Family planning perspectives最新文献

{"title":"Condom users find baggy design an improvement over the standard version.","authors":"D. Hollander","doi":"10.2307/2648185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2648185","url":null,"abstract":"This paper summarizes the findings of a randomized crossover study comparing a new loose-fitting male latex condom and a straight shaft condom in terms of rates of breakage and slippage. A total of 102 couples were randomly assigned to use one type of condom and then the other (5 condoms of each type) and were given a questionnaire obtaining detailed information about their experience with each use and a follow-up interview was conducted. Results showed that the baggy condom and the standard straight-shaft condom have similar rates of breakage and slippage. However participants said that the baggy condom which creates more friction for both partners makes sex more enjoyable feels more natural during intercourse is easier to keep on during sex and is not as disruptive during intercourse as the standard version. Since many couples are reluctant to use the standard straight-shaft condoms or do not use them consistently because they reduce pleasure during intercourse the development of a more acceptable version could be a key factor in increasing the use of the method.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"32 1","pages":"260-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2648185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68611406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing emphases in sexuality education in U.S. public secondary schools, 1988-1999.","authors":"J E Darroch,&nbsp;D J Landry,&nbsp;S Singh","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Since the late 1980s, both the political context surrounding sexuality education and actual teaching approaches have changed considerably. However, little current national information has been available on the content of sexuality education to allow in-depth understanding of the breadth of these changes and their impact on current teaching.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In 1999, a nationally representative survey collected data from 3,754 teachers in grades 7-12 in the five specialties most often responsible for sexuality education. Results from those teachers and from the subset of 1,767 who actually taught sexuality education are compared with the findings from a comparable national survey conducted in 1988.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 1999, 93% of all respondents reported that sexuality education was taught in their school at some point in grades 7-12; sexuality education covered a broad number of topics, including sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), abstinence, birth control, abortion and sexual orientation. Some topics--how HIV is transmitted, STDs, abstinence, how to resist peer pressure to have intercourse and the correct way to use a condom--were taught at lowergrades in 1999 than in 1988. In 1999, 23% of secondary school sexuality education teachers taught abstinence as the only way of preventing pregnancy and STDs, compared with 2% who did so in 1988. Teachers surveyed in 1999 were more likely than those in 1988 to cite abstinence as the most important message they wished to convey (41% vs. 25%). In addition, steep declines occurred between 1988 and 1999, overall and across grade levels, in the percentage of teachers who supported teaching about birth control, abortion and sexual orientation, as well as in the percentage actually covering those topics. However, 39% of 1999 respondents who presented abstinence as the only option also told students that both birth control and the condom can be effective.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sexuality education in secondary public schools is increasingly focused on abstinence and is less likely to present students with comprehensive teaching that includes necessary information on topics such as birth control, abortion and sexual orientation. Because of this, and in spite of some abstinence instruction that also covers birth control and condoms as effective methods of prevention, many students are not receiving accurate information on topics their teachers feel they need.</p>","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"32 5","pages":"204-11, 265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21860217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conducting adolescent sexuality research in schools: lessons learned.","authors":"L Blinn-Pike,&nbsp;T Berger,&nbsp;M Rea-Holloway","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"32 5","pages":"246-51, 265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21860724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexuality education in fifth and sixth grades in U.S. public schools, 1999.","authors":"D. J. Landry, Susheela Singh, J. Darroch","doi":"10.2307/2648174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2648174","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT\u0000While policymakers, educators and parents recognize the need for family life and sexuality education during children's formative years and before adolescence, there is little nationally representative information on the timing and content of such instruction in elementary schools.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000In 1999, data were gathered from 1, 789 fifth- and sixth-grade teachers as part of a nationally representative survey of 5,543 public school teachers in grades 5-12. Based on the responses of 617 fifth- and sixth-grade teachers who said they teach sexuality education, analyses were carried out on the topics and skills sexuality education teachers taught, the grades in which they taught them, their teaching approaches, the pressures they experienced, whether they received support from parents, the community and school administrators, and their needs.