American journal of physical anthropology最新文献_第3页

The shape of things to come? household dependency ratio and adolescent nutritional status in rural and urban Ethiopia. 未来事物的形态?埃塞俄比亚农村和城市家庭抚养比和青少年营养状况。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2011-04-01 Epub Date: 2011-01-06 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21463

Craig Hadley, Tefera Belachew, David Lindstrom, Fasil Tessema

{"title":"The shape of things to come? household dependency ratio and adolescent nutritional status in rural and urban Ethiopia.","authors":"Craig Hadley, Tefera Belachew, David Lindstrom, Fasil Tessema","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21463","url":null,"abstract":"Several related demographic trends are occurring in developing countries: youth comprise a large portion of populations, fertility rates are declining, and urban dwellers are increasing. As fertility rates decline and populations age, the decline in the ratio of young dependents to working age adults is expected to free up household resources, which can be invested in human capital, including youth nutritional wellbeing. We test this hypothesis in a sample of youth (n = 1,934) in Southwestern Ethiopia. Multiple measures of achieved growth and nutritional status are explored (weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), body mass index (BMI) and body mass index for age z-score (BMIZ), weight for age z-score (WAZ), and height for age z-score (HAZ)). In multivariable models controlling for the effects of income, age, gender, and youth workloads, youth living in rural settings had significantly lower weight (1.24 kg lighter), MUAC (0.67 cm lower), BMI (0.45 BMI lower), BMIZ (0.27 lower), HAZ (0.14 HAZ lower), and WAZ (0.3 WAZ lower) than urban youth (all P < 0.01). Compared with youth in the lowest dependency ratio households, results show that youth in households with the highest dependency ratios were estimated to be 1.3 kg lighter, have 0.67 cm smaller MUAC, and BMI that was 0.59 lower (all P<0.01). Similar results were found for WAZ (0.21 lower) and BMIZ (0.36 lower). Youth height and HAZ were not associated with household dependency. These results may point toward increasing levels of human capital investments in Ethiopian youth as fertility levels decline and populations urbanize.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"144 4","pages":"643-52"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2011-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21463","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29741697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 52

The Narrow Niche hypothesis: gray squirrels shed new light on primate origins. 狭窄生态位假说:灰松鼠为灵长类起源提供了新的线索。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2011-04-01 Epub Date: 2011-01-04 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21450

Joseph D Orkin, Herman Pontzer

{"title":"The Narrow Niche hypothesis: gray squirrels shed new light on primate origins.","authors":"Joseph D Orkin, Herman Pontzer","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21450","url":null,"abstract":"Current hypotheses for primate origins propose that nails and primate-like grasping hands and feet were important early adaptations for feeding in fine branches. Comparative research in this area has focused on instances of convergence in extant animals, showing that species with primate-like morphology feed predominantly from terminal branches. Little has been done to test whether animals without primate-like morphology engage in similar behavior. We tested the fine-branch niche hypothesis for primate origins by observing branch use in Eastern gray squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis, a species lacking primate grasping adaptations that has been understudied in the context of primate origins. We hypothesized that because gray squirrels lack primate-like grasping adaptations, they would avoid feeding and foraging in terminal branches. Instantaneous focal animal sampling was used to examine the locomotor and postural behaviors used while feeding and foraging. Our results demonstrate habitual and effective usage of terminal branches by gray squirrels while feeding and foraging, primarily on tree seeds (e.g., oak, maple, and elm). Discriminant function analysis indicates that gray squirrels feed and forage like primates, unlike some other tree squirrel species. Given the absence of primate-like features in gray squirrels, we suggest that although selection for fine-branch foraging may be a necessary condition for primate origins, it is not sufficient. We propose an alternative model of primate origins. The Narrow Niche hypothesis suggests that the primate morphological suite evolved not only from selection pressure for fine branch use, but also from a lack of engagement in other activities.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"144 4","pages":"617-24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2011-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21450","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29741694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 40

Abstracts of the 80th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. April 11-16, 2011. Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. 第80届美国体质人类学家协会年会摘要。2011年4月11日至16日。明尼阿波利斯，明尼苏达州，美国。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2011-01-01

引用次数: 0

Monitoring nutritional stress with urinary delta N-15 and c/n ratios in captive bonobos 用尿δ n -15和c/n比值监测圈养倭黑猩猩的营养应激

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2010-02-09 DOI: 10.1002/AJPA.21276

