Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment最新文献

{"title":"Exploring cherry tomato quality in response to varied watering regimens and growing structures","authors":"Kusumiyati Kusumiyati,&nbsp;Farhan Ahmad,&nbsp;Muhamad Aditia Ghifari,&nbsp;Mochamad Arief Soleh,&nbsp;Muhammad Rabnawaz Khan,&nbsp;Rahmat Budiarto,&nbsp;Syariful Mubarok,&nbsp;Yusuf Eka Maulana","doi":"10.1002/agg2.70067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.70067","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cherry tomatoes (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>) are a high-value vegetable worldwide. Tomato quality, which can influence nutritional value, is an essential factor for consumer choice. A research study conducted between December 2022 and May 2023 aimed to optimize the quality of cherry tomato cultivars Ruby and Fortesa. The study examined the effects of various watering capacities and growth structures. The study used a randomized complete design with a post hoc Tukey test and found that the cultivar selection was crucial, with Fortesa outperforming other cultivars regarding yield and quality parameters. Ruby simultaneously performed exceptionally well in characteristics such as fruit glucose content and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the kind of growing structure had significant consequences; greenhouse and rain shelter designs produced higher output and higher quality tomatoes. Watering capacity continuously increased water-use efficiency, especially at 50% of the evapotranspiration coefficient (ETc). These results highlight the critical role that cultivar selection, growing structures, and watering capacities play in optimizing cherry tomato yield and quality, and they may have future ramifications for sustainable agriculture and nutrition-focused projects.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.70067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity and nutrient availability through organic amendments and bio-inoculants in acidic soils stress","authors":"Nebret Tadesse,&nbsp;Tarekegn Yoseph,&nbsp;Zerihun Demrew,&nbsp;Amsalu Nebiyu","doi":"10.1002/agg2.70073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.70073","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aimed to assess the effect of coffee husk biochar application and <i>Rhizobium</i> inoculation on the agronomic traits and nutrient availability of various faba bean varieties. Four bean varieties (Local, Dosha, Gebelcho, and Numan), four inoculation levels (control, strains: FB-EAR-15, FB-1035, and EAL-110), and three biochar rates (0, 5, and 10 t ha⁻¹) were tested on acidic soils collected from the Gorche and Hagere Selam districts. The results revealed that the treatments applied significantly affected almost all yield-related measurements. Inoculating seeds with the EAL-110 strain and applying 10 t ha⁻¹ of biochar enhanced seed and biomass yields per plant by 7% and 8%, and 9% and 8%, respectively, compared to the control. Similarly, post-harvest soil analysis revealed a substantial change in soil physicochemical parameters following the application of 10 t ha⁻¹ of biochar compared to the control. The soil's pH, available P, exchangeable Ca, and Mg levels increased by 0.81 mg kg⁻¹, 4.6 mg kg⁻¹, 32.1%, and 46.2%, respectively. Inoculation with strain EAL-110 resulted in significant (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) improvements in total N (16.7%) and organic carbon (3.1%). Conversely, the varieties did not significantly (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05) influence soil properties and nutrient availability. Hence, this research has identified biochar and <i>Rhizobium</i> inoculation as agricultural inputs with the potential to improve soil fertility, reduce soil acidity, and increase nutrient availability. Therefore, planting faba bean varieties Dosha and Numan with 10 t ha⁻¹ biochar and strain EAL-110 outperformed other treatments and is recommended for future research under farmers’ field conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.70073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen losses mitigated with maize–legume intercropping in the Yucatan Peninsula","authors":"Jacques Fils Pierre,&nbsp;Carrie A. M. Laboski,&nbsp;Luis Latournerie-Moreno,&nbsp;René Garruña,&nbsp;Krista L. Jacobsen,&nbsp;Esaú Ruiz-Sánchez","doi":"10.1002/agg2.70069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, nitrate leaching and environmental impacts from agriculture have become global issues, due in part to the increased use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in agriculture. In the Yucatan Peninsula, intercropping is a traditional farming practice known as the “Milpa” system (i.e., a traditional farming practice characterized by the simultaneous cultivation of maize [<i>Zea mays</i> L.], beans [<i>Phaseolus</i> spp.], and squash [<i>Cucurbita</i> spp.] in the same field). A field experiment was carried out in the region to determine the effect of maize–legume intercropping systems on potential N losses compared to sole maize cropping systems. The investigation was conducted in a vertic Cambisol, which is primarily composed of clay. The treatments included maize intercropped with the traditional legume, cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> (L.) Walp.), maize