDL, and the latter 14 of the 22 were treated with the pulsed KTP laser. No patient has cancer presently, and none have undergone posttreatment radiotherapy or open surgery. The mean follow-up is 27 months, 13 of the 22 patients have at least 2 years of follow-up, and the first patient was treated just over 5 years ago. Objective measures of vocal function revealed that photoangiolytic treatment of early glottic cancer resulted in significant postoperative improvements despite the fact that half of the patients had bilateral disease. Angiolytic lasers effectively involuted early glottic cancer, with microsurgically directed nonionizing radiation of the dense neoplastic blood supply resulting in complete tumor regression. This approach is conceptually attractive, because it is repeatable, it preserves all conventional cancer treatment options, and it results in excellent vocal function by improving phonatory mucosal wave vibration. Observations from this investigation suggest that this new and novel cancer treatment strategy is effective; however, larger patient cohorts, longer follow-up, and multi-institutional confirmation will be necessary to establish incontrovertible oncological efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":76600,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of otology, rhinology & laryngology. Supplement","volume":"199 ","pages":"3-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00034894081170s701","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27602760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foresight in laryngology and laryngeal surgery: a 2020 vision.","authors":"Steven M Zeitels,&nbsp;Andrew Blitzer,&nbsp;Robert E Hillman,&nbsp;R Rox Anderson","doi":"10.1177/00034894071160s901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00034894071160s901","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Laryngology and laryngeal surgery have been in the vanguard of minimally invasive human procedural interventions for approximately 150 years. The natural passages through the oral cavity, nose, and pharynx have provided an accessible gateway to the larynx that has allowed for rapid translation of a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic technologies. Transoral and transcervical laryngeal surgery have been further facilitated by progressive advancements in local, topical, intravenous, and general anesthesia. With rapid developments in engineering disciplines (ie, tissue, chemical, mechanical) and voice science, there are a variety of current and near-term opportunities to advance our field. This report represents a panel at the 2005 American Broncho-Esophagological Association meeting that sought to use present perspectives, combined with cutting-edge research insights, to provide foresight into key aspects of laryngology that we believe will be developed by the year 2020. We hope that aspiring laryngeal surgeons will find elements of this discussion valuable for devising a strategic roadmap for research initiatives in laryngology and laryngeal surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":76600,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of otology, rhinology & laryngology. Supplement","volume":"198 ","pages":"2-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00034894071160s901","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27048713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vivo estimates of the position of advanced bionics electrode arrays in the human cochlea.","authors":"Margaret W Skinner,&nbsp;Timothy A Holden,&nbsp;Bruce R Whiting,&nbsp;Arne H Voie,&nbsp;Barry Brunsden,&nbsp;J Gail Neely,&nbsp;Eugene A Saxon,&nbsp;Timothy E Hullar,&nbsp;Charles C Finley","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>A new technique for determining the position of each electrode in the cochlea is described and applied to spiral computed tomography data from 15 patients implanted with Advanced Bionics HiFocus I, Ij, or Helix arrays.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>ANALYZE imaging software was used to register 3-dimensional image volumes from patients' preoperative and postoperative scans and from a single body donor whose unimplanted ears were scanned clinically, with micro computed tomography and with orthogonal-plane fluorescence optical sectioning (OPFOS) microscopy. By use of this registration, we compared the atlas of OPFOS images of soft tissue within the body donor's cochlea with the bone and fluid/ tissue boundary available in patient scan data to choose the midmodiolar axis position and judge the electrode position in the scala tympani or scala vestibuli, including the distance to the medial and lateral scalar walls. The angular rotation 0 degrees start point is a line joining the midmodiolar axis and the middle of the cochlear canal entry from the vestibule.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The group mean array insertion depth was 477 degrees (range, 286 degrees to 655 degrees). The word scores were negatively correlated (r = -0.59; p = .028) with the number of electrodes in the scala vestibuli.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although the individual variability in all measures was large, repeated patterns of suboptimal electrode placement were observed across subjects, underscoring the applicability of this technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":76600,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of otology, rhinology & laryngology. Supplement","volume":"197 ","pages":"2-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26755065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}