American journal of physical anthropology最新文献_第6页

Not so fast: speed effects on forelimb kinematics in cercopithecine monkeys and implications for digitigrade postures in primates. 不那么快:速度对猴前肢运动学的影响以及对灵长类动物数字化姿势的影响。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21039

Biren A Patel

{"title":"Not so fast: speed effects on forelimb kinematics in cercopithecine monkeys and implications for digitigrade postures in primates.","authors":"Biren A Patel","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21039","url":null,"abstract":"Terrestrial mammals are characterized by their digitigrade limb postures, which are proposed to increase effective limb length (ELL) to achieve preferred or higher locomotor speeds more efficiently. Accordingly, digitigrade postures are associated with cursorial locomotion. Unlike most medium- to large-sized terrestrial mammals, terrestrial cercopithecine monkeys lack most cursorial adaptations, but still adopt digitigrade hand postures. This study investigates when and why terrestrial cercopithecine monkeys adopt digitigrade hand postures during quadrupedal locomotion. Three cercopithecine species (Papio anubis, Macaca mulatta, Erythrocebus patas) were videotaped moving unrestrained along a horizontal runway at a range of speeds (0.4-3.4 m/s). Three-dimensional forelimb kinematic data were recorded during forelimb support. Hand posture was measured as the angle between the metacarpal segments and the ground (MGA). As predicted, a larger MGA was correlated with a longer ELL. At slower speeds, subjects used digitigrade postures (larger MGA), however, contrary to expectations, all subjects used more palmigrade hand postures (smaller MGA) at faster speeds. Digitigrade postures at slower speeds may lower cost of transport by increasing ELL and step lengths. At higher speeds, palmigrade postures may be better suited to spread out high ground reaction forces across a larger portion of the hand thereby potentially decreasing stresses in hand bones. It is concluded that a digitigrade forelimb posture in primates is not an adaptation for high speed locomotion. Accordingly, digitigrady may have evolved for different reasons in primates compared to other mammalian lineages.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 1","pages":"92-112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28050819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 41

Brief communication: Evaluating grandmother effects. 简短的交流:评估祖母效应。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21061

Kristen Hawkes, Ken R Smith

引用次数: 14

Habitual throwing and swimming correspond with upper limb diaphyseal strength and shape in modern human athletes. 习惯性投掷和游泳符合现代人类运动员上肢骨干力量和形态。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21063

Colin N Shaw, Jay T Stock

{"title":"Habitual throwing and swimming correspond with upper limb diaphyseal strength and shape in modern human athletes.","authors":"Colin N Shaw, Jay T Stock","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21063","url":null,"abstract":"Variation in upper limb long bone cross-sectional properties may reflect a phenotypically plastic response to habitual loading patterns. Structural differences between limb bones have often been used to infer past behavior from hominin remains; however, few studies have examined direct relationships between behavioral differences and bone structure in humans. To help address this, cross-sectional images (50% length) of the humeri and ulnae of university varsity-level swimmers, cricketers, and controls were captured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. High levels of humeral robusticity were found in the dominant arms of cricketers, and bilaterally among swimmers, whereas the most gracile humeri were found in both arms of controls, and the nondominant arms of cricketers. In addition, the dominant humeri of cricketers were more circular than controls. The highest levels of ulnar robusticity were also found in the dominant arm of cricketers, and bilaterally amongst swimmers. Bilateral asymmetry in humeral rigidity among cricketers was greater than swimmers and controls, while asymmetry for ulnar rigidity was greater in cricketers than controls. The results suggest that more mechanically loaded upper limb elements--unilaterally or bilaterally--are strengthened relative to less mechanically loaded elements, and that differences in mechanical loading may have a more significant effect on proximal compared to distal limb segments. The more circular humerus in the dominant arm in cricketers may be an adaptation to torsional strain associated with throwing activities. The reported correspondence between habitual activity patterns and upper limb diaphyseal properties may inform future behavioral interpretations involving hominin skeletal remains.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 1","pages":"160-72"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28103031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 211

Dental caries in a Portuguese identified skeletal sample from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 一名葡萄牙人在19世纪末和20世纪初的骨骼样本中发现了龋齿。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21036

Sofia N Wasterlain, Simon Hillson, Eugénia Cunha

{"title":"Dental caries in a Portuguese identified skeletal sample from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.","authors":"Sofia N Wasterlain, Simon Hillson, Eugénia Cunha","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21036","url":null,"abstract":"Dental caries was investigated in 600 adult dentitions belonging to the identified osteological collections of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Coimbra, Portugal (late 19th/early 20th centuries). The main advantage of this sample compared to an archaeological source is the presence of known demographic parameters such as age, sex, and occupation. The aim of this study is to investigate the issues involved in comparing caries data derived from archaeological death assemblages with statistics compiled from clinical studies of the living. When only the upper dentition was considered, higher rates were observed in females than in males. No differences were found between sexes for lower teeth. In both sexes, both the percentage of carious teeth and the severity of lesions were found to increase with age, demonstrating that caries activity continued throughout life. The slight decrease observed for the age group 70-79 years is probably due to the increased antemortem tooth loss in the elderly. Caries was most common at contact areas (32.9%) and rarest at smooth crown surfaces (6.5%). Root surface caries was graphed in relation to the exposure of roots, and it was confirmed that the degree of root exposure was not strongly related to the frequency of carious lesions on the exposed root surface, although both increased with age. Molars were attacked more frequently by caries as a whole than premolars, canines or incisors. The results are similar to studies of recent living populations with a limited access to professional dental care.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 1","pages":"64-79"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28051293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 62

