American journal of physical anthropology最新文献_第6页

Book review: Handbook of Paleoanthropology: Vol. I: Principles, Methods and Approaches; Vol. II: Primate Evolution and Human Origins; Vol. III: Phylogeny of Hominids 书评:古人类学手册:第一卷:原理、方法和途径;第二卷:灵长类进化和人类起源;第三卷:人科动物的系统发育

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/AJPA.21146

Kieran P. McNulty

引用次数: 2

Stature estimation in an early medieval (XI-XII c.) Polish population: testing the accuracy of regression equations in a bioarcheological sample. 中世纪早期的身高估算(xi - xic .)波兰人口:在生物考古样本中测试回归方程的准确性。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21055

Giuseppe Vercellotti, Amanda M Agnew, Hedy M Justus, Paul W Sciulli

{"title":"Stature estimation in an early medieval (XI-XII c.) Polish population: testing the accuracy of regression equations in a bioarcheological sample.","authors":"Giuseppe Vercellotti, Amanda M Agnew, Hedy M Justus, Paul W Sciulli","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21055","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate stature estimation from skeletal remains can foster useful information on health and microevolutionary trends in past human populations. Stature can be estimated through the anatomical method and regression equations. The anatomical method (Fully: Ann Med Leg 36 [1956] 266-273; Raxter et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 130 [2006] 374-384) is preferable because it takes into account total skeletal height and thus provides more accurate estimates, but it cannot be applied to incomplete remains. In such circumstances, regression equations allow estimates of living stature from the length of one or few skeletal elements. However, the accuracy of stature estimates from regression equations depends on similarity in body proportions between the population under examination and those used to calibrate the equations. Since genetic affinity and body proportions similarity are not always clearly known in bioarcheological populations, the criteria for selection of appropriate formulae are not always straightforward. This may lead to inaccurate stature estimates and imprecise accounts of past life conditions. Prompted by such practical and theoretical concerns this study aimed at (1) estimating living stature in an early medieval (XI-XII c.) Polish sample (40 male; 20 female) through the anatomical method and developing population-specific regression formulae; and (2) evaluating the accuracy of estimates obtained with regression methods commonly employed in European populations. Results indicate that when applied to the skeletal remains from Giecz, our formulae provide accurate estimates, with non-age-corrected formulae performing better than age-corrected ones. Our formulae provide better estimates than those calibrated on recent populations and their use in medieval Polish populations is preferable.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 1","pages":"135-42"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28190474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 85

Associations between height, body mass, and frequency of decayed, extracted, and filled deciduous teeth among two cohorts of Taiwanese first graders. 台湾两组小学一年级学生之身高、体重与蛀牙、拔牙及补牙频率之关系。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21043

B Floyd

{"title":"Associations between height, body mass, and frequency of decayed, extracted, and filled deciduous teeth among two cohorts of Taiwanese first graders.","authors":"B Floyd","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21043","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, heights, weights, and numbers of decayed, extracted, and filled (DEF) deciduous teeth of 300 first-graders from a less affluent area of Taipei were compared with those of 277 first-graders from a more affluent one. Parents of all children self-identified as having ancestors from Fujian. This study tested the hypothesis that synergisms between under-nutrition and disease form part of a causal pathway contributing to the risk of deciduous caries. Within the less affluent community significant inverse associations between height and body mass index, as proxies for nutritional status, and the frequency of DEF deciduous teeth were anticipated. These associations were not expected in the more affluent community where nutritional status was adequate. An alternative hypothesis, that parental behavior potentially correlated with parental education, occupational backgrounds, housing, or family size contributed independently to offspring nutritional status and caries risk, was evaluated with available data. Consistent with the primary hypothesis, regression analyses revealed significant negative slopes of height (P = 0.002) and log BMI (P = 0.036) on total DEF deciduous teeth in the less affluent group, but not in the more affluent one. Direct tests of slope coefficients in the two groups indicate a significant difference for height (P = 0.041) but not log BMI (P = 0.29). Inclusion of parental education, occupational categories, housing, and numbers of siblings in the regression model provided no support to the alternative hypothesis. Results suggest that improving nutritional status significantly lowers caries risk, though most variation is probably attributable to other factors.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 1","pages":"113-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28097441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 22

A new high-resolution computed tomography (CT) segmentation method for trabecular bone architectural analysis. 一种新的高分辨率CT分割方法用于小梁骨结构分析。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21033

Heike Scherf, Rico Tilgner

{"title":"A new high-resolution computed tomography (CT) segmentation method for trabecular bone architectural analysis.","authors":"Heike Scherf, Rico Tilgner","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21033","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decade, high-resolution computed tomography (CT) and microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) have been increasingly used in anthropological studies and as a complement to traditional histological techniques. This is due in large part to the ability of CT techniques to nondestructively extract three-dimensional representations of bone structures. Despite prior studies employing CT techniques, no completely reliable method of bone segmentation has been established. Accurate preprocessing of digital data is crucial for measurement accuracy, especially when subtle structures such as trabecular bone are investigated. The research presented here is a new, reproducible, accurate, and fully automated computerized segmentation method for high-resolution CT datasets of fossil and recent cancellous bone: the Ray Casting Algorithm (RCA). We compare this technique with commonly used methods of image thresholding (i.e., the half-maximum height protocol and the automatic, adaptive iterative thresholding procedure). While the quality of the input images is crucial for conventional image segmentation, the RCA method is robust regarding the signal to noise ratio, beam hardening, ring artifacts, and blurriness. Tests with data of extant and fossil material demonstrate the superior quality of RCA compared with conventional thresholding procedures, and emphasize the need for careful consideration of optimal CT scanning parameters.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 1","pages":"39-51"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28039597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 89