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Seventy-two percent of fifth- and sixth-grade teachers report that sexuality education is taught in their schools at one or both grades. Fifty-six percent of teachers say that the subject is taught in grade five and 64% in grade six. More than 75% of teachers who teach sexuality education in these grades cover puberty, HIV and AIDS transmission and issues such as how alcohol and drugs affect behavior and how to stick with a decision. However, when schools that do not provide sexuality education are taken into account, even most of these topics are taught in only a little more than half of fifth- and sixth-grade classrooms. All other topics are much less likely to be covered. Teaching of all topics is less prevalent at these grades than teachers think it should be. Gaps between what teachers say they are teaching and teachers' recommendations for what should be taught and by what grade are especially large for such topics as sexual abuse, sexual orientation, abortion, birth control and condom use for STD prevention. A substantial proportion of teachers recommend that these topics be taught at grade six or earlier. More than half (57%) of fifth- and sixth-grade sexuality education teachers cover the topic of abstinence from intercourse--17% as the only option for protection against pregnancy and STDs and 40% as the best alternative or one option for such protection. Forty-six percent of teachers report that one of their top three problems in teaching sexuality education is pressure, whether from the community, parents or school administrators. More than 40% of teachers report a need for some type of assistance with materials, factual information or teaching strategies.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000A large proportion of schools are doing little to prepare students in grades five and six for puberty, much less for dealing with pressures and decisions regarding sexual activity Sexuality education teachers often feel unsupported by the community, parents or school administrators.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"32 5 1","pages":"212-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2648174","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68611306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No sexuality education is sexuality education.","authors":"Stanley Snegroff","doi":"10.2307/2648182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2648182","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Although many parents realize the importance of educating their children about sexuality, many of them find themselves unable to address the subject comfortably. In addition to their own discomfort, parents are concerned about how their children would feel about discussing sex with them. Parents who are unwilling or unable to discuss this important and sensitive part of life with their children present sexuality in a negative way and as a taboo rather than a natural part of being human. The author states that ¿no sexuality education is sexuality education,¿ and the message received from this lack of education may be a negative one. As a consequence, children who receive a negative message of sexuality from their parents are unlikely to turn to their parents to discuss sexual matters as they get older. On the other hand, positive communication about sexual information with children leads to ongoing discussions as they mature. Establishing an environment conducive to open and comfortable communication is therefore highly critical. The following are some tips for parents when educating their children about sexuality: 1) be approachable, 2) be accepting, 3) discuss issues and answer questions simply, and 4) discuss issues and answer questions honestly. Programs sponsored by local schools, civic organizations or religious groups can help narrow the gap that exists between parents and their children concerning human sexuality.\u0000","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"32 5 1","pages":"257-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2648182","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68611673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Despite their elevated risk very few women who use oral contraceptives will experience an ischemic stroke.","authors":"F. Althaus","doi":"10.2307/2648186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2648186","url":null,"abstract":"To determine whether risk of stroke and oral contraceptive (OC) use are related investigators searched the medical literature for relevant studies and conducted a meta-analysis including the 16 studies conducted in the past. Overall the relative risk (RR) of ischemic stroke among current users of OCs has been nearly 3 times than among nonusers (RR 2.8). Limiting the analysis to case-control studies that stratified data by estrogen dosage smoking and hypertension and to those that used hospital controls reduces the RR of ischemic stroke to 1.9 times the risk among nonusers. This represents 4 additional strokes per 100000 women each year. The investigators suggest that the risk of stroke associated with pill use has declined over the last 40 years as the dosage of estrogen content of OCs has decreased. They conclude that although women currently using the pill have an elevated risk of ischemic stroke the absolute effect is small with current dosages.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"32 1","pages":"261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2648186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68612244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term outcomes of an abstinence-based, small-group pregnancy prevention program in New York City schools.","authors":"L. Lieberman, H. Gray, Megan L. Wier, R. Fiorentino, P. Maloney","doi":"10.2307/2648177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2648177","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT\u0000Despite drops in U.S. teenage birthrates, questions continue to arise about how best to reduce the country's adolescent birthrate. School-based programs continue to be considered one of the best ways to reach adolescents at risk of early sexual activity.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000A total of 312 students completed a pretest, a posttest and a follow-up one year after the posttest: 125 who had participated in a 3-4-month-long abstinence-based small-group intervention led by trained social workers, and 187 in a comparison group that received no special services.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000There were few significant differences between the intervention and comparison groups at posttest. At the one-year follow-up, however, intervention students had significantly better scores on locus of control, their relationship with their parents and (among males only) their attitudes about the appropriateness of teenage sex. Measures of depression, self-esteem, intentions to have sex, attitudes toward teenage pregnancy and various behaviors did not differ significantly between groups. By the time of the one-year follow-up, there was no difference between study groups among females in the initiation of sexual intercourse. Among the males, initiation of sexual intercourse appeared to be higher in the intervention group than in the comparison group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Positive outcomes were especially limited among students who were already sexually active at the start of the study, a finding that emphasizes the difficulties of reaching adolescents who are already at high risk for pregnancy\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000A small-group abstinence-based intervention focusing on mental health can have some impact on adolescents' attitudes and relationships (particularly with their parents). Long-term evaluations are important for determining the effects of an intervention, as it is difficult to change adolescent risk behavior.