intercropped with a novel legume for this system, sunn hemp (<i>Crotalaria juncea</i> L.), and sole maize as the control. At harvest, soil nitrate content was greater in the deepest layers (30–60 cm) in the maize monocropping system compared to the intercropping system. No significant differences were observed in terms of soil ammonium concentration between the two systems. Overall, the maize/legume intercropping system reduced total mineral N (ammonium + nitrate) concentrations by a range of 27% and 53% in the deepest layers of soil (30–60 cm and 60–90 cm, respectively) compared to the monocropping system. Thus, maize/sunn hemp and maize/cowpea intercropping can sustainably reduce N loss in the deeper soil layer and potentially reduce nitrate leaching. This study also found that a maize/cowpea intercrop not only reduced N concentrations in deeper soil layers but also maintained maize yield when compared to a sole maize cropping system. Additional research is needed to determine the mechanisms by which intercropping can reduce potential nitrate leaching while still maintaining crop yields and other ecosystem services.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.70069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limited effects of phosphorus application on growth and yield of industrial hemp in Florida","authors":"Nkem J. Nwosu,&nbsp;Yogendra R. Upadhyaya,&nbsp;Navdeep Kaur,&nbsp;Lakesh Sharma,&nbsp;Zachary Brym,&nbsp;Hardeep Singh","doi":"10.1002/agg2.70077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.70077","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phosphorus (P) is one of the three most limiting essential nutrients for crop growth and yield. However, information on the optimum P application rate for production of industrial hemp (<i>Cannabis sativa</i> L.) is very limited, especially in Florida. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of various P application rates on growth and yield parameters of industrial hemp in two sites in Florida (Central FL and Northwest FL). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Treatments consisted of five P rates—0, 34, 67, 101, and 135 kg P ha⁻¹. Data were collected on plant stand count and plant height at 15, 30, and 50 days after planting, while data for aboveground biomass were collected at harvest in both locations. Additionally, stem biomass in Northwest FL site and seed yield in Central FL site were collected. There was no significant effect of different P rates on plant height, plant stand count, and aboveground biomass in either location (<i>p</i> ≥ 0.05). Also, the P rate effect was nonsignificant for stem biomass (<i>p</i> = 0.512) in Northwest FL site and seed yield (<i>p = </i>0.250) in Central FL site. The 135 kg P ha⁻¹ yielded numerically higher ground biomass in Central FL site (2200 kg ha⁻¹) while 100 kg P ha⁻¹ was higher in Northwest FL site (9432 kg ha⁻¹). Similarly, 135 kg P ha⁻¹ yielded numerically higher stem biomass (6000 kg ha⁻¹) in Northwest FL site and seed yield (900 kg ha⁻¹) in Central FL site. Thereby, the results suggest that P fertilization has a limited effect on biomass and seed yields for industrial hemp production in Florida sandy soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.70077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drone and handheld sensors for hemp: Evaluating NDVI and NDRE in relation to nitrogen application and crop yield","authors":"Navdeep Kaur,&nbsp;Ayush K. Sharma,&nbsp;Hayden Shellenbarger,&nbsp;Winniefred Griffin,&nbsp;Tamara Serrano,&nbsp;Zachary Brym,&nbsp;Aditya Singh,&nbsp;Hardeep Singh,&nbsp;Hardev Sandhu,&nbsp;Lakesh K. Sharma","doi":"10.1002/agg2.70075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the effect of nitrogen (N) rates on hemp (<i>Cannabis sativa</i>) cultivation is crucial for optimizing crop yield and quality. This study evaluated the effectiveness of handheld (active) and drone (passive) sensors in measuring crop reflectance and predicting key growth parameters in response to varying N application rates. The study was conducted during the summer of 2022 at the Plant Science Research and Education Unit in Citra, FL. The trial involved three hemp cultivars—NWG-2730, Yuma, and IH-Williams—subjected to six N rates (0, 56, 112, 168, 224, and 280 kg/ha). Reflectance data were collected at 76 days after planting to calculate normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference red edge (NDRE). Results indicated that increased N rates led to higher NDVI and NDRE values in cultivars that had not yet reached senescence. NDVI from the drone sensor showed the strongest relationship with N rates and was the most accurate predictor for in-season biomass yield, final biomass yield, and plant height. However, the predictive efficiency of NDVI and NDRE varied by cultivar and decreased as plants approached senescence. Early-season crop reflectance sensing proved more reliable due to the lower impact of senescent leaves. The study highlights the potential of sensor technology in hemp cultivation, offering insights into yield forecasting, variable N management, and high-throughput phenotyping. Future research should further explore the application of sensors to enhance precision agriculture practices in hemp