T. Deschner, Benjamin T. Fuller, V. M. Oelze, Sylvia Ortmann, Michael P. Richards, Gottfried Hohmann

{"title":"Monitoring nutritional stress with urinary delta N-15 and c/n ratios in captive bonobos","authors":"T. Deschner, Benjamin T. Fuller, V. M. Oelze, Sylvia Ortmann, Michael P. Richards, Gottfried Hohmann","doi":"10.1002/AJPA.21276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/AJPA.21276","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last 15 years computed tomography (CT) has become a common way to obtain high resolution three-dimensional images of cranial endocast of hominids. Among the different features that can be seen on such endocasts, of key interest are their shape asymmetries. In particular, protrusions of the frontal and occipital lobes, as well as differences in their width, have been typically observed in modern humans' brains. These have been often hypothesized to be linked to functional specialization, and especially language and handedness. The imprints of these protrusions on the inner surface of the skull are called the petalia. There is a lack of automated, reproducible and objective methods to quantify these protrusions and to assess (for instance) whether they are present in species other than Homo sapiens. We propose a new method for the automated quantification of 3D endocranial shape asymmetries. We mathematically define the symmetry plane of the endocast as the 3D plane which best superposes the \"right\" and \"left\" sides of the endocranial surface. Then, we compute a 3D pointwise deformation field between the two sides of the endocast, allowing to match homologous points, and to assess their relative spatial position. The analysis of this 3D deformation field allows quantifying the shape asymmetries everywhere on the endocast. We illustrate our method on the endocast of Sts 5 (Mrs. Ples, Australopithecus africanus) whose very high resolution CT scan has been segmented using ITK-SNAP. The results suggest an opposite shape asymmetry in the fronto-temporal and occipital regions.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"77 1","pages":"93-93"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2010-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/AJPA.21276","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50792458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Sex differences in anthropoid mandibular canine lateral enamel formation. 类人猿犬齿侧牙釉质形成的性别差异。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21047

Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg, Rebecca J Ferrell, Jennifer Spence, Tiffany Talabere, Amelia Hubbard, Stacey Schmidt

{"title":"Sex differences in anthropoid mandibular canine lateral enamel formation.","authors":"Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg, Rebecca J Ferrell, Jennifer Spence, Tiffany Talabere, Amelia Hubbard, Stacey Schmidt","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21047","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research has demonstrated that great ape and macaque males achieve large canine crown sizes primarily through extended canine growth periods. Recent work has suggested, however, that platyrrhine males may achieve larger canine sizes by accelerating rather than prolonging growth. This study tested the hypothesis that the ontogenetic pathway leading to canine sexual dimorphism in catarrhines differs from that of platyrrhines. To test this hypothesis, males and females of several catarrhine genera (Hylobates, Papio, Macaca, Cercopithecus, and Cercocebus) and three platyrrhine genera (Cebus, Ateles, and Callicebus) were compared in the number and spacing of perikymata (enamel growth increments) on their canine crowns. In addition, perikymata periodicities (the number of days of growth perikymata represent) were determined for five genera (Hylobates, Papio, Macaca, Cebus, and Ateles) using previously published as well as original data gathered for this study. The central findings are as follows: 1) males have more perikymata than females for seven of eight genera (in five of the seven, the differences are statistically significant); 2) in general, the greater the degree of sexual dimorphism, the greater the sex difference in male and female perikymata numbers; 3) there is no evidence of a systematic sex difference in primate periodicities; and 4) there is some evidence that sex differences in enamel formation rates may make a minor contribution to canine sexual dimorphism in Papio and Cercopithecus. These findings strongly suggest that in both catarrhines and platyrrhines prolongation of male canine growth is the primary mechanism by which canine crown sexual dimorphism is achieved.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 2","pages":"216-33"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28097445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 26

Historiography and forensic analysis of the Fort King George "skull": craniometric assessment using the specific population approach. 乔治堡国王“头骨”的史学和法医分析:使用特定人群方法的颅测量学评估。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21067

Christopher M Stojanowski, William N Duncan

{"title":"Historiography and forensic analysis of the Fort King George \"skull\": craniometric assessment using the specific population approach.","authors":"Christopher M Stojanowski, William N Duncan","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21067","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we evaluate the association between the Fort King George \"skull\" and two Franciscans who were killed during a Guale revolt in 1597 and whose remains were never recovered (Pedro de Corpa and Francisco de Veráscola). The history and historiography of the revolt is summarized to generate a forensic profile for the individuals. The calvaria is described in terms of preservation, taphonomy, possible trauma, age, and sex. Because these factors are consistent with the individuals in question, population affinity is assessed using comparative craniometric analysis. In response to recent criticism of the typological nature of forensic population affinity assessment, we use a population specific approach, as advocated by Alice Brues (1992). Archaeological and historical data inform the occupation history of the site, and data from those specific populations are used in the comparative analysis. Results of linear discriminant function analysis indicate a low probability that the calvaria is a Guale (the precontact inhabitants of southeastern Georgia) or an individual of African descent. Comparison among European and Euro-American populations indicated poor discriminatory resolution; however, the closest match suggests a New World affinity rather than an Old World English, Scottish, or Iberian affinity for the specimen. Future analyses that will provide greater resolution about the identity of the calvaria are outlined. The case highlights the unique challenges of historical forensics cases relative to those of traditional jurisprudence, as well as the potential for using historiography to overcome those challenges in future analyses.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 2","pages":"275-89"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28190476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Book review: Human Remains: Guide for Museums and Academic Institutions 书评:《人类遗骸:博物馆和学术机构指南》