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"32 5 1","pages":"237-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2648177","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68611213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can the mass media be healthy sex educators?","authors":"J. D. Brown, S. Keller","doi":"10.2307/2648180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2648180","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The mass media--television, music, magazines, movies, and the Internet--are said to be important sex educators. Yet, they have been rarely concerned with the outcome of their sexual lessons. Evidence is accumulating that besides imparting basic information about sex, the ubiquitous and risk-free media portrayal, coupled with inadequate alternative models from others sectors, encourage unhealthy sexual attitudes and behaviors. Notably, it is in the media-saturated world in which children live where sexual behavior is frequent and increasingly explicit. Nevertheless, efforts have been made to encourage more sexually responsible media content, and a number of comprehensive sexuality education Web sites for young people have been launched. Even so, it is unlikely that the media, including the Internet, will shift toward a healthier depiction of sexuality in the future. Therefore, efforts to both encourage the media to present a healthier view of sexuality and make accessible healthier sources of sexual information should continue. Most importantly, children should be armed with the necessary skills they will need to be able to create sexually healthy lives despite what the media mostly teach.\u0000","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"32 5 1","pages":"255-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2648180","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68611638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preexisting Factors, but Not Logistical Barriers, Inhibit Timely Use of Prenatal Care","authors":"M. Klitsch","doi":"10.2307/2648187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2648187","url":null,"abstract":"Despite wide societal agreement that prenatal care should begin during the first trimester many low-income Californian women initiate prenatal care late or do not receive it at all. Potential logistical barriers to timely receipt of care identified in previous studies include child care or transportation problems lack of appreciation for the importance of early prenatal care and negative attitudes about the pregnancy or personal stress. To examine which has the greatest impact among the logistical barriers 3071 women were interviewed about their attitudes beliefs and perceptions. Overall it was found that logistical barriers played relatively little role in the failure to receive prenatal care. When controlling for the effects of a range of factors that might serve as barriers to prenatal care women with unwanted or unplanned pregnancy were roughly 35-40% more likely than those with a wanted pregnancy to have received no prenatal care in the first trimester. In addition those with no regular health care provider before conception were nearly 40% more likely than women with regular source of care and those with no post-high school education were 40-70% more likely than those with a higher education to have waited until the second trimester or later to initiate prenatal care. This suggests the importance of reducing barriers to effective family planning by increasing the proportions of nonpregnant women who have a regular source of health care and reducing the disadvantages associated with a lack of education beyond high school.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"32 1","pages":"262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2648187","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68612323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term outcomes of an abstinence-based, small-group pregnancy prevention program in New York City schools.","authors":"L D Lieberman,&nbsp;H Gray,&nbsp;M Wier,&nbsp;R Fiorentino,&nbsp;P Maloney","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Despite drops in U.S. teenage birthrates, questions continue to arise about how best to reduce the country's adolescent birthrate. School-based programs continue to be considered one of the best ways to reach adolescents at risk of early sexual activity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 312 students completed a pretest, a posttest and a follow-up one year after the posttest: 125 who had participated in a 3-4-month-long abstinence-based small-group intervention led by trained social workers, and 187 in a comparison group that received no special services.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were few significant differences between the intervention and comparison groups at posttest. At the one-year follow-up, however, intervention students had significantly better scores on locus of control, their relationship with their parents and (among males only) their attitudes about the appropriateness of teenage sex. Measures of depression, self-esteem, intentions to have sex, attitudes toward teenage pregnancy and various behaviors did not differ significantly between groups. By the time of the one-year follow-up, there was no difference between study groups among females in the initiation of sexual intercourse. Among the males, initiation of sexual intercourse appeared to be higher in the intervention group than in the comparison group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Positive outcomes were especially limited among students who were already sexually active at the start of the study, a finding that emphasizes the difficulties of reaching adolescents who are already at high risk for pregnancy</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A small-group abstinence-based intervention focusing on mental health can have some impact on adolescents' attitudes and relationships (particularly with their parents). Long-term evaluations are important for determining the effects of an intervention, as it is difficult to change adolescent risk behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"32 5","pages":"237-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21860718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}