cultivation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.70075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143571187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maize–bean intercropping: N fertilization effects on yield, nitrate leaching and N fixation","authors":"Daniel Villwock,&nbsp;Jens Hartung,&nbsp;Hannah Weinläder,&nbsp;Maria Müller-Lindenlauf","doi":"10.1002/agg2.70071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pure maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) cultivation is associated with excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization and high nitrate leaching risk. We assumed that maize intercropped with climbing beans (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) can reduce N fertilizer demand if the beans use biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) at reduced fertilization, thereby balancing yields across N fertilization levels. We further assumed that beans can reduce nitrate leaching through uptake of excess mineral N and increase the subsequent crop yield through additional crop residues. These hypotheses were tested in two experiments between 2019 and 2022 at two sites in Germany. In Experiment 1, intercropping and pure maize were tested with three N fertilization levels. Traits included yield, nitrate leaching, and subsequent crop yield. In Experiment 2, intercropping was additionally tested with rhizobia inoculation, and pure maize with full fertilization served as a reference. Traits included nodulation and BNF of bean as well as yield. Nodulation, BNF, and yield variables differed among the two sites. At the site with nodulation and BNF, intercropping yields were comparable across N fertilization levels, and the grain yield of the subsequent crop was significantly higher (+15% to +20%) after intercropping compared with pure maize at reduced N fertilization. Nitrate leaching was significantly lower (−40% to −48%) after reduced N fertilization compared with full fertilization, but did not differ significantly between intercropping and pure maize. Inoculation could neither induce nor enhance nodulation. Without N fertilization and with nodulation, BNF of beans reached 25 kg/ha. We recommend intercropping with reduced N fertilization on fields where rhizobia naturally occur.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.70071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143565167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating precision sprayers for targeted weed management in corn and soybean","authors":"Adam Leise,&nbsp;Mandeep Singh,&nbsp;Nicolas Cafaro La Menza,&nbsp;Stevan Knezevic,&nbsp;Amit J. Jhala","doi":"10.1002/agg2.70055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.70055","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A targeted application of herbicides in commercial crop fields is desirable for reducing chemical inputs and promoting environmental sustainability. Precision sprayers, equipped with cameras and sensors, detect weeds in real-time and apply herbicides only where needed. The objective of this study was to evaluate spot spray (SS) technology compared to the traditional broadcast application for early-postemergence and late-postemergence (L-POST) herbicides for broadleaf and grass weed control in corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) and soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr.) fields. Two precision sprayers were evaluated separately: Greeneye Technology's sprayer in a corn field near Clay Center, NE, in 2022 and John Deere's sprayer in a soybean field near Mead, NE, in 2023. In 2022, Palmer amaranth (<i>Amaranthus palmeri</i> S. Watson) and giant foxtail (<i>Setaria faberi</i> Herrm.) control was similar between SS (94%–99%) and broadcast (99%) application 21 days after L-POST. In 2023, common lambsquarters (<i>Chenopodium album</i> L.), kochia [<i>Bassia scoparia</i> (L.) A.J. Scott], and waterhemp [<i>Amaranthus tuberculatus</i> (Moq.) J.D. Sauer] control was similar between SS and broadcast 21 days after L-POST. Herbicide savings varied by site years, ranging from 1% to 94%, depending on the level of weed infestation at the time of target herbicide application. Weed infestation during herbicide applications was low in 2022 and high in 2023, influencing the year-to-year variation in herbicide savings. Corn and soybean yield did not differ among broadcast and SS. The results suggest that precision sprayers can provide comparable control to broadcast herbicide applications and would be more rewarding in fields where preemergence herbicide is applied.