Not so fast: speed effects on forelimb kinematics in cercopithecine monkeys and implications for digitigrade postures in primates. 不那么快:速度对猴前肢运动学的影响以及对灵长类动物数字化姿势的影响。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21039

Biren A Patel

{"title":"Not so fast: speed effects on forelimb kinematics in cercopithecine monkeys and implications for digitigrade postures in primates.","authors":"Biren A Patel","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21039","url":null,"abstract":"Terrestrial mammals are characterized by their digitigrade limb postures, which are proposed to increase effective limb length (ELL) to achieve preferred or higher locomotor speeds more efficiently. Accordingly, digitigrade postures are associated with cursorial locomotion. Unlike most medium- to large-sized terrestrial mammals, terrestrial cercopithecine monkeys lack most cursorial adaptations, but still adopt digitigrade hand postures. This study investigates when and why terrestrial cercopithecine monkeys adopt digitigrade hand postures during quadrupedal locomotion. Three cercopithecine species (Papio anubis, Macaca mulatta, Erythrocebus patas) were videotaped moving unrestrained along a horizontal runway at a range of speeds (0.4-3.4 m/s). Three-dimensional forelimb kinematic data were recorded during forelimb support. Hand posture was measured as the angle between the metacarpal segments and the ground (MGA). As predicted, a larger MGA was correlated with a longer ELL. At slower speeds, subjects used digitigrade postures (larger MGA), however, contrary to expectations, all subjects used more palmigrade hand postures (smaller MGA) at faster speeds. Digitigrade postures at slower speeds may lower cost of transport by increasing ELL and step lengths. At higher speeds, palmigrade postures may be better suited to spread out high ground reaction forces across a larger portion of the hand thereby potentially decreasing stresses in hand bones. It is concluded that a digitigrade forelimb posture in primates is not an adaptation for high speed locomotion. Accordingly, digitigrady may have evolved for different reasons in primates compared to other mammalian lineages.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 1","pages":"92-112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28050819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 41

Brief communication: Evaluating grandmother effects. 简短的交流:评估祖母效应。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21061

Kristen Hawkes, Ken R Smith

引用次数: 14

Habitual throwing and swimming correspond with upper limb diaphyseal strength and shape in modern human athletes. 习惯性投掷和游泳符合现代人类运动员上肢骨干力量和形态。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21063

Colin N Shaw, Jay T Stock

{"title":"Habitual throwing and swimming correspond with upper limb diaphyseal strength and shape in modern human athletes.","authors":"Colin N Shaw, Jay T Stock","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21063","url":null,"abstract":"Variation in upper limb long bone cross-sectional properties may reflect a phenotypically plastic response to habitual loading patterns. Structural differences between limb bones have often been used to infer past behavior from hominin remains; however, few studies have examined direct relationships between behavioral differences and bone structure in humans. To help address this, cross-sectional images (50% length) of the humeri and ulnae of university varsity-level swimmers, cricketers, and controls were captured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. High levels of humeral robusticity were found in the dominant arms of cricketers, and bilaterally among swimmers, whereas the most gracile humeri were found in both arms of controls, and the nondominant arms of cricketers. In addition, the dominant humeri of cricketers were more circular than controls. The highest levels of ulnar robusticity were also found in the dominant arm of cricketers, and bilaterally amongst swimmers. Bilateral asymmetry in humeral rigidity among cricketers was greater than swimmers and controls, while asymmetry for ulnar rigidity was greater in cricketers than controls. The results suggest that more mechanically loaded upper limb elements--unilaterally or bilaterally--are strengthened relative to less mechanically loaded elements, and that differences in mechanical loading may have a more significant effect on proximal compared to distal limb segments. The more circular humerus in the dominant arm in cricketers may be an adaptation to torsional strain associated with throwing activities. The reported correspondence between habitual activity patterns and upper limb diaphyseal properties may inform future behavioral interpretations involving hominin skeletal remains.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 1","pages":"160-72"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28103031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 211

Dental caries in a Portuguese identified skeletal sample from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 一名葡萄牙人在19世纪末和20世纪初的骨骼样本中发现了龋齿。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21036