Intensity, repetitiveness, and directionality of habitual adolescent mobility patterns influence the tibial diaphysis morphology of athletes. 青少年习惯性活动模式的强度、重复性和方向性影响运动员的胫骨骨干形态。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21064

Colin N Shaw, Jay T Stock

{"title":"Intensity, repetitiveness, and directionality of habitual adolescent mobility patterns influence the tibial diaphysis morphology of athletes.","authors":"Colin N Shaw, Jay T Stock","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21064","url":null,"abstract":"Mobility patterns affect the loads placed on the lower limbs during locomotion and may influence variation in lower limb diaphyseal robusticity and shape. This relationship commonly forms the basis for inferring mobility patterns from hominin fossil and skeletal remains. This study assesses the correspondence between athletic histories, varying by loading intensity, repetition and directionality, measured using a recall questionnaire, and peripheral quantitative computed tomography-derived measurements of tibial diaphysis rigidity and shape. Participants included male university varsity cross-country runners (n = 15), field hockey players (n = 15), and controls (n = 20) [mean age: 22.1 (SD +/- 2.6) years]. Measurements of tibial rigidity (including J, %CA, Imax, Imin, and average cortical thickness) of both runners and field hockey players were greater than controls (P < or = 0.05). Differences in tibial shape (Imax/Imin, P < or = 0.05) between runners and hockey players reflect pronounced maximum plane (Imax) rigidity in runners, and more symmetrical hypertrophy (Imax, Imin) among hockey players. This corresponds with the generally unidirectional locomotor patterns of runners, and the multidirectional patterns of hockey players. These results support the relationship between mobility and tibial diaphysis morphology as it is generally interpreted in the anthropological literature, with greater levels of mobility associated with increased diaphyseal robusticity and shape variation. Although exercise intensity may be the primary influence on these properties, the repetitiveness of the activity also deserves consideration. In conclusion, bone morphological patterns can reflect habitual behaviors, with adaptation to locomotor activities likely contributing to variation in tibial rigidity and shape properties in archaeological and fossil samples.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 1","pages":"149-59"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28102549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 202

The type specimen (LB1) of Homo floresiensis did not have Laron syndrome. 弗洛勒斯人的模式标本(LB1)没有Laron综合征。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21035

Dean Falk, Charles Hildebolt, Kirk Smith, William Jungers, Susan Larson, Michael Morwood, Thomas Sutikna, Jatmiko, E Wahyu Saptomo, Fred Prior

{"title":"The type specimen (LB1) of Homo floresiensis did not have Laron syndrome.","authors":"Dean Falk, Charles Hildebolt, Kirk Smith, William Jungers, Susan Larson, Michael Morwood, Thomas Sutikna, Jatmiko, E Wahyu Saptomo, Fred Prior","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21035","url":null,"abstract":"The type specimen (LB1) of Homo floresiensis has been hypothesized to be a pathological human afflicted with Laron Syndrome (LS), a type of primary growth hormone insensitivity (Hershkovitz et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 134 [2007] 198-208). Comparing measurements, photographs and three-dimensional, computed-tomography reconstructions of LB1 with data and diagnoses from the literature on LS, we critically evaluate numerous skull and postcranial traits that Hershkovitz et al. identified as being shared by LB1 and patients with LS. The statements regarding most of these traits are new to the clinical literature and lack quantitative support. LB1 and patients with LS differ markedly in the size and shape of the cranium; thickness and pneumatization of cranial bones; morphology of the face, mandible, teeth, and chin; form of the shoulder, wrist, and pelvis; and general body proportions including relative foot size. Claims that patients with LS are similar to LB1 in displaying protracted scapulae, short clavicles, low degrees of humeral torsion, flaring ilia, and curved tibiae are not supported by data or corroborating images. Some points of similarity (e.g., femoral neck-shaft angle, femoral bicondylar angle, and estimated stature) can be found in other hominins, and cannot be considered diagnostic. From our review and analysis, we conclude that LB1 did not suffer from LS.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 1","pages":"52-63"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28051294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 29

Sex determination of adolescent skeletons using the distal humerus. 用肱骨远端测定青少年骨骼的性别。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21060