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.70055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143535972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic contamination of fresh organic fertilizers and processed bio-based fertilizer products","authors":"Sophia Albert,&nbsp;Elke Bloem","doi":"10.1002/agg2.70059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.70059","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fertilizer prices have risen considerably in recent years, making the use of nutrient-rich organic side streams as a fertilizer more attractive. However, the use of such materials bears certain risks such as the introduction of unwanted pollutants, germs, or unbalanced nutrients into the environment. Antibiotics are a group of drugs used in large quantities in humans and animals and are therefore often found in organic waste streams that are used as fertilizers. Only a small proportion of the administered dose is absorbed and metabolized, while the significant part is excreted metabolized or unchanged and can remain in an active form. This study identified 14 antibiotics from the classes of tetracyclines (TCs), fluoroquinolones (FQs) and sulphonamides (SAs) in bio-based fertilizers (BBF) and discussed the effects of processing on residual concentrations. High levels of antibiotics were detected in manure, sewage sludge, and digestate. Composting in an extensive composting plant as one processing possibility had the potential to reduce TCs by 26% and FQs by 37% when sewage sludge with green waste was treated. Less antibiotic residues were detected in struvite and animal-based by-products. In addition, the nutrient concentration in processed BBF is often high, which means that lower amounts of fertilizer are used in agricultural systems. The low levels also mean that few antibiotics are spread.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.70059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143533559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth and yield responses of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to blended fertilizer under hot submoist tropical conditions in southwestern Ethiopia","authors":"Girma Jaleta,&nbsp;Mohammed Worku,&nbsp;Weyessa Garedew","doi":"10.1002/agg2.70064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.70064","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A suitable fertilizer level plays a decisive role in crop production in various environments. A split-plot experiment was conducted under a hot submoist tropical environment (HSMTE) in southwestern Ethiopia to determine the effect of cultivar (Awash-2, Goberasha, Nasir, and local) and the nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, and boron (NPSB) blended fertilizer rate (0, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 kg ha⁻¹) on the growth, yield components, and yield of common bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) and to optimize the NPSB-blended fertilizer rate for common bean production in the HSMTE. Both cultivar and NPSB-blended fertilizer significantly affected most of the response variables, but their interaction affected only days to physiological maturity (DPM) and the leaf area index (LAI). Nasir had a longer plant with a greater number of pods per plant than did Goberasha and local and had a greater harvest index (HI) and grain yield (0.59 and 2828.0 kg ha^−1,, respectively) than did the other cultivars (0.51–0.56 and 1747.4–2278.1 kg ha⁻¹, respectively). Nasir also showed the greatest LAI (8.9) with the least DPM (74 days) for the 150 kg ha⁻¹ NPSB-blended fertilizer treatment. The growth, yield components, and yield were also greater for the 150 kg ha⁻¹ NPSB-blended fertilizer treatment than for the other treatments. These findings exhibit the importance of cultivar and NPSB-blended fertilizer in modifying the growth and crop performance of common bean in the HSMTE and a tailored fertilization strategy in enhancing crop productivity in challenging environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.70064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143535973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil organic carbon stock for carbon credit in smallholder farms","authors":"Toru Nakajima,&nbsp;Fune Mizumoto,&nbsp;Mei Akiyama,&nbsp;Carla Gavilan,&nbsp;Rattan Lal","doi":"10.1002/agg2.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil carbon (C) credits provide monetary incentives to farmers who are motivated to improve soil organic carbon (SOC) stock through agricultural practices such as no-tillage system, cover cropping, and complex crop rotation as a mitigation and adaptation strategy for climate change. Several major challenges associated with measuring SOC stock for C credit protocol include a high cost and variability. Thus, this study was aimed at characterizing the variability of bulk density (BD), SOC concentration, and stock at an on-farm operation site under small and aggregated farms to suggest feasible soil sampling methods for SOC stock. In addition, 80% of the farmland is managed by smallholders who work on less than 1–10 ha and provide up to a large proportion of the food supply in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, evaluating SOC stock, including variability under small and aggregated farms, is critically important. The objective of this study was to characterize the variability of soil parameters, such as BD, SOC concentration, and SOC stock, at an on-farm operation site to suggest feasible soil sampling methods for assessing the SOC stock. The results show that the SOC stock variability (coefficient of variance; ranged from 6.9% to 21.2%) strongly affected BD and SOC concentration. The number of required samples could be minimized with acceptable uncertainty levels, and it was estimated that six samples are needed to achieve an error of 20% (110 ± 22 Mg ha⁻¹).</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.70025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}