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/AJPA.21108

S. Ousley

引用次数: 0

Age estimation from stages of union of the vertebral epiphyses of the ribs. 从肋骨骨骺愈合的阶段来估计年龄。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21065

Luis Ríos, Hugo F V Cardoso

{"title":"Age estimation from stages of union of the vertebral epiphyses of the ribs.","authors":"Luis Ríos, Hugo F V Cardoso","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21065","url":null,"abstract":"This study attempts to fill a persistent gap in the literature by documenting the timing of epiphyseal union at the vertebral end of the ribs in a sample of modern Portuguese skeletons. The skeletal remains of 53 females and 45 males, between the ages of 11 and 30, were taken from the Lisbon documented skeletal collection. Individuals in the sample have been previously described as being representative of a middle-to-low socioeconomic segment of the early 20th century Lisbon population. Three anatomical locations were examined for epiphyseal union: the head, the articular tubercle and the nonarticular tubercle. The first epiphysis to show partial union is that of the nonarticular tubercle (females, 11-19 years; males, 11-19 years), followed by the epiphysis of the articular tubercle (females, 11-20 years; males, 16-20 years), and finally by the head epiphysis (females, 15-24 years; males, 16-22 years), which can still show incomplete epiphyseal closure at 25 and 24 years for females and males, respectively. A trend for earlier female maturation was observed, but the statistical tests only confirmed this result for some ribs and age groups. No directional asymmetry was found, but a significant fluctuating asymmetry was observed in all three epiphyses. A preliminary analysis showed that the asymmetric group of individuals in the study sample includes all the rural-to-urban migrants, relative to the symmetric group.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 2","pages":"265-74"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28102550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 36

Technical note: removal of metal ion inhibition encountered during DNA extraction and amplification of copper-preserved archaeological bone using size exclusion chromatography. 技术说明:使用尺寸排除色谱法去除铜保存的考古骨骼DNA提取和扩增过程中遇到的金属离子抑制。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21106

Carney D Matheson, Travis E Marion, Shana Hayter, Neal Esau, Renee Fratpietro, Kim K Vernon

{"title":"Technical note: removal of metal ion inhibition encountered during DNA extraction and amplification of copper-preserved archaeological bone using size exclusion chromatography.","authors":"Carney D Matheson, Travis E Marion, Shana Hayter, Neal Esau, Renee Fratpietro, Kim K Vernon","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21106","url":null,"abstract":"A novel technique for the removal of metal ions inhibiting DNA extraction and PCR of archaeological bone extracts is presented using size exclusion chromatography. Two case studies, involving copper inhibition, demonstrate the effective removal of metal ion inhibition. Light microscopy, SEM, elemental analysis, and genetic analysis were used to demonstrate the effective removal of metal ions from samples that previously exhibited molecular inhibition. This research identifies that copper can cause inhibition of DNA polymerase during DNA amplification. The use of size exclusion chromatography as an additional purification step before DNA amplification from degraded bone samples successfully removes metal ions and other inhibitors, for the analysis of archaeological bone. The biochemistry of inhibition is explored through chemical and enzymatic extraction methodology on archaeological material. We demonstrate a simple purification technique that provides a high yield of purified DNA (>95%) that can be used to address most types of inhibition commonly associated with the analysis of degraded archaeological and forensic samples. We present a new opportunity for the molecular analysis of archaeological samples preserved in the presence of metal ions, such as copper, which have previously yielded no DNA results.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 2","pages":"384-91"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28321021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 36

Brief communication: self-suckling in Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) mothers before and after the death of their infant. 简短的交流:巴巴里猕猴(Macaca sylvanus)母亲在婴儿死亡前后的自我哺乳。

IF 2.8 2区地球科学

American journal of physical anthropology Pub Date : 2009-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21125

Bonaventura Majolo, Richard McFarland

{"title":"Brief communication: self-suckling in Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) mothers before and after the death of their infant.","authors":"Bonaventura Majolo, Richard McFarland","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.21125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21125","url":null,"abstract":"We report here self-suckling in four wild female Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus), living in two troops (i.e. \"Flat face\" and \"Large\" troop) in the middle-Atlas Mountains, Morocco. The four females lost their infants due to predation or for unknown causes. Self-suckling was observed before and after the infants died in the four females living in the \"Flat face\" troop. When the infants were still alive, self-suckling was of short duration and it was probably a method to improve milk flow when the infant switched from one nipple to the other. After the infants died, self-suckling lasted significantly longer and the females were apparently drinking their own milk. Self-suckling was never observed among the four lactating females in the \"Large\" troop (including one monkey who lost her infant) and it could thus represent a cultural difference. Moreover, self-suckling after the death of an infant may be explained by the energetic and immunological benefits that a monkey may gain from drinking their own milk. Finally, self-suckling may have a stress-releasing effect on the mothers who have lost their infants.","PeriodicalId":7587,"journal":{"name":"American journal of physical anthropology","volume":"140 2","pages":"381-3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/ajpa.21125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28371805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4