Sofia N Wasterlain, Simon Hillson, Eugénia Cunha

{"title":"Dental caries in a Portuguese identified skeletal sample from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.","authors":"Sofia N Wasterlain, Simon Hillson, Eugénia Cunha","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21036","url":null,"abstract":"Dental caries was investigated in 600 adult dentitions belonging to the identified osteological collections of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Coimbra, Portugal (late 19th/early 20th centuries). The main advantage of this sample compared to an archaeological source is the presence of known demographic parameters such as age, sex, and occupation. The aim of this study is to investigate the issues involved in comparing caries data derived from archaeological death assemblages with statistics compiled from clinical studies of the living. When only the upper dentition was considered, higher rates were observed in females than in males. No differences were found between sexes for lower teeth. In both sexes, both the percentage of carious teeth and the severity of lesions were found to increase with age, demonstrating that caries activity continued throughout life. The slight decrease observed for the age group 70-79 years is probably due to the increased antemortem tooth loss in the elderly. Caries was most common at contact areas (32.9%) and rarest at smooth crown surfaces (6.5%). Root surface caries was graphed in relation to the exposure of roots, and it was confirmed that the degree of root exposure was not strongly related to the frequency of carious lesions on the exposed root surface, although both increased with age. Molars were attacked more frequently by caries as a whole than premolars, canines or incisors. The results are similar to studies of recent living populations with a limited access to professional dental care.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 1","pages":"64-79"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28051293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 62

Intensity, repetitiveness, and directionality of habitual adolescent mobility patterns influence the tibial diaphysis morphology of athletes. 青少年习惯性活动模式的强度、重复性和方向性影响运动员的胫骨骨干形态。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21064

Colin N Shaw, Jay T Stock

{"title":"Intensity, repetitiveness, and directionality of habitual adolescent mobility patterns influence the tibial diaphysis morphology of athletes.","authors":"Colin N Shaw, Jay T Stock","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21064","url":null,"abstract":"Mobility patterns affect the loads placed on the lower limbs during locomotion and may influence variation in lower limb diaphyseal robusticity and shape. This relationship commonly forms the basis for inferring mobility patterns from hominin fossil and skeletal remains. This study assesses the correspondence between athletic histories, varying by loading intensity, repetition and directionality, measured using a recall questionnaire, and peripheral quantitative computed tomography-derived measurements of tibial diaphysis rigidity and shape. Participants included male university varsity cross-country runners (n = 15), field hockey players (n = 15), and controls (n = 20) [mean age: 22.1 (SD +/- 2.6) years]. Measurements of tibial rigidity (including J, %CA, Imax, Imin, and average cortical thickness) of both runners and field hockey players were greater than controls (P < or = 0.05). Differences in tibial shape (Imax/Imin, P < or = 0.05) between runners and hockey players reflect pronounced maximum plane (Imax) rigidity in runners, and more symmetrical hypertrophy (Imax, Imin) among hockey players. This corresponds with the generally unidirectional locomotor patterns of runners, and the multidirectional patterns of hockey players. These results support the relationship between mobility and tibial diaphysis morphology as it is generally interpreted in the anthropological literature, with greater levels of mobility associated with increased diaphyseal robusticity and shape variation. Although exercise intensity may be the primary influence on these properties, the repetitiveness of the activity also deserves consideration. In conclusion, bone morphological patterns can reflect habitual behaviors, with adaptation to locomotor activities likely contributing to variation in tibial rigidity and shape properties in archaeological and fossil samples.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 1","pages":"149-59"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28102549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 202

The type specimen (LB1) of Homo floresiensis did not have Laron syndrome. 弗洛勒斯人的模式标本(LB1)没有Laron综合征。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21035

Dean Falk, Charles Hildebolt, Kirk Smith, William Jungers, Susan Larson, Michael Morwood, Thomas Sutikna, Jatmiko, E Wahyu Saptomo, Fred Prior

{"title":"The type specimen (LB1) of Homo floresiensis did not have Laron syndrome.","authors":"Dean Falk, Charles Hildebolt, Kirk Smith, William Jungers, Susan Larson, Michael Morwood, Thomas Sutikna, Jatmiko, E Wahyu Saptomo, Fred Prior","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21035","url":null,"abstract":"The type specimen (LB1) of Homo floresiensis has been hypothesized to be a pathological human afflicted with Laron Syndrome (LS), a type of primary growth hormone insensitivity (Hershkovitz et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 134 [2007] 198-208). Comparing measurements, photographs and three-dimensional, computed-tomography reconstructions of LB1 with data and diagnoses from the literature on LS, we critically evaluate numerous skull and postcranial traits that Hershkovitz et al. identified as being shared by LB1 and patients with LS. The statements regarding most of these traits are new to the clinical literature and lack quantitative support. LB1 and patients with LS differ markedly in the size and shape of the cranium; thickness and pneumatization of cranial bones; morphology of the face, mandible, teeth, and chin; form of the shoulder, wrist, and pelvis; and general body proportions including relative foot size. Claims that patients with LS are similar to LB1 in displaying protracted scapulae, short clavicles, low degrees of humeral torsion, flaring ilia, and curved tibiae are not supported by data or corroborating images. Some points of similarity (e.g., femoral neck-shaft angle, femoral bicondylar angle, and estimated stature) can be found in other hominins, and cannot be considered diagnostic. From our review and analysis, we conclude that LB1 did not suffer from LS.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 1","pages":"52-63"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28051294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 29