Tracy L Rogers

{"title":"Sex determination of adolescent skeletons using the distal humerus.","authors":"Tracy L Rogers","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21060","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate determination of the sex of immature skeletal remains is difficult in the absence of DNA, due to the fact that most sexually dimorphic features of the human skeleton develop as secondary sex characteristics during adolescence. Methods of assessment of adult skeletons cannot reliably be applied to adolescent skeletons because of the transitional nature of the skeleton at puberty and the variability of the adolescent growth spurt. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the accuracy of Rogers's method of morphological sex determination using the distal humerus (Rogers: J Forensic Sci 44 (1999) 55-59) to assess the sex of adolescent skeletons. The sample consists of 7 documented adolescent skeletons from the Christ Church Spitalfields collection at the British Museum of Natural History and 35 from the Luis Lopes skeletal collection housed in the National History Museum (Museu Bocage) of the University of Lisbon, Portugal. Ages range from 11 to 20 years. The technique achieved an accuracy of 81% on the combined sample of 42. This method can be applied to adolescent skeletons once the trochlea begins fusing to the humeral diaphysis, which occurred by age 11 years in the test samples.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 1","pages":"143-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28103029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 51

Comparing the accuracy and precision of three techniques used for estimating missing landmarks when reconstructing fossil hominin crania. 比较重建古人类颅骨化石时三种用于估计缺失标志的技术的准确度和精密度。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21023

Rudolph Neeser, Rebecca Rogers Ackermann, James Gain

{"title":"Comparing the accuracy and precision of three techniques used for estimating missing landmarks when reconstructing fossil hominin crania.","authors":"Rudolph Neeser, Rebecca Rogers Ackermann, James Gain","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21023","url":null,"abstract":"Various methodological approaches have been used for reconstructing fossil hominin remains in order to increase sample sizes and to better understand morphological variation. Among these, morphometric quantitative techniques for reconstruction are increasingly common. Here we compare the accuracy of three approaches--mean substitution, thin plate splines, and multiple linear regression--for estimating missing landmarks of damaged fossil specimens. Comparisons are made varying the number of missing landmarks, sample sizes, and the reference species of the population used to perform the estimation. The testing is performed on landmark data from individuals of Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla, and nine hominin fossil specimens. Results suggest that when a small, same-species fossil reference sample is available to guide reconstructions, thin plate spline approaches perform best. However, if no such sample is available (or if the species of the damaged individual is uncertain), estimates of missing morphology based on a single individual (or even a small sample) of close taxonomic affinity are less accurate than those based on a large sample of individuals drawn from more distantly related extant populations using a technique (such as a regression method) able to leverage the information (e.g., variation/covariation patterning) contained in this large sample. Thin plate splines also show an unexpectedly large amount of error in estimating landmarks, especially over large areas. Recommendations are made for estimating missing landmarks under various scenarios.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 1","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27977759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 45

Behavioral responses to tooth loss in wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. 马达加斯加贝扎马哈法利特别保护区野生环尾狐猴(狐猴)对牙齿脱落的行为反应。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21045

James B Millette, Michelle L Sauther, Frank P Cuozzo

{"title":"Behavioral responses to tooth loss in wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar.","authors":"James B Millette, Michelle L Sauther, Frank P Cuozzo","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21045","url":null,"abstract":"Severe dental wear and tooth loss is often assumed to impede the processing, breakdown, and energetic conversion of food items, thereby negatively impacting individual health, reproduction, and survival. Ring-tailed lemurs at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve demonstrate exceptionally high frequencies of severe dental wear and antemortem tooth loss, yet often survive multiple years with these impairments. To test the hypothesis that these lemurs mitigate tooth loss through behavioral adjustments, we collected 191 h of observational data from 16 focal subjects, eight without tooth loss and eight with between 3% and 44% loss. These data indicate dentally-impaired ring-tailed lemurs show compensatory behaviors consistent with the demands of living in a social group. During early afternoon (12:00-14:30 h) individuals with loss showed trends towards higher frequencies of foraging and grooming, while individuals without loss rested significantly more often. Individuals with >10% loss (n = 7) showed higher frequencies of feeding, foraging, and grooming, and lower frequencies of resting during this period than individuals with <10% loss (n = 9). Individuals with tooth loss maintained relatively higher levels of feeding and foraging throughout the day. These individuals licked tamarind fruit at higher frequencies, likely spending more time softening it before ingestion. These individuals did not demonstrate longer feeding bouts overall, although bouts involving tamarinds were significantly longer. Individuals with marked toothcomb wear engaged in higher rates of certain types of allogrooming, demonstrating that social behaviors are used to compensate for reduced grooming efficiency. These data have implications for interpreting behavioral responses to dental impairment in the fossil record.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 1","pages":"120-34"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28190473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 37

Sex differences in humeral bilateral asymmetry in two hunter-gatherer populations: California Amerinds and British Columbian Amerinds. 两种狩猎采集人群:加利福尼亚美洲人和不列颠哥伦比亚美洲人肱骨两侧不对称的性别差异。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21025

Elizabeth Weiss

